Abstract: Liu Bojian was an outstanding revolutionary in the early days of the Communist Party of China, he worked in Europe in his early years, participated in a series of revolutionary activities such as the preparation of the Young Chinese Communist Party in Europe, after returning from the Soviet Union, under the leadership of the Party to transform the Northwest Army, especially in November 1931, he participated in leading the Ningdu Rebellion, became the soul of the Ningdu Rebellion, the success of the riot greatly encouraged the morale of the Red Army, and played a vital role in the development of the Central Soviet Region. The Ningdu Rebellion gave birth to another main force of the Red Army, the Fifth Red Army, which effectively promoted the construction of the Red Army.
Liu Bojian was an outstanding representative of the first generation of revolutionaries of the Communist Party of China with a firm marxist belief, and he participated in a series of major historical events from the founding of the Party to the period of the agrarian revolution during his lifetime, and bowed to the revolution led by the Communist Party of China. The Ningdu Rebellion was "one of the greatest soldiers' rebellion in the Chinese Soviet revolution" and "a great and glorious page in the history of the revolution", and this insurrection directly dealt a direct blow to the Kuomintang's "encirclement and suppression", and Liu Bojian was a key figure in the Ningdu Rebellion.
Liu Bojian's early revolutionary activities
Liu Bojian was born in 1895 in Pingchang County, Sichuan. He received a traditional education from an early age, and later received a new education, and also advocated martial arts, and from an early age he developed patriotic ideas and a sense of resistance. As an adult, he served as a secretary in the Sichuan warlord Chen Bingkun and gained an in-depth understanding of China's national conditions at that time. In 1918, he resolutely resigned as the governor of Cangxi County and was admitted to Chengdu High School. In 1919, the May Fourth Movement affected the whole country, and Liu Bojian led other students to the streets in Chengdu, blending into the tide of anti-imperialism and anti-feudalism. In the autumn of 1919, Liu Bojian came to beijing to study at the French Language Seminary in preparation for his work-study in France. In 1926, Liu Bojian bid farewell to the motherland by boat through Shanghai to France, and arrived in Marseille on August 4 of that year, in France, Liu Bojian was helpful, diligent and studious, enjoyed a high reputation among the students studying in France, and together with Zhao Shiyan, Xu Teli and others, led the patriotic struggle of the students studying in France against the loans of the Sino-French University, the struggle to occupy the Sino-French University of Lyon, and published a series of progressive articles in newspapers and periodicals such as the "Travel in Europe Weekly", absorbing the beneficial influence of the French Revolution and the French workers' movement. Marxism was propagated, the October Revolution in Russia was propagated. In 1922, he joined the Communist Group in Europe, participated in the establishment of the Young Communist Party of China in Europe, and later served as the secretary of the Brigade Branch, becoming the earliest organizational member of the Communist Party of China. In November 1923, entrusted by the party, Liu Bojian went to Moscow Oriental University to study, mainly to study revolutionary theory, the experience of red army building and the army's political work experience, and later served as the secretary of the Moscow branch of the Communist Party of China Brigade, responsible for the political and ideological work of the Chinese class party and regiment, and formulated the "Twenty-one Articles of Military Training", which effectively promoted the development of the work of the brigade and the Mozambican branch.
Liu Bojian and the Northwest Army (1925-1927)
In 1925, the domestic situation suddenly changed, after the Beijing Incident, Feng Yuxiang's Nationalist Army was defeated, under the arrangement of Li Dazhao, Feng Yuxiang went to the Soviet Union to study and establish contact with Liu Bojian. In May 1926, Liu Bojian mobilized the Moscow branch of the brigade and students of various colleges and universities to warmly welcome Feng Yuxiang to Moscow. After settling Down Feng Yuxiang, Liu Bojian often visited Feng Yuxiang's residence to exchange experiences in the Russian Revolution and discuss changes in the domestic situation. Since the Kuomintang and the Communist Party had already begun their first cooperation at that time, Liu Bojian himself joined the Kuomintang in his own name in accordance with the opinions of the party organization, so he introduced the basic principles of Marxism-Leninism and the spirit of Sun Yat-sen's New Three People's Principles to Feng Yuxiang, publicized the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and had a great impact on Feng Yuxiang, and Liu Bojian and Feng Yuxiang also established a deep friendship in a short period of time. In July, the Northern Expedition under the cooperation of the Southern Kuomintang and the Communist Party was in full swing, and under the impetus of Liu Bojian and others, Feng Yuxiang decided to return to China to participate in the Northern Expedition, and Feng's request for Liu Bojian to return to China with him was agreed by the Comintern and the Party organization. On the way back to China, Liu Bojian deeply felt that the bad habits of Feng Yuxiang's warlord troops were obvious, and asked Feng Yuxiang to transform his troops and strictly enforce discipline. On September 17, Feng Yuxiang, Liu Bojian, and others swore an oath in Wuyuan, raised the revolutionary banner, and formed a national coalition army to formally participate in the Northern Expedition, and the revolutionary situation changed. After Wuyuan took the oath, Liu Bojian took up the post of deputy director of the Political Department and actually presided over the work of the Political Department, and Feng Yuxiang once said that the National Coalition Army was "responsible for party affairs, politics, propaganda, organization, training and other work." His word is my word, his instruction is my instruction, and if there is disobedience, military law is engaged." With the participation of Liu Bojian and other communists in the transformation, the Nationalist Coalition Army "paid attention to rectifying military discipline and invigorated the spirit of officers and men." Liu Bojian also attached great importance to uniting the officers and men of the Nationalist Coalition At all levels, praising the Nationalist Coalition as a revolutionary army and Feng Yuxiang as a revolutionary general. At Liu Bojian's suggestion, Feng Yuxiang put forward three slogans for the Nationalist Coalition: politicization of the army; breaking bureaucratic habits; and abolition of the evil roots of Yang Fengyin and Yin. Liu Bojian promoted the organization of the Special Party Department of the Nationalist Coalition Army, promoted the convening of the All-Army Congress of the Kuomintang Nationalist Coalition of China, and delivered "The Kuomintang's Propositions and the Significance of the Congress" at the congress, at which he was elected as an executive member, and the congress issued the "Telegram Decree on The Necessity of Helping develop Local Party Affairs and Mass Organizations Wherever the Army Goes," which promoted the revolutionary development of the northwest. At the same time, Liu Bojian also developed party organizations in the National Coalition Army; in addition to Xuanxia's father, Liu Zhenya, and Yuan Hejian, who were already working in the Northwest Army, under the impetus of Liu Bojian and the concern of Li Dazhao, head of the Northern Bureau of the CPC, more than two hundred Communists came to work in the Northwest Army, including Chen Yannian, Deng Xiaoping, Liu Zhidan, and so on, who had done arduous work to transform the National Coalition Army.
In November 1926, the Party made the "Decision on the Working Methods of the Nationalist Orders", which highly praised Liu Bojian for systematically studying and studying the political work and the political work personnel system of the Soviet Red Army in Moscow. Under the instructions of the party, Liu Bojian strengthened the political work of the National Coalition Army and formulated the "Outline for the Political Work of the National Army Coalition Army," which clearly proposed that every native soldier should have a thorough understanding of the purpose of the revolution and that every native soldier should become a conscious fighter fighting for China's freedom and independence. Liu Bojian also stepped up training for cadres and students, teaching them the Three People's Principles so that they would become political work cadres in a short period of time. In the Nationalist Coalition Army, Liu Bojian had a particularly great influence on Dong Zhentang, and he gave a speech to Dong Zhentang's department to make his department understand why he wanted to be a soldier, and to publicize that the revolutionary army should unite the workers and peasants to overthrow imperialism and the warlords.
It is precisely because of the excellent work that the Nationalist Coalition Army has a very high evaluation of Liu Bojian. Feng Yuxiang once said that Liu Bojian was "extremely spirited in handling affairs, and for subordinates, even if they have a quarter of an hour, they must also inquire about how they spent it, and fill out a form to report it." He himself worked eighteen hours a day, tirelessly all day, really sleeping and eating, so he had special achievements in his work. My subordinates and colleagues deeply admired this, and I could not erase the facts and say that he was not good because he was a member of the Communist Party. It is right, right or wrong, Liu really has enthusiasm, perseverance, talent, and outstanding work performance, I can't help but admire him. Liu Bojian also worked hard to do united front work at the upper echelons of the Nationalist Coalition Army, maintained close ties with senior generals such as Yu Youren and Deng Baoshan, and influenced a large number of young generals. On May 1, 1927, Liu Bojian was promoted to the head of the General Political Department of the Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army, and then the Second Army captured Zhengzhou and achieved a major victory. When summing up the reasons for the victory, Feng Yuxiang fully affirmed the political work of the army led by Liu Bojian, so that the officers and men "knew the party and the doctrine" and "put their hearts on the peasants, workers, and the masses, especially the people."
However, after the April 12 counter-revolutionary incident, Feng Yuxiang gradually lost his way, and the differences and contradictions with Liu Bojian and other Communists gradually deepened, Feng Yuxiang decided to "clean up the party" and "send" Liu Bojian and other communists out of the country, while the party members who did not disclose themselves continued to stay in the National Coalition and wait for the change of the revolutionary situation. Although Liu Bojian left the Northwest Army, he planted the seeds of revolution there.
Liu Bojian and Ning both rioted
After the defeat of the Great Revolution, the party organization arranged for Liu Bojian to go to the Soviet Union again to study. In 1930, Liu Bojian returned to China, the party arranged for him to work in the General Political Department of the First Front Army of the Red Army in the Jiangxi revolutionary base area, under the leadership of Mao Zedong and Zhu De, Liu Bojian adapted to the war and life in the revolutionary base area, took the initiative to study and implement the spirit of the Gutian Conference, approved and supported Mao Zedong's active defense policy, and later served as the director of the political department of the Red Army School, becoming an important leader and organizer of the Red Army School. After the establishment of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic, Liu Bojian worked in the Political Department of the newly established Central Revolutionary Military Commission.
Under the leadership of Feng Yuxiang, the Northwest Army participated in the new warlord melee in the early days of the Nationalist government, and eventually ended in defeat, and the remnants of his grandson Lianzhong and other troops were incorporated by Chiang Kai-shek as the 26th Route Army. In 1931, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched the 26th Route Army to Gannan, Jiangxi Province, to "encircle and suppress" the Red Army. A series of setbacks caused some senior generals of the 26th Route Army to doubt their future, rethink the communist revolutionary ideas advocated by Liu Bojian and others in the Northwest Army, and laid the groundwork for the Ningdu rebellion. In May, under the command of Zhu De, Ye Jianying, Liu Bojian and others, the Red Army defeated the Gao Shuxun Division of the 26th Route Army. During the third anti-"encirclement and suppression" period, the 26th Route Army entered Ningdu, and Chiang Kai-shek ordered it to garrison Ningdu, falling into the gap between the Red Army and the Kuomintang troops. Most of the 26th Route Army was northerners, and due to the lack of supply, many soldiers suffered from malaria and other diseases, causing constant resentment among the whole army. At this time, the September 18 Incident broke out, and in order to get rid of the unfavorable situation, some progressive officers of the 26th Route Army jointly sent a telegram to the Kuomintang Central Committee, asking them to go north to resist the Japanese aggressors, but the Kuomintang Central Committee ruthlessly refused.
Shortly after the 26th Route Army entered Ningdu, Wang Chao, Yuan Hezun, and Li Su established the party organization of the 26th Route Army, decided to launch an uprising in the 26th Route Army, formulated a work outline and a propaganda outline, and drew up two methods for the insurrection: First, they were in a hurry, such as organizing sabotage during the red army's battle with the 26th Route Army; the other was to slow down the work, using the 73rd Brigade Cadet Company as the backbone cadre to develop the Party organization, strengthen its education and training, and then distribute these Party members to the companies of the 73rd Brigade and establish Party organizations in each company to be the main force of the insurrection. Later, because Wang Chao, a special commissioner of the 26th Route Army dispatched by the party, mistakenly surrendered information in Nanchang, the Kuomintang discovered the party organization in the 26th Route Army, and under the severe situation, the party organization of the 26th Route Army decided to contact the Central Soviet Region and actively prepare for an uprising.
At the time of dilemma, Ji Zhen and others thought of uniting with the Red Army as the way out, how could they unite with the Red Army? The main members of the comrades' association all thought of Liu Bojian, and they jointly wrote to Liu Bojian, describing that they had been fooled and deceived by the warlords in the past, that the Kuomintang represented the feudal bourgeois imperialists to gain benefits, oppressed and exploited the workers and peasants of the whole country, that the Kuomintang caused a flood of national scale, destroyed the three eastern provinces, and that imperialism was dividing up China. Under heavy oppression", they sincerely expressed their national conditions at that time and the way out of the revolution. After receiving the letter, Liu Bojian immediately reported to the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, so that the relevant situation of the 26th Route Army could be better understood by the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission immediately welcomed Ji Zhen and others to launch an uprising. On December 7, Liu Bojian replied to Ji Zhentong, Zhao Bosheng, Shan Yu, and Dong Zhentang, and began by expressing "100,000 warm and sincere salutes" on Ji Zhen's request to unite with the Red Army on behalf of the Red Army, welcoming the 26th Route Army to "come and conspire with the Red Army to jointly seek the liberation of the hard-working workers and peasants." In the letter, Liu Bojian recalled with deep emotion his experience of contacts with the officers and men of the 26th Route Army, "reminding me of the 300,000 Nationalist Troops who we used to fight in the wind and sand of the northwest for more than 4,000 miles", and bitterly felt that the Northwest Army was precisely because it did not have politically correct leadership. It led to a vain sacrifice without getting a little revolutionary result. Liu Bojian encouraged them to reinvigorate themselves, "Comrades, we have been separated for five years, the hardships after the farewell do not need to be exhausted, and we now have the opportunity to fight together again," and called on the 26th Route Army to hold high the red flag of the Soviets and, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, to fight a desperate and deadly battle against imperialism and the Kuomintang warlords. Later, Ji Zhentong, Zhao Bosheng, and Dong Zhentang held a meeting on a hill south of Ningdu County to elect the leader of the uprising, and as a result, Ji Zhentong was elected as the leader, and then sent representatives to contact the Red Army. Liu Bojian and others received the deputies and wrote back to Ji Zhentong, Dong Zhentang, and Zhao Bosheng again, giving specific instructions on behalf of the Central Revolutionary Committee.
Liu Bojian's reply played a key role in the launch of the Ningdu rebellion, creating the Fifth Army of the Red Army to transform the 26th Route Army, and made meticulous arrangements for the timing, specific implementation links, and political slogan design of the Ningdu rebellion. At 8:00 p.m. on December 12, Zhao Bosheng, Dong Zhentang, Li Qingyun, Yuan Hejian, and others held a meeting based on Liu Bojian's reply and formulated a detailed plan for the riot in accordance with the requirements of the Central Revolutionary Committee. Because the uprising was not ready, the cotton clothes shipped from Nanchang could not arrive until the 13th, so the uprising was postponed for one day, and it was decided to launch the Ningdu Rebellion at 7 o'clock in the afternoon of December 14.
Liu Bojian and the Red Fifth Army
After the success of the Ningdu rebellion, on December 14, the "Declaration of the Fifth Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army" drafted by Liu Bojian was issued, announcing the official birth of the Red Fifth Army, which was "a revolutionary rebellion in the red Jiangxi Pengpan County (that is, the old Ningdu County), eliminated the lackey counter-revolutionary officers of the gentry landlord bourgeoisie, ripped off the Kuomintang's blue sky and white sun flag, held high the Soviet red flag, joined the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, and was organized into the Fifth Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army", solemnly declared" We will always be under the command of the Central Revolutionary Military Committee of the Chinese Soviet Republic and under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, carry out the agrarian revolution, overthrow the Kuomintang warlords, overthrow the imperialist rule in China, and complete the liberation and reunification of the Chinese nation. After the establishment of the Fifth Army, Liu Bojian served as the director of the Political Department; he united officers and men, worked meticulously in political and ideological work, attached importance to propaganda work and Weihua entertainment work, founded the "Mengjin Bao" and the Mengjin Theater Troupe, held cultural and recreational training classes, established military clubs, enlivened the life of the troops, quickly helped the Fifth Red Army to carry out the tasks of the agrarian revolution and national revolution under the leadership of the Party, established the Red Army system, established the system of political work and political commissars, purged counter-revolutionaries, and promoted workers and peasant cadres. A series of battles such as Ganzhou, Zhangzhou, and Nanxiong gradually made the Fifth Red Army a major force of the Red Army. However, Liu Bojian's activities in the Fifth Army also had limitations, such as participating in the "trial" of Ji Zhentong and Huang Zhongyue, and characterizing them as traitors, which was of course a wrong incident under the influence of the "Left" line. Before the Long March, Liu Bojian was ostracized and attacked by "Left" adventurism, failed to accompany the Red Fifth Army on the Long March, and was arrested during the breakthrough in the early stage of the guerrilla war in Gannan Province, and later died heroically.
epilogue
Many years later, General Xiao Jinguang, the first political commissar of the Fifth Red Army and liu Bojian's old classmate at the Eastern University in Moscow, fondly recounted the deep relationship between Liu Bojian and the Ningdu rebellion when recalling the Ningdu rebellion, "The uprising of the 26th Route Army is inseparable from Bojian's influence and specific work. Ji Zhentong once said to me: 'When I joined the Red Army, the first thing I believed in Chairman Mao and the second was to believe in Liu Bojian. Many of the older officers and men of the 26th Route Army knew Liu Bojian. Before the insurrection, he actively worked as a senior officer of the 26th Route Army, participated in the instigation of the uprising, and personally welcomed the rebel troops over." It can be seen from this that the launching and success of the Ningdu rebellion is closely linked to Liu Bojian's revolutionary work since the transformation of the Northwest Army; Liu Bojian has a deep mass base in the 26th Route Army; under the guidance of his brilliant revolutionary ideas and great personality, some senior generals of the 26th Route Army have embarked on the rebellion and participated in the revolution.
#90th Anniversary of the Ningdu Uprising ##绝美宁都, Forge Ahead new journey ##宁都 #