Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 1 shows a fragment of Dunhuang that has been published in recent years, numbered "Yu 019R-1", which is one of the "Dunhuang Secret Notes" collected by the Apricot Rain Bookstore in Japan, and is part of the fifth section of the Zhuangzi Rang Wang, "Yan Yan". The script is 17 words per line, and the front text is badly broken. Figure 2, numbered p4988, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, is a Collection of Zhuangzi Jean King's Passages by the French sinologist Bo Xihe from Dunhuang in 1908, starting from the third section "Father" to the fifth section "Yan Yan" of "The State, its Tu Tho", a total of 28 lines, each line is 17 characters, the first 3 lines are broken, and the last 3 lines are disabled. The handwriting is basically clear, and the word "Shi" is missing in the volume. Compared with the two volumes, the two ancient scrolls can be completely spliced from the broken marks of the paper type to the font and content text; and the back of the two volumes is written with the "Great Eye Qianlian Underworld Salvation Mother Variation", which shows that the two copied scrolls are caused by the rupture of the same document. The Japanese "Yu 019R-1" fragment is covered with the collection seal of "Dunhuang Stone Chamber Secret".
There are more than 700 Dunhuang manuscripts in the collection of the Apricot Rain Bookstore in Japan, which is the latest batch of Dunhuang literature to be made public, and is considered by the academic community to be "the last treasure of Dunhuang Studies". The most important 432 of them are from Li Shengduo, and the "Dunhuang Stone Room Secret" is his collection seal.
This Li Shengduo (1858-1937), zi Jiaowei, Mu Zhai, Jiangxi Dehua (now Jiujiang), a versionist from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, took advantage of the opportunity of two official visits to Japan to carry out book visits, and bought back thousands of copies of China's "Book of Jiuyi".
Li Shengduo's "entry" of the aforementioned 432 Dunhuang scrolls began in 1909. In that year, Li Shengduo served in the Qing Court Academy. In September, the French sinologist Bo Xihe came to Beijing and showed some of the manuscripts and cultural relics he had "obtained" from Dunhuang to Chinese scholars. Luo Zhenyu and Wang Guowei all went to visit and transcribe. In order to avoid the loss of the Dunhuang scrolls again, the Academy ordered He Qiuyuan, the inspector of Xinjiang, to be responsible for transporting the remaining scrolls to Beijing. After these cultural relics arrived in Beijing in 1910, He Zhenyi, the son of He Qiuyuan, together with his father-in-law Li Shengduo, who was proficient in version bibliography, took advantage of his position to "take away" the fine works in the ancient scrolls, and then tore the longer of the remaining volumes into several pieces. According to Li Shengduo's own compilation of the "Catalogue of Dunhuang Manuscripts collected by Li Muzhai", there are as many as 432 Dunhuang manuscripts that he "collected". Although this matter was exposed, due to the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, it finally failed.
After entering the Republic of China, the news did not go away, such as Wang Guowei mentioned in a letter to Luo Zhenyu on September 10, 1919: "Li's books are sincerely the secrets of a thousand years, and they are fascinated by it." Later, in November 1921, Ye Gongqi organized the "Dunhuang Scripture Collection And Preservation Society" and invited Li Shengduo to participate. In 1923, Kang's father published "The Progress of Old Chinese Learning in the Past Twenty Years", and when reviewing the "Ancient Writing Books Collected in the Dunhuang Thousand Buddha Cave Stone Room", there was a more clear report on the Dunhuang literature collected by Li Shi.
On October 7, 1928, a Japanese scholar named Haneda Heng visited Li Shengduo at his home in the Huangjia Garden in the British Concession of Tianjin. This Haneda Heng, proficient in more than a dozen Chinese dialects and Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan and other minority languages in China, is a world-class academic authority on the history of Yuan and Mongolia, the history of ancient Chinese and Western transportation, the history of the Western Regions and Dunhuang Studies. It is said that on the day of his visit, Li Shengduo generously displayed a number of Dunhuang ancient scrolls such as the Zhixuan Anle Sutra, and also agreed to copy the scriptures he needed, and allowed him to study them and publish them.
After Li Shengduo's death in 1937, the Ministry of Education of the Nationalist Government sent Yuan Tongli, director of the Beiping Library, to consult with Li's descendants, hoping to acquire his collection of books, but the price difference between the two sides was very large. Although Li Shengduo's collection was eventually returned to the Peking University Library and preserved to this day, it does not include dunhuang ancient scrolls. According to the "Catalogue of Dunhuang Manuscripts Sold by The Dehua Li Clan" published in the Central Current Affairs Weekly on December 15 and 21, 1935, Li Shengduo's 432 Dunhuang scrolls have been "sold to foreign countries for 80,000 yuan a day" by a certain clan. Since then, it has faded out of the vision of the Chinese people.
According to later research by Japanese scholars, in 1936, a Certain Japanese "funding provider" handed over Li Shengduo's batch of Dunhuang scrolls to Haneda Heng. In 1938, when Haneda became the director of Kyoto University, he kept these scrolls in the Director's Office and studied them. In the summer of 1945, when Japan was on the verge of defeat, the "funders" asked Haneda to send the Dunhuang collection to take the Takeda Pharmaceutical factory in Osaka twice on July 13 and 15 for preservation. By August 1, the collection was transferred to a warehouse at the nishio Shinpei clan mansion in Ōyama Village, Tagi-gun, Hyogo Prefecture. At that time, in addition to the 432 ancient scrolls purchased from Li Shengduo, there were more than 300 other manuscripts stored in Japan, and Haneda Heng compiled the "Catalogue" and took photographs. After Haneda's death, photographs were displayed at the Haneda Memorial Hall, while Li Shengduo's old Collection of Dunhuang Scrolls was preserved in the Japanese Apricot Rain Bookstore along with other Japanese collections.
With the continuous deepening of scholars' research on Dunhuang Studies and the continuous development of horizontal cooperation, the British Library, the French National Library, the Institute of Oriental Studies in St. Petersburg, Russia, and the National Library of China have all published the plates of their own collections. Now, after years of silence, Xingyu Bookstore, as the fifth largest collector of Dunhuang documents in the world today, has finally decided to organize and publish the contents of the Dunhuang scrolls in the name of "Dunhuang Secrets", and it is expected that all the contents will include 1 volume of the catalog and 9 volumes of plates. At present, with the successive publication of the catalogue, film album 1, film album 2, and film album 3, the Dunhuang scrolls that originally belonged to individuals have finally become an integral part of the world's Dunhuang studies together with the ancient scrolls collected by other countries.
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