Foreword: The Tang Dynasty is the flourishing era of Chinese culture and the most prosperous era of ancient Chinese poetry, of which Li Bai, the "poetry immortal" and "poetry saint" Du Fu, are represented. Li Bai was a great romantic poet, and Li Bai's life is not recorded in detail in the Old Book of Tang, but the New Book of Tang records:
Li Bai (李白), courtesy name Taibai, was the ninth grandson of the Xingsheng Emperor.
The "Xingsheng Emperor" here refers to the founding emperor of Xiliang, Li Xuan [hào], who was the seventh ancestor of Li Yuan, the emperor of Tang Gaozu, and was recognized as the ancestor of the Tang Dynasty, and Li Xuan's title of "Xingsheng Emperor" was posthumously awarded by Li Longji of Tang Xuanzong. If, according to the New Book of Tang, Li Bai is the ninth grandson of Li Huan, then Li Bai and the Tang Dynasty Wang clan are of the same clan. Moreover, according to the generational division, Li Bai was also the son and nephew of Tang Taizong Li Shimin.
If it is said that the "poetry immortal" Li Bai and the Tang Dynasty royal family are related by blood, which is not enough to surprise future generations, then on closer examination, "Shisheng" Du Fu and the Tang Dynasty are also related by blood, which few people know. Today, the author will trace back six generations to rationalize the "direct blood" relationship between Du Fu and Li Shimin.
<h2 class="RichEditor-header-two" >, Du Fu's patrilineal line: generations as officials</h2>
When du Fu's family is mentioned, it is necessary to mention Du Zhenyan, another talented son of the Tang Dynasty. Old Book of Tang, Biography of Du Fu Yun:
Zu Zhenyan, a member of the final meal department, Wai Lang.
Du Zhenyan was Du Fu's grandfather, and moreover, this man was proud of his talents and pride, and his fame in the period of Emperor Gaozong of Tang and Emperor Zhongzong of Tang was no less than that of his grandson Du Fu in the Middle Tang Dynasty. The New Book of Tang dynasty and a biography of literature and art records:
Du Zhenyan, zi bi jian, Xiangzhou Xiangyang people, Jin Zhengnan general pre-distant descent.
That is, Du Zhenyan's ancestral home is xiangyang, and his ancestors can be traced back to the famous general Du Xian in the Two Jin Dynasties. Here we need to explain in particular that the Poets of the Tang Dynasty are known as "Great Li Du" and "Little Li Du", and the sixteenth ancestor of Du Mu in "Little Li Du" is also the famous general Du Pre of the Jin Dynasty. That is to say, "Old Du" Du Fu and "Little Du" Du Mu are actually the same sect.
Although Du Zhenyan was a native of Xiangyang, Du Fu's birthplace was not Xiangyang, but Gongyi County, Henan.
The Old Book of Tang and the Biography of Du Fu writes of Du Fu:
Du Fu, Zimei, a native of Xiangyang, later migrated to Gong County, Henan.
Originally, Du Zhenyan's father had been the county commander of Gong County, so he moved his family from Xiangyang to Gong County, and later in Gong County, du Fu was born.
Du Zhenyan was talented, arrogant, and looked down on his colleagues, so he was hated by his colleagues. During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, Du Zhenyan was promoted to Luoyang Cheng (洛阳丞). In 698, Du Zhenyan was degraded for sitting. During the trial of Du Zhenyan, Du Zhenyan's superior, Zhou Jitong, and his colleague Guo Ruona, planned to frame Du Zhenyan and kill Du Zhenyan. When Du Jitong's thirteen-year-old son Du Jitong heard about it, he took advantage of Zhou Jitong's drunkenness and drew a knife from his sleeve to assassinate Him. Du was killed on the spot by the samurai for assassinating the imperial court official.
Ji Zhong waited for drunkenness, the judge was thirteen years old, and the sleeve blade stabbed Ji was heavier than sitting, killing left and right. (New Book of Tang Dynasty, Biography of Literature and Art)
This incident caused a shock in the government and the public, and Wu Zetian personally interrogated and summoned Du Zhenyan, and finally because he admired Du Zhenyan's talent, he not only absolved Du Zhenyan of his crime, but also praised Du Zhenyan for having a good son Du Zhenyan. Du He here is du zhenyan's second son, and Du Zhenyan's eldest son is named Du Xian, that is, Du Fu's father.
Du Fu's father, Du Xian, served as a chancellor and Sima of Yanzhou in the 25th year of the New Century. As shown in the following figure:
In a word: Du Fu's father was named Du Xian, his grandfather was the famous Du Zhenyan, and his ancestor was the famous Jin Dynasty general Du Xian.
<h2 class="RichEditor-header-two" > second, Du Fu's matriarch: the famous family</h2>
As mentioned above, Du Fu's grandfather was named Du Zhenyan, and Du Fu's father was named Du Xian. Du Xian married at the age of 28, which was considered a late marriage at the time, and he married Cui Shi, the daughter of the Cui clan of Qinghe.
Here we need to focus on Du Fu's mother's family, the Qinghe Cui family.
Since the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Door Valve family has been an important part of the imperial court, and developed to the end of the Sui And early Tang Dynasties, the imperial examination system is not yet mature, and there are seven outstanding Wang clans in the Door Valve Family, namely "Five Surnames and Seven Wangs". The so-called "five surnames and seven hopes" refer to: Qinghe Cui, Boling Cui, Fanyang Lu, Longxi Li, Zhao County, Xingyang Zheng, Taiyuan Wang.
At that time, many celebrities were proud to be able to marry the daughter of these "five surnames". For example, Xue Yuanchao, the famous chancellor of the Tang Dynasty, was from the Xue clan of Hedong and was also from a famous family, and his wife was the lord of Hejing County. The lord of Hejing County was the daughter of Li Yuanji, the King of Chao, and the cousin of Li Zhi of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, and the royal bloodline was supposed to be of a relatively noble origin. But Xue Yuanchao sighed:
"Those who regret in this life have not been able to marry a woman with five surnames!" (Sui and Tang Dynasty Tales, Vol. 2)
For Xue Yuanchao, the prime minister, marrying a daughter of the royal family is not as good as marrying the daughter of the above-mentioned "five surnames", which shows how difficult it is for the girls of the above-mentioned seven gate valve families to find.
However, Du Fu's father Du Xian's wife Cui Shi (崔氏), who was married by Du Fu's father Du Xian, was from one of the Seven Gate Valves, the Qinghe Cui Clan.
Therefore, Du Fu's paternal line is not only an official for generations, but Du Fu's mother is also from a famous family.
Two years after Du Xian married Cui, Cui gave birth to his eldest son, whom he named Du Fu.
For Du Xian, giving birth to an eldest son at the age of 30 is naturally of extraordinary significance. In addition, Du Shi has been a reader for several generations, so du Fu's education has been very strict since childhood. Du Fu once described himself in "The Grand Tour":
Seven years of thought is strong, open the mouth to chant the phoenix. Nine-year-old book in large characters, there are made into a bag.
It can be seen that Du Fu received his father's strict Confucian education from an early age, and he was able to sing poetry at the age of 7 and write many works at the age of 9. This kind of education laid the foundation for Du Fu to become a "poetic saint".
However, Du Fu was extremely unfortunate, and around the age of five or six, Du Fu's mother, Cui Shi, died. After that, his father Du Xian continued to marry the step-brother Lu clan, and the Lu clan gave birth to four sons in succession, because Du Xian had been an official outside for many years, and Du Fu grew up in the family of his aunt Du Shi.
Why did Du Fu grow up in his aunt's parents? Although the reason for this is not recorded, later generations speculate that Du Fu's stepmother may have been intolerant of Du Fu. Because throughout Du Fu's works, there are those who write about his father ("Prozac Collection"),those who write about his wife ("Ru Yue"), those who write about his younger brother ("Moon Night Remembers Her Brother"), and those who write about his aunt ("Tombstone of Junjing Zhaodu clan of Wannian County in Tang Dynasty"), but they never mention their stepmother in the poem.
Regarding Du Fu's birth mother Cui Shi, although he was born famous, there are not many historical records, and Du Fu once wrote in "No Home":
Eternal pain long illness mother, five years of Weigou Creek. I was powerless, and I was sore for life.
In this poem, Du Fu did not write about himself, but there is no doubt that his description of maternal love is very delicate.
In short, Du Fu's mother came from the famous Qinghe Cui clan, but Du Fu lost his mother from childhood and grew up in his aunt's parents.
<h2 class= "RichEditor-header-two" > third, Du Fu's grandmother: Li Tang orphan</h2>
As mentioned above, Du Fu's mother came from the Cui clan of Qinghe, and Du Fu's maternal grandfather was naturally surnamed Cui, so who was Du Fu's maternal grandmother, whose surname was Li, which was the bloodline of Li Tang's family.
Du Fu's maternal grandmother, Li Shi's father, was named Li Chun. Li Chun's father was named Li Shen and was given the title of King of Ji. Li Shen also had an identity, that is, the tenth son of Li Shimin of Tang Taizong. Their relationship with Du Fu is shown in the following figure:
Since Du Fu's maternal grandmother Li Shi was a member of Li Tang's family and a granddaughter of Li Shimin, why did the author call him an orphan? Because her life is more desolate, so it starts from her grandfather, Li Shen, the King of Ji.
As we all know, in 683, Emperor Gaozong of Tang died, and although Li Xian and Li Dan nominally ascended the throne successively, Li Tang's power was in the hands of Wu Zetian. In this regard, many members of Li Tang's family were dissatisfied, including Li Shen, the tenth son of Li Shimin.
In 687, Li Zhen, the eighth son of Emperor Taizong of Tang and the King of Yue, raised an army and committed suicide in defeat. Before Li Zhen raised an army, he wrote a letter to Li Shen, the King of Ji, inviting him to conspire in the great cause, and although Li Shen did not agree, he did not report it to Wu Zetian. Therefore, after Li Zhen's defeat, Li Shen was questioned and imprisoned by Wu Zetian (pictured below) and eventually died on the way to exile.
Li Shen had 8 sons, of whom the eldest son died early, and the second son, Li Chun, was created the Prince of Yiyang County in his early years. Because of his father's guilt, seven of Li Chun's brothers were also arrested, and Li Chun and his wife Zhou Shi (also of royal blood, as mentioned below) were ordered to be arrested by Wu Zetian. At that time, Li Chun was imprisoned in Henan Prison, and his wife Zhou Shi was imprisoned at Sinong Temple. At this time, Li Chun's daughter Li Shi was young and wore coarse cloth clothes, and repeatedly traveled back and forth between Henan Prison and Sinong Temple to deliver a meal for her parents. Li's move touched many people and was rumored to be a good story. This Li clan later married into the Qinghe Cui clan, which was Du Fu's maternal grandmother.
In this regard, zhang shu, a famous chancellor of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in Li Chun's inscription:
The difficulty of Chu Yongchang, the king went to Henan Prison, concubines recorded The Temple, only the daughter of the Cui clan, the cloth of the Concubines, the exchange of gifts, the emaciation of the disciples, the wounding of humanity, the Chinese and foreign counseling, the eyes are diligent filial piety. ("Tang Gifts Chen Zhou Thorn Shi Yiyang King Shinto Monument")
Because Du Fu's maternal grandmother Li Shi later married into the Qinghe Cui clan, she was called "Cui's daughter" here. However, although Li Shi ran for his parents and ultimately failed to save his parents, Li Chun and his wife Zhou Shi were eventually killed by Wu Zetian. The family is unfortunate, her parents are both killed, how can she not be counted as Li Tang's orphan?
In this history, Du Fu wrote affectionately in his "Tribute to grandmother":
"In the beginning, the calamity of my father's king, my mother's concubine was in the room, deep and special, and the same law. The lady then dressed herself in a cloth skirt and sneaked out with a salary. ”
It can be seen that Du Fu is not only full of sympathy for her grandmother's suffering, but also full of admiration.
<h2 class="RichEditor-header-two" > Fourth, Princess Linchuan married: another layer of relationship</h2>
Starting from Du Fu's maternal grandmother Li Shi, her grandfather was Li Shimin's own son, and she was considered to be of royal blood. In fact, her maternal grandmother is also of royal blood, and she is the daughter of Li Shimin, and her maternal grandmother is Princess Linchuan.
According to the New Book of Tang, Princess Linchuan was the tenth daughter of Li Shimin, whose original name was Li Yi , the character Meng Jiang , who had been intelligent since childhood and could write well. But her epitaph says she is Li Shimin's eleventh daughter.
Princess Zhen (劉讳), courtesy name Mengjiang, was the grandson of Emperor Gaozu Shenyao, the daughter of Emperor Wenwu of Taizong, and the eleventh sister of Emperor Jinshang, and her mother, Princess Wei. (Epitaph of princess Linchuan County, the former princess of the Tang Dynasty)
Most of Li Shimin's daughters married with ministers, and Princess Linchuan was no exception, and when Princess Linchuan grew up, she married Zhou Daowu.
Princess Linchuan, born to Princess Wei Guifei, married Zhou Daowu. (New Book of Tang, Vol. 83, Biography VIII)
Zhou Daowu's father, Zhou Shaofan, had long served as Li Shimin's central close minister, appearing in historical events such as the Change of Xuanwu Gate and the Alliance of Weishui, but unfortunately, Zhou Shaofan died of illness in the seventh year of Zhenguan. In order to thank Zhou Shaofan for his merits, Li Shimin personally raised Zhou Daowu in the palace, and Zhou Daowu was personally married by Li Shimin when he was 14 years old, and princess Shang Linchuan.
After Princess Linchuan married Zhou Daowu, the husband and wife loved each other, and had a total of 3 sons and 3 daughters, of which the second daughter Zhou Shi married Li Zhen, the son of Princess Linchuan's brother Li Shen. Princess Linchuan's daughter, Zhou Shi, was the mother of Du Fu's maternal grandmother (Du Fu's maternal great-grandmother) who was imprisoned at Sinong Temple mentioned above.
From this relationship, it can be seen that starting from Du Fu's maternal grandmother Li Shi, Li Shi's grandfather and maternal grandmother are all children of Li Shimin, the Prince of Tang, and if we calculate according to the blood relationship of "Li Shimin - Li Shen - Li Chun - Li Shi - Cui Shi - Du Fu", Li Shimin is actually Du Fu's great-great-great-grandfather, if Li Shimin and Du Fu are included, they are six generations apart. If the student relationship of "Li Shimin - Princess Linchuan - Zhou Shi - Li Shi - Cui Shi - Du Fu" is calculated, Li Shimin and Du Fu are also six generations apart. Therefore, Du Fu and Tang Taizong Li Shimin are related by blood, and the six generations of direct blood relations are not collateral.
<h2 class="RichEditor-header-two" > five, summary and sublimation</h2>
Although the imperial examination was born in the Sui and Tang dynasties, in the early Tang and Middle Tang dynasties, it was still an era of birth, and the door valve family was still a major part of the scholar class, and Du Fu was no exception. Du Fu mentioned in the "Tomb of Junjing Zhaodu of Wannian County of tang dynasty":
His ancestral lineage was unified under Yiqi and his surname was Tang Du. My ancestors, I know, far from the Zhou Chamber, until the sundae. It is passed on with benevolence, righteousness, and wisdom, and it is listed as a princely prince.
It shows that the ancestors of the Du Fu family originated from the Qi surname, and began to branch the Du surname during the Zhou Dynasty. In the Tongzhi Clan Sketch there are clouds:
"The one who lives in Du City is Du Shi."
Ducheng (杜城), i.e. Zhao County, east of Chang'an. Hence the phrase "Jingzhao Dushi".
Du Fu was born in Xiangyang, Henan, but du Fu called himself Jingzhao Du of the Du clan. As we all know, the famous prime minister Du Ruyi in the early years of the Tang Dynasty was Duling County, Jingzhao County, and was an important branch of the "Jingzhao Du Clan".
Du Ruyi is the Jingzhao Du clan, why does Du Fu say that he is the Jingzhao Du clan? In fact, Du Fu is also well-founded, because Du Fu's ancestor, the Jin Dynasty general Du Pre, was also in Jingzhao County, Duling County. Therefore, Du Fu claimed to be from the Jingzhao Du clan, and the evidence was sufficient, such as fake replacement.
Not only that, Du Fu's mother came from the Qinghe Cui clan, one of the "five surnames and seven hopes", which means that Du Fu had many "uncles", "cousins", and "cousins" from the Qinghe Cui clan, and during Du Fu's travels, many people looked at Du Fu differently because du Fu was the "nephew of the Qinghe Cui clan". Du Fu has "Drama Sent Cui Commentary Cousin Cousin Su Fifth Cousin Wei Dashaofu Nephews" and "Ji Qiu Su Fifth Brother MiaoJiangLou Night Feast Cui Thirteen Commentators Wei Shaofu Nephew" can be proved.
However, in an era when the relationship between the door valve was so important, Du Fu rarely mentioned his blood relationship with Li Tang except that his maternal grandmother was once the daughter of Li Chun, the king of Yiyang in the Tang Dynasty. This is mainly because the relationship between Du Fu and Li Tang is mainly dependent on the blood of his grandmother, and in ancient patriarchy, the relationship between the two has been very distant.
However, according to the current theory of blood relations, even if Du Fu and Tang Taizong Li Shimin have been separated by six generations, they are still direct blood relatives.