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“物流概述（二十）：运输管理Ⅱ”
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Dear, this is LearningYard Academy.
Today Xiaobian brings you an article
"Logistics Overview (Part 20): Transportation Management II"
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一、收货和发货 Receiving and shipping
1、整合小批装运Consolidate small batch shipments
小批装运通常指重量大于150磅少于500磅的货物的装运，它是运输管理者所面对的极具挑战性的问题之一。
Small batch shipping typically refers to shipments of goods weighing more than 150 pounds but less than 500 pounds, and it's one of the most challenging issues that transportation managers face.
小批量装运之所以会存在问题主要有以下一些原因。从承运人的角度来说，它们可能不愿接收小批装运，因为小批装运需要更多的人力，导致人工成本增加。另外，一些承运人认为小批装运会导致亏损，因为小批装运所得的收入不足以弥补所需的成本。从运输管理者的角度来说，多次小批装运意味着需要一个能够追踪每一 单货物状态的信息系统。
There are several reasons why there may be issues with small batch shipments. From the carrier's perspective, they may not want to accept small batch shipments because they require more manpower, leading to increased labor costs. Additionally, some carriers believe that small batch shipments will result in losses because the income from small batch shipments is not enough to cover the required costs. From the perspective of transportation managers, multiple small batch shipments mean that an information system is needed to track the status of each individual shipment.
2、滞期费和滞留费Late fees and detention fees
滞期费（demurrage）是托运人或收货人由于没有按期返还所占用的火车车皮而向铁路承运人支付的罚金。如果托运人或收货人占用货船的时间超过允许期限， 内河水运承运人也可向其收取滞期费。
Demurrage is the fine that the consignor or consignee pays to the railway carrier for occupying train cars beyond the agreed time limit. Similarly, if the consignor or consignee exceeds the allowed time for using a cargo ship, inland waterway carriers can also charge them demurrage fees.
滞留费（detention）的概念与滞期费的概念基本相同，但滞留费通常用于卡车运输。航空公司集装箱的使用者 也面临同样的收费问题。不管是滞期费还是滞留费，承运人关注的都是其设备处于闲置和无效状态，也就是创收资产处于非最优的状态。
The concept of detention fees is basically the same as demurrage fees, but detention fees are usually used in truck transportation. Users of airline containers also face the same charging issue. Whether it's demurrage fees or detention fees, carriers are concerned about their equipment being idle and ineffective, meaning revenue-generating assets are not in optimal condition.
3、运输路线选择Transport route selection
运输路线选择（routing）可被定义为，确定货物在发货地和目的地之间如何 运输的问题。运输路线选择的一个例子是路径指南（routingguide），它能够提 供各种运输相关信息（如装运准备、货票、首选的承运人名单、某两点间货物运输 所使用承运人名单）。例如，美国高档连锁百货店诺德斯特龙的路径指南中明确列出了哪个配送中心供应哪个具体的零售点。
Transportation route selection can be defined as the process of determining how goods are transported between the shipping point and the destination. An example of transportation route selection is a routing guide, which can provide various transportation-related information (such as shipping preparation, bill of lading, preferred carrier list, carrier list for goods transportation between two points). For example, the routing guide of the upscale American department store Nordstrom clearly lists which distribution center supplies which specific retail location.
4、货物追踪和加急运输Tracking of goods and express delivery
货物追踪（tracing）是指确定货物移动过程中的具体所在位置。追踪货物的能力将直接影响货物的加急运输（expediting，也就是快速将货物运往最终目的地的 需求）。
Cargo tracking is about figuring out exactly where the goods are moving. The ability to track goods will directly affect the need for expedited shipping (quickly getting the goods to their final destination).
如今许多承运人都拥有能够提供货物状态实时信息的信息系统，顾客可以通过网络和智能手机获知货物状态信息以更快更便利地跟踪货物。空运和汽车承运人是加急运输中用得最多的两种模式。
Many carriers nowadays have information systems that can provide real-time status of goods, allowing customers to track their goods faster and more conveniently through the internet and smartphones. Air and truck carriers are the two most commonly used modes of expedited transportation.
二、运输服务质量Transportation Service Quality
随着全球化和技术的改变，企业对服务质量的要求越来越高，同时技术的进步也是越来越多的运输管理者可以通过笔记本电脑、平板电脑、或智能手机直接追踪货物信息。
With globalization and technological changes, businesses are demanding higher service quality. At the same time, advancements in technology are allowing more and more transportation managers to track goods information directly through laptops, tablets, or smartphones.
经济规制解除促进了承运人间价格和服务的竞争，这使企业需要对承运人绩效进行评价。绩效计分卡可用于诊断工具，比如说，如果某个承运人的绩效得分低于70%，那么该承运人将会被给予一段时间的观察期。
The deregulation of the economy has promoted competition in prices and services among carriers, which requires businesses to evaluate carrier performance. Performance scorecards can be used as diagnostic tools. For example, if a carrier's performance score is below 70%, that carrier will be given a period of observation.
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文案|罗姗
排版|罗姗
审核|zjj
参考资料：物流学
翻译来源：ChatGPT
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