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“物流概述（二十）：運輸管理Ⅱ”
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Today Xiaobian brings you an article
"Logistics Overview (Part 20): Transportation Management II"
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一、收貨和發貨 Receiving and shipping
1、整合小批裝運Consolidate small batch shipments
小批裝運通常指重量大于150磅少于500磅的貨物的裝運，它是運輸管理者所面對的極具挑戰性的問題之一。
Small batch shipping typically refers to shipments of goods weighing more than 150 pounds but less than 500 pounds, and it's one of the most challenging issues that transportation managers face.
小批量裝運之是以會存在問題主要有以下一些原因。從承運人的角度來說，它們可能不願接收小批裝運，因為小批裝運需要更多的人力，導緻人工成本增加。另外，一些承運人認為小批裝運會導緻虧損，因為小批裝運所得的收入不足以彌補所需的成本。從運輸管理者的角度來說，多次小批裝運意味着需要一個能夠追蹤每一 單貨物狀态的資訊系統。
There are several reasons why there may be issues with small batch shipments. From the carrier's perspective, they may not want to accept small batch shipments because they require more manpower, leading to increased labor costs. Additionally, some carriers believe that small batch shipments will result in losses because the income from small batch shipments is not enough to cover the required costs. From the perspective of transportation managers, multiple small batch shipments mean that an information system is needed to track the status of each individual shipment.
2、滞期費和滞留費Late fees and detention fees
滞期費（demurrage）是托運人或收貨人由于沒有按期返還所占用的火車車皮而向鐵路承運人支付的罰金。如果托運人或收貨人占用貨船的時間超過允許期限， 内河水運承運人也可向其收取滞期費。
Demurrage is the fine that the consignor or consignee pays to the railway carrier for occupying train cars beyond the agreed time limit. Similarly, if the consignor or consignee exceeds the allowed time for using a cargo ship, inland waterway carriers can also charge them demurrage fees.
滞留費（detention）的概念與滞期費的概念基本相同，但滞留費通常用于卡車運輸。航空公司集裝箱的使用者 也面臨同樣的收費問題。不管是滞期費還是滞留費，承運人關注的都是其裝置處于閑置和無效狀态，也就是創收資産處于非最優的狀态。
The concept of detention fees is basically the same as demurrage fees, but detention fees are usually used in truck transportation. Users of airline containers also face the same charging issue. Whether it's demurrage fees or detention fees, carriers are concerned about their equipment being idle and ineffective, meaning revenue-generating assets are not in optimal condition.
3、運輸路線選擇Transport route selection
運輸路線選擇（routing）可被定義為，确定貨物在發貨地和目的地之間如何 運輸的問題。運輸路線選擇的一個例子是路徑指南（routingguide），它能夠提 供各種運輸相關資訊（如裝運準備、貨票、首選的承運人名單、某兩點間貨物運輸 所使用承運人名單）。例如，美國高檔連鎖百貨店諾德斯特龍的路徑指南中明确列出了哪個配送中心供應哪個具體的零售點。
Transportation route selection can be defined as the process of determining how goods are transported between the shipping point and the destination. An example of transportation route selection is a routing guide, which can provide various transportation-related information (such as shipping preparation, bill of lading, preferred carrier list, carrier list for goods transportation between two points). For example, the routing guide of the upscale American department store Nordstrom clearly lists which distribution center supplies which specific retail location.
4、貨物追蹤和加急運輸Tracking of goods and express delivery
貨物追蹤（tracing）是指确定貨物移動過程中的具體所在位置。追蹤貨物的能力将直接影響貨物的加急運輸（expediting，也就是快速将貨物運往最終目的地的 需求）。
Cargo tracking is about figuring out exactly where the goods are moving. The ability to track goods will directly affect the need for expedited shipping (quickly getting the goods to their final destination).
如今許多承運人都擁有能夠提供貨物狀态實時資訊的資訊系統，顧客可以通過網絡和智能手機獲知貨物狀态資訊以更快更便利地跟蹤貨物。空運和汽車承運人是加急運輸中用得最多的兩種模式。
Many carriers nowadays have information systems that can provide real-time status of goods, allowing customers to track their goods faster and more conveniently through the internet and smartphones. Air and truck carriers are the two most commonly used modes of expedited transportation.
二、運輸服務品質Transportation Service Quality
随着全球化和技術的改變，企業對服務品質的要求越來越高，同時技術的進步也是越來越多的運輸管理者可以通過筆記本電腦、平闆電腦、或智能手機直接追蹤貨物資訊。
With globalization and technological changes, businesses are demanding higher service quality. At the same time, advancements in technology are allowing more and more transportation managers to track goods information directly through laptops, tablets, or smartphones.
經濟規制解除促進了承運人間價格和服務的競争，這使企業需要對承運人績效進行評價。績效計分卡可用于診斷工具，比如說，如果某個承運人的績效得分低于70%，那麼該承運人将會被給予一段時間的觀察期。
The deregulation of the economy has promoted competition in prices and services among carriers, which requires businesses to evaluate carrier performance. Performance scorecards can be used as diagnostic tools. For example, if a carrier's performance score is below 70%, that carrier will be given a period of observation.
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文案|羅姗
排版|羅姗
稽核|zjj
參考資料：物流學
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