Since the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, along with the development of the commodity economy and the development of the publishing industry, many popular history books have been produced, and Jiang Zhen's "Shaowei TongJian Jie Jie" and Zeng Xianzhi's "Eighteen Historical Strategies" are their typical representatives. The two books were introduced to the Korean Peninsula around the end of the Li Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty quickly swept the Korean society with the revised version of Zhu Xi's "Zizhi Tongjian Compendium" and became an important channel for all classes in Korea to understand and learn Chinese history. Zeng and Jiang Ershi were highly respected in the early Joseon Dynasty, and many books of continuation appeared, but in the late Joseon Dynasty, scholars, especially scholars of practical studies, were influenced by the scholarship of the Qing Dynasty and launched a systematic criticism of the two books, not only attacking the formal problems such as their inconsistent examples and contents, but also questioning the reliability of the historical facts contained in the books. Even so, the two books still play a pivotal role in children's education.
Popular history books, some scholars call popular history books, are characterized by conciseness and ease of understanding, popular and simple, have a clear sense of popularization of historiography, and are widely circulated, which can meet the needs of all social strata, especially the common people, to understand and learn historical knowledge. Since the Fall of the Song dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, commercial activities have become increasingly prosperous, and the history books that appear in the city have become an important channel for historiography to move toward the people. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the examination of the imperial examination, entertainment and entertainment and children's lessons jointly created a huge commercial demand, stimulated the large-scale publication of various types of books, and also deepened the popularization of historiography. Among the many popular history books since the Song and Yuan dynasties, Jiang Zhen's "Shaowei Tong Jian Jie Jie" and Zeng Xianzhi's "Eighteen Historical Strategies" are particularly special. They are hidden in China's history, but they have received great attention after they were introduced to neighboring countries such as Korea and Japan, especially in Korea, which is not only known as "Zeng Shi Jiangjian", which has become an important medium for Koreans to understand Chinese history and carry out enlightenment education, but also has a huge impact on ideology and culture. This article discusses the spread and influence of the two books in Korea in order to teach them to the Fang family.
I. The rise of popular sex history books since the Song Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty and the spread of the two books of Jiang and Zeng
Since the Song Dynasty, with the wide application of engraving and printing, history books, like Buddhist scriptures and almanacs, have been published in large quantities. History books such as "Seventeen Histories of Mengqiu" appeared in large numbers in the Song Dynasty and became popular. Similar to such books, the popularity of "Tongjian" history books derived from the "Zizhi Tongjian" also provided vivid material for the history telling activities at that time, thus playing an important role in popularizing historical knowledge and educating the people.
The Zizhi Tongjian is one of the most important chronicles in Chinese history. At the same time, around the "Zizhi Tongjian" also produced a large number of continuations, annotations, abridgements, and books that expounded the righteousness, forming the so-called "Tongjian Science". However, due to the sheer volume of the book, ordinary scholars and people not only have difficulty in handling it, but also read it like a sea of smoke. Before his death, Sima Guang began to compile the book into 80 volumes of the Zizhi Tongjian Juju Calendar. Since then, there have been a variety of abbreviated editions such as Lü Zuqian's "Lü Shi Jia Shu Tong Jian Jie Jie Jie" and Lu Tang Lao's "Supplementing Lu Zhuangyuan Collection hundred family investment zhi Tong Jian Detailed Section", which either focused on enlightenment or became popular historical readings at that time for the purpose of taking the examination. Compared with the decline of other abridged texts after the Song Dynasty, Jiang Zhen's "Shaowei Tong Jian Jie Jie" is one of the most popular and has been handed down to this day.
According to historical records, the author of the "Shaowei Tongjian Jiejiao" was Jiang Zhen at the time of the two Song Dynasties. Hongzhi's "Eight Min Tongzhi" briefly explains the deeds of Jiang Zhen's life and the origin of the title of the book:
Jiang Zhen, Zi Shu Gui, Chong'an people. When he first traveled to Shangku, he and Gong Shenzhi were famous for their ease of learning. After that, it went into hiding. The close minister recommended his sage, but he could not go there. In the middle of politics and peace, TaiShi played less micro stars, and the imperial court held a legacy. Under the order, Yi Zai Chen Nan praised him, hired him with special gifts, and repeated his deeds with poetry, and where the three could not afford to be hired, he was given the title of Mr. Shaowei. His book "General Jian Jie Jie" was written in the world.
According to the preface of the "Shaowei Jia Shu Dian School With Notes Tongjian Festival", a descendant of the Jiang clan, in the preface to the Jiaxi Ding Younian (1237):
Mr. Jiang's family school has "Tongjian Festival", which is slightly appropriate... Later, Jianning Gong silently visited Mr. Obscure's door, tasted the quality of this book, and Mr. Jianning deeply appreciated it. Self-reliant friends compete for records, and gain weight. The master of the present-day Nanshan Mountain, Yuan, is a clean and clean man, has the light of the former martyrs, re-takes this book with benefits and embellishes it, adds it to the preface of the various historical tables, refers to the public discussion in name, and the pronunciation is simple and clear, and the gains and losses are clear, thinking that the court is trained.
Knowing that after Jiang Yan's "Tongjian Jiejiao", there were new editions by Jiang Yuan, and these limited records became an important basis for understanding the early situation of Jiang Zhen's "Shaowei Tongjian Jiejiao".
The "Shaowei TongJian Jiejiao" and its various adaptations were mass-produced and repeatedly engraved during the Song, Yuanming, and Ming dynasties, resulting in many different official, private, and fang engravings. Regarding the overview of its existing editions, Wang Chongmin examined in detail the information on the relevant editions of the book in the Ming Dynasty, mainly including the Engravings of Wang Feng and Liu Jia during the Xuande Period, the Shaowei Jia Shu Dian School Appendix Tongjian Jiejie Essentials, the Second Year of Hongzhi (1489), the Ninth Year of Zhengde (1514) Si LiJian's "Shaowei Tong Jian Jie Jie" 50 volumes, the Fang carved edition of the "New Gazette Examination Zheng Shao Wei Tong Jian Complete Edition" 20 volumes, the "Republishing hanlin Correction Shao Wei Tong Jian Da quan" 20 volumes, etc., in terms of the number of volumes, which are roughly 50 volumes and 20 volumes, and at the end of the book, Liu Shu's "Mostly Attached Liu Shu". General Examination of the Outer Chronicles" parallel. It is worth noting that Wang Chongmin emphasized the key role of the adaptations of Wang and Liu in the circulation of the "Shaowei TongJian Jiejiao" in the process of circulation, pointing out that the book was completely adapted from the Lu Zhuangyuan jieben of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and its theft traces were so obvious that they were widely disseminated after the middle of the Ming Dynasty with their simple and easy to read words; Wang also further sorted out the interrelationship between the various periodicals of the "Shaowei Tong Jian Jie Jie" in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. Jin Juyuan specially sorted out the earlier editions of the book, especially the Yuanjian edition, and believed that the earliest surviving version of the book, the Yuan periodical, "Shaowei Jia Shu Dian School With Notes Tongjian Festival", 56 volumes were revised according to the "Zizhi Tongjian" of the "Zizhi Tongjian" into the notes, the Collection of Hundred Notes and other sections, and its completion of the book was about the middle of the Southern Song Dynasty, and had absolutely nothing to do with Jiang Zhen, but the Jiang clan was very prestigious at that time, so the booksellers falsely entrusted his name to sell it for profit. Therefore, based on existing research, the editions of the "Shaowei TongJian Jiejiao" that were popular in the Song and Yuanming dynasties were not written by a single author in terms of content, let alone in the hands of Jiang Zhen, but "evolved" in the course of history. However, this "general commentary" excerpt had a major impact on popular education. Fan Li, a historian in the middle and early Ming Dynasty, wrote: "The complexity of historiography is incomparable, and Mr. Shaowei's "Festivals" are therefore described. The big book is based on the government of the country, the annotations are divided to prepare for the words of history, the good of the people is included, and the "Outline" of Mr. Wen Gong is written. The "Festival" has been passed down from family to family and recited by everyone. The "Outline" is exquisitely calligraphed and definitely set up for the world's teachings. From the "family transmission and reciting by others", we can see the depth of the popularity of the "Festivals", and more importantly, Fan's practice of comparing the "Festivals" with the "Outline" reveals the importance that people attached to the book at the time, and it seemed that the "festivals" replaced the "general" original book. In the second year of Hongzhi and the ninth year of Zhengde, the superintendent of ceremonies published the "Festival Essentials" twice, and Emperor Mingwuzong also personally "imperially" wrote the preface, which shows that the "Festivals" are not only very popular among the people, but also attract the attention of the imperial family, becoming a frequent book for the emperor, and the publication of the royal publication has promoted the book to be highly sought after in society.
In addition to the "Shaowei Tongjian Jiejiao", the "Eighteen Historical Sketches", as another important popular history book in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, not only opened up a new realm for the compilation of such historical books, but also greatly promoted the dissemination of historical knowledge at that time. The Eighteen Histories were compiled by the late Song and early Yuan dynasties, and record the history from ancient times to the Song Dynasty. After its publication, the book was popular in Mongolian education with its characteristics of conciseness and detail, and was used as a history textbook in the official private schools of the Yuan Dynasty. Its meta-editions are now in 2 volumes and 10 volumes. After entering the Ming Dynasty, not only did some scholars supplement and annotate the original version to form a new version, but also those who continued to supplement the history of the Yuan Dynasty, and even merged the "Eighteen Historical Sketches" with the continuation of the "Yuan History" into the "Nineteen Historical Strategies". As a result, it has formed 7 volumes of "Mr. Li Zhai's Title Interpretation Commentary Eighteen Historical Sketches", 10 volumes of "Title Detailed Notes nineteen historical yin yiming interpretation", and 8 volumes of "Annotations on The Nineteen Histories of Ancient and Modern Dynasties". Among them, the "Nineteen History Sketch Examinations" was compiled by Yu Jin and Tong Kao, and the book was circulated to Korea and became the most popular version of the "History Sketch" in the Eastern Kingdom. In addition, the 7 volumes of mr. Li Zhai's Title Interpretation of the Eighteenth Historical Compendium were adapted from the aforementioned Wang Feng and Liu Jiao. Wang and Liu were masters-apprentices, and they cooperated in re-editing and engraving a large number of popular history books, such as the Eighteen History Sketches, the Shaowei Tongjian Festival, and the Tongjian Festival to Be Continued. It is worth noting that the revised words of Liu Shuzhi in the third volume of the present "Mr. Li Zhai's Title Commentary on the Interpretation of the Eighteenth Historical Sketch" read: "The Zeng clan is still the old Chen Shou, and the Wei emperor is attached to Han and Wu." That is, to honor Zhu Zi's "Outline" and correct the "Shaowei Tongjian", this book is now restored, and the Han dynasty is used to unify the clouds. Here reveals a principle of his adaptation of history books, that is, to correct the calligraphy of each book with Zhu Xi's "Zizhi Tongjian Compendium", especially the orthodox arrangement, which has become an important feature that distinguishes Wang and Liu's adaptations from previous versions or other adaptations of the same period.
As popular history books, the two books "Shaowei Tongjian Jiejie" and "Eighteen Historical Sketches" played a huge role in the dissemination of historical knowledge in the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, but they were repeatedly denounced academically and were considered to be difficult to climb the elegant hall. The Qing Dynasty Sikuguan Chen commented on the EighteenThirties: "Its book is copied from the history of the section, which is brief and special, and the title of the volume is "Song Kuo", which is particularly ugly. Gaixiang Shu shu class Meng's original, as well as Hu Yigui's "Ancient and Modern General Strategy", is far away. "The strong disdain of the curators is clearly the result of judging by the high academic level." Similarly, the Siku Guanchen commented on the "Shaowei Tongjian Jiejiao" Yun: "It is a book taken from Sima Guang's "Zizhi Tongjian" to delete the big points, but the beginning and end are consistent, and it is not as good as the original book." "What's more, "At the end of Kao Luo's "Ezhou Small Collection", Wang Zhan's "Record of the Moon Mountain" was titled "Tongjian Festival to be repaired by officials", and when it was doubtful of zhengde, it was rebuilt, not the old version of the restoration. The "Biography of Ming Shi Li Dongyang" also states that Dongyang was ordered to compile the "Tongjian Compendium"... The biography of Zhang Yuanzhen is also called the vice president of "Tongjian Compendium". The "Outline" is immediately the "Festival", and gaishi is even different. It is to mistake the "Shaowei Tongjian Jiejiao" for the official revision history book of the Ming Hongzhi and Zhengde years, "The Outline of the Tongjian of the Past Dynasties". After reading the Outline of the Four Libraries in the early 19th century, the Korean scholar Hong Yizhou pointed out the mistake of the Siku Guanchen, "Taking Jiang Yun's Tongjian as Li Dongyang's "Outline", Jiang Mo's Zhu Zishu is not known." Wang Mingsheng, a contemporary of guanchen, said: "Fifty-six volumes of the Tongjian Festival, written by Mr. Song Shaowei Chong'an Jiang Zhen ... Nai Jiang Zhen first had this plagiarism, and if he wanted to obscure it, he would not appreciate it. Jiang Rong preambled Yun'er, I am afraid that I am not trustworthy. Not only did he refer to the "Shaowei TongJian Jie jie" as a copy, but he also questioned Zhu Xi's claim that the book was highly praised, thus erasing its historical value and failing to notice the important role it played in popularizing historical knowledge.
On the contrary, after the introduction of the "Festival" and "Shi Luo" to the Joseon Dynasty, they had a great impact on Korea in many aspects such as politics, culture, and education, and it is worth in-depth investigation.
2. The eastern transmission of the two books "Festivals" and "Shi Luo" to Korea
According to the Records of Emperor Taizong of Joseon, on September 10, the third year of Emperor Taizong of Joseon (the first year of Ming Yongle, 1403), he "read the Eighteen Historical Sketches", and on October 27 of this year, the Ming Dynasty envoy Huang Yu brought the "Eighteen Historical Sketches" in the books that included the Eighteen Historical Sketches. It can be seen that the Eighteenth Chronicle was introduced to the Korean Peninsula at the beginning of the 15th century and became the king's imperial book. By the twenty-third year of Emperor Chengzong (1492), the Nineteen Historical Sketches appeared in the feast reading, and the book was also discussed many times in the feasts of Emperor Zhongzong and Xuanzu. Compared with the EighteenThirties, the eastern transmission of the "Festivals" is earlier, around the end of Goryeo. The late Joseon scholar Lee Gyu-gyeong (1788-1856) believed that "there is no longer any in the Central Plains. I am a beginner in the study of this book, and I have a certificate, Gai Yuan, Li Xiangtong, when infected with Yuan customs. According to the "History of the Yuan Dynasty" from the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty, he set up the Mongolian Kingdom of The Imperial Household and taught the students to use the "Tongjian Festival" to translate and write them in the Mongolian language. In the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the "General Jian Festival" was promulgated in translation and writing, and it was practiced. At that time, it also entered the Li Dynasty, popular in the East, and has been practiced to this day. That is, the "Festival" was introduced to Goryeo by the Yuan Dynasty through official grants as early as the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1272), and there is no clear evidence to support this speculation. The relatively reliable record is that in the seventh year of King Xin of Goryeo (1381, 1381), Li Zhan (1345-1405) wrote the "Shaowei Tong jianbao", which said that at that time, the governor of Jinju, Park Gong, was enthusiastic about literature and education, and asked Ha Lun for a copy of "Shaowei" to be reprinted and widely circulated, after which Park Gong resigned, and his successors heeded the matter. As far as I can see, this text is the earliest record of the introduction of the book to the Eastern Kingdom. The aforementioned Kim Yoon-chao also held this view. Although the upper limit of the import is still uncertain, it indicates that at least until 1381, the Festivals had entered Korea and gradually spread. The late Korean historian An Dingfu (1712-1791) recorded: "And the popularity of the Shaowei Tongjian in Wudong began after the Nongchen Rebellion. After the chaos, the books were swept away, and Hong Mutang was appointed as an envoy of Andong Province, which was published in the world. It is pointed out that the popularity of the "Jiejiao" in Korea was after the end of the Nongchen War, when a large number of official and private literature were destroyed and the history books were scattered, and in view of this, AndongFu made Hong Luxiang and "Fang Boyuecheng Li Gong" widely engrave various books, asked Yunge to publish the rare book "Shaowei", and attached the compilation and interpretation written by Hongwenguan to the end of the volume, which was conducive to The great education of Mongolian studies. In fact, in the last years of the Ming Dynasty, when the "Jiejiao" was already popular in Korea, the book was still imported, and the famous Korean minister Kim Yu (1580-1658) Chongzhen was given a "Jiejiao" when he went to the Ming Dynasty in the ninth year (1636), which became a hereditary treasure of the Kim family. This undoubtedly depended on the relatively stable clan relations between Korea and the Ming Dynasty and the frequent exchange of books between each other using the angels of the Dynasty as a vehicle.
Compared with the original imported version, the popular version of the second book in North Korea is more important. In terms of content, the most popular version of the "Festival" is the adaptation of Wang Feng and Liu Jie in the early Ming Dynasty. Ding Ruoyong, a well-known scholar in the late Joseon Dynasty, once made a severe criticism of the "Jiejiao", one of the most important points was that "taking the Wen Gongshu as the model, but taking Zhu Zi's "Outline" as a righteous example, it is not written in the text." For example, the three kingdoms part of the book is mainly narrated by Wei, while the righteous example is based on Shu as orthodox, which appears to be inconsistent with the text and title. In fact, this is exactly in line with the characteristics of Wang and Liu's adaptation of the "Tongjian Jiejiao" (通鉴節要) "honoring Zhu Zi's "Outline" and correcting the "Shaowei Tongjian"" (少微通简). In addition, An Dingfu wrote "Titled Liu Shi Jie's "Shaowei Tong Jian Jie Hou", and Li Yi (1579-1624) also said that "Liu Jia's Tong Jian Jie Jie Zhi The above is clear evidence that Liu Jieben's "Festival Essentials" are popular in North Korea. According to research, including the engravings of Emperor Mingwu Zhengde's ninth year of the "Festival Essentials", the "Festival Essentials" privately published by Ming Dynasty officials were mostly reproduced from Liu Jie's ben and slightly revised and supplemented, and after these engravings were transmitted to the east, they objectively expanded the scope of acceptance of Liu Jie's "Jiejiao" in Korea. It is worth noting that when Liu Shi re-edited the "Jiejiao", he deeply felt that the history of the Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties had not been recorded, so he imitated the style of the "Jiejiao" and compiled the "Continuation of the Supplementary Notes to the General Jian Festival" based on the historical events of the Four Dynasties, referred to as the "Continuation of the Festival". The two books were not only often circulated in parallel during the Ming Dynasty, but also in Korea, forming a "system of "festivals".
Yu Jin's compilation of the NineteenTh Historical Sketch Examination is the most popular version of the "Shi Luo" in Korea. The catalogue of the boards written by the famous Korean scholar Seo Youyu (1764-1845) contains in detail the preservation of the plates: "The Eighteen Volumes of the Nineteen Histories of the General Examinations. Ming Jinshi was written by the first. Below its yuan era, Yu Jin continued to be written, titled Yun "Nineteen Historical Sketches", and in fact, the chronicle was also. Southern Han Kaiyuan Temple Collection... The Northern Han Dynasty Taikoo Temple Collection... Although he mistaken zengshi for a Ming dynastyman, he clearly pointed out that the Nineteen Historical Sketches commonly used in Korea were supplements to Yujin, and the wide distribution of the book collection in various provinces showed its popularity. The Hanhe Library of Harvard University has a Korean wooden version of the Nineteen History Sketch Examinations, the cover title is "Nineteen History Slightly Tongkao", the words "Salary Pine" under it, half a page of nine lines, seventeen lines, including Jiujiang Daiben, Poyang Bamboo Nest Yujin and Yuan Zhou Tianji Sequence, all 8 volumes. According to its accompanying English compendium, it was inscribed in the 15th century during the reign of Emperor Sungjong of Joseon (1470-1494). If its time is accurate and reliable, it coincides with the appearance of the Nineteen Historical Sketches in the aforementioned Feast of the Chengzong Period. According to this, as early as the 15th century, Yu Jin's "Nineteen History Sketch Examinations" has become a more popular version of the "History Sketch" in Korea, and it has lasted for a long time.
After the introduction of the "Festivals" and "Shi Luo" to Korea, they were widely used in all levels of society. First of all, the two books often appeared in the king's feast readings, which was an important basis for them to understand Chinese history and learn from historical experience. Liu Xichun (1513-1577), a famous minister of the Xuanzu Dynasty, recorded several times in his "Diary of the Feast" that Xuanzu and the chancellor discussed the two books. For example, in July of the ninth year of Xuanzu (1576), "(I) still asked his subjects: 'What is the goodness of the Nineteen Historical Sketches and the Shaowei Tongjian?' The minister said, "Each has its own strengths." The first few volumes of the Tongjian use the Qianshi Hanshu, the articles are very great, and there are many words that can be used in the composition, and the penmanship is unclear and unprepared. The "Shi Luo" is based on Zhu Zi's "Outline" and is slightly versed, so the penmanship is very clear, and the text is good and simple, so that the children's literary atmosphere is stinging and not entering. In order to make the reading of the feast more accurate and in-depth, Xuanzu ordered Liu shi to annotate, supplement, and correct the two books, and to compile the "Doubts of The History", and also ordered Jin Xiao (1547-1615) to revise the "Nineteen Historical Sketches" and add annotations for imperial review and discussion. On the sixth day of the first month of February in the first year of Emperor Xianzong's reign (1835), a summons was held at the Jingxian Hall to talk about the reading of the "Shi Luo", and the attendant Li Yingao said: "This book began in taikoo, and was arrested until the han, Tang, and Song dynasties also did the deeds of chaos... Although it is a book, those who can be disciplined, then the cover is also prepared, can not be read in general, although word by word, must be mainly discussed and understood, is also desired. "To emphasize the role of the book, it is necessary to read it carefully to grasp the traces of the rise and fall of the ages.
In view of the concise and concise and enlightening characteristics of the "Historical Sketch" and the "Summary of The Outline", they have become commonly used teaching materials for the royal family, especially the wang shizi, to learn historical knowledge. In the twenty-second year of Emperor Zhongzong (1527), the courtiers sang: "Today, the Eastern Palace is in the Four Books, and the Only One does not enter the lecture on "Zhongyong", while the "Nineteen Historical Sketches" and the "Shaowei Tongjian" are all taught. The two books have taken precedence over the traditional Confucian classics of the Zhongyong in the order of their lectures. In fact, in view of the relationship between scripture and history in the education of the Eastern Palace, the ministers were also quite concerned, and some ministers proceeded from the position that "first the history of the classics and then the history" and "the history of the classics" could not be abandoned, and they were worried that Shizi's excessive emphasis on historiography would lead to the lack of study of the scriptures. In the fourteenth year of Emperor Xianzong (1673), the Squire Said: "Wang Shizifang preached the Tongjian Festival, Shu HanJi, and Zuo Huizheng Jin Shouheng thought that the scriptures were taught in a hurry. After the "Han Ji" is completed, it is advisable to follow it up with the "University", but historiography should not be abandoned. When "University" entered the lecture, it was appropriate to read the following "Tongjian HanJi" and read it concurrently in The Evening Lecture. This also reflects the importance of the position of historiography, especially the "Little Micro Festival" in Wang Shizi's education.
At the same time, the "Festivals" and "Shi Luo" are the basic history books read by scholars and Confucians, and they are also closely related to the imperial examination and the selection of historical officials. It is not uncommon in official and private historical records that the imperial court awarded two books to various township schools and courtiers. In August of the twenty-sixth year of Sejong (1444), he gave books such as "Tongjian Xunyi", "Book of Sexual Theory", "Jinsilu", "Outline of Tongjian", and "Tongjian Jiejiao" at the Cheongju Township School; in November of the sixth year of Emperor Chengzong (1475), he gave Yong'an Dao Yongxingdu Confucian sheng "Shaowei Tongjian", "Spring and Autumn Left Transmission", "Ancient Wen Zhenbao" and other books. In the first year of Xuanzu (1568), the school library engraved and printed 400 copies of the Nineteen Histories, and the king awarded more courtiers, and all the officials of the Hongwenguan were rewarded. In addition, after the end of the Nongchen War, the classics collected by the central government and various provinces were seriously damaged, so a large number of pictures were re-published at that time, including the Nineteen Historical Sketches. On the other hand, the "History Sketch" and "Excerpts" are closely related to various examinations in North Korea. In the twelfth year of Sejong (1430), it was stipulated that the bibliography of martial arts and translation studies to select talents included the "Shaowei Tongjian", and the zongqin who went to the Zongxue School must pass the "Primary School", "Shaowei Tongjian", "Four Books" and "Erjing" before they could finish school. In the early years of the ancestors, the historian selected "only the "Shaowei Tongjian" and the production of one article." Although the "Shi Luo" is not a book of lectures, the optional subjects in the first field and the final test countermeasures in the liberal arts examination objectively require understanding the inherent requirements of historical knowledge, so that Confucian students have mostly used the "Shi Luo" and "JieJiao" as historical enlightenment books since childhood. North Korean scholars read and even recited the two books at an early age. The famous historian Li Xuanxi "was eight years old, read all the "Shi Luo" and "Shaowei Tongjian", especially Zheng Zonglu (1738-1816) "read the history of Zeng at the age of five, recited five or six boards a day, taught the shaowei Shiyang festival theory at the age of six, and recited it three times over the eyes," which can be called a prodigy. Of course, in addition to memorizing them as children's readings, there were also scholars who carried out meticulous evaluations of the two books, and Yin Xinggong, a judge of the Zhengzu Dynasty, borrowed the second book from the fishermen, commented on them, and wrote "Essays on the Lake of Salary".
In addition, the "Festivals" and "Shi Luo" are also important primer books for the royal family and the two classes of families to carry out boudoir education. Xuanzu's third daughter, Zhen Shu Weng, "received the Nineteen Histories from the palace people, slightly leading to the rise and fall of the ancients, and the characters were right and wrong". Li Xianqing, who lived in the Yingzu and Zhengzu periods, enlightened his daughter, "only taught a few volumes of primary school books and sixty boards of the "Shaowei Tongjian". In addition, after the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, the royal court specially set up internal attendants to conduct cultural education for internal servants entering the palace. According to Yingzu's brother Jin Guizhu (1745-1805), the brother of Empress Dowager Zhenchun (1745-1805), who served as an internal attendant, he described, "Every month, he entered the que and tried to teach the books he preached, which were the Three Classics, the Four Books, the General Commentary, and the Shi Luo, and other books, and did not try to give him books." Thus, the Shi Luo was also one of the teaching materials for court officials to study.
More importantly, the "Historical Sketch" and "Festivals" have gradually become the most popular Mongolian teaching materials in Korean society, which has had a profound impact on the popular history education in Korea as a whole. An Dingfu once sorted out the general process of tongmeng education in the Joseon Dynasty and the reading order of several basic textbooks, first of all, "Thousand Character Text", "Similar Combination" or "Juzheng", followed by "Tongmeng Xianxi", again "Nineteen Historical Sketches", and "Cutting The Lamp". Among them, the three books "Thousand Characters", "Nineteen Historical Sketches" and "Cutting The Lantern New Story" are all from China, showing the great influence of ancient Chinese culture on Korea. In particular, the "Nineteen History Sketches" were the necessary teaching materials for the higher stages of Mongolian education at that time, so that later the Township School Path took the "Nineteen History Sketches", "Tong MengXian Xi", "Class Combination", and "Cutting the Lamp New Words" as the "Four Books", and directly called the "Little micro Tongjian Festival" as the "Tongjian", and the status of the two in the education of Theory and Mongolia seemed to have surpassed or even replaced the "Zizhi Tongjian" and the "Tongjian Outline". It is no wonder that some scholars at that time said that the three books of "Thousand Character Text", "Verse Essentials", and "Shi Luo" were "meritorious to the Easterners and the Six Classics".
To sum up, since the end of Goryeo, especially in the joseon dynasty, from the kings and relatives to the common people, both men and women, have used the "Festivals" and "Historical Sketches" as important teaching materials for learning historical knowledge. The two books penetrated into many aspects of Korean society and had a great impact. So why are the two books so popular in North Korea? First, the "Summary of Verses" and "Historical Sketches" have the characteristics of conciseness and simplicity, easy to understand, and moderate length, and readers can quickly grasp the history of China's dynasties. Members of the royal family and two classes of nobles can learn about the rise and fall of the past as Yin Jian, Confucian students can learn historical knowledge related to the imperial examination, children and ordinary civilians can borrow enlightenment and literacy, and all kinds of people can draw nourishment and take their needs, so the broad adaptability of the content of the two books to all social classes is an important basis for its popularity in the eastern country. Second, and more importantly, most of the two-book edition of the popular Joseon Dynasty is a revised version of the Ming Dynasty, and its calligraphic examples are based on Zhu Zi's "Outline", which is in line with the korean dynasty's ideology of honoring Zhu Zixue as authentic. The Joseon Dynasty was founded on the basis of Zhu Zixue, and their view of history, especially the orthodox arrangement, was also deeply influenced by Zhu Zi. The Zizhi Tongjian differs from Zhu Xi in terms of orthodoxy, especially with regard to the orthodoxy of the Three Kingdoms, Sima Zongwei, Zhu Shi Zun shu, and Liu Jia revised the previous "Festivals" with Zhu Xi's theory, which is also more in line with the orthodox concept of the Koreans. Yu Jin's "Nineteen Histories of The General Examination" Fan Xiangyun: "Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, as for the Five Dynasties, it is also based on the old version of the Zeng clan, and Zhu Zi's "Outline" is correct," and the first volume lists the examples of the "Outline of Tongjian", so its penmanship is deeply rooted in the Ziyang Micro Purpose. In particular, after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Joseon Dynasty for a long time adhered to the concept of honoring the Ming Dynasty and demeaning the Ming Dynasty, and through the compilation of history books and the establishment of a large newspaper altar, it fostered the great righteousness and the Gangchang Famous Sect, and the "Festivals" and "Historical Outlines" revised by the "Outline" were undoubtedly adapted to this social atmosphere. Han Ruyu, a Korean scholar, said: "But Mr. Jiang's "General Jian Jie Jie" is also ... Establish the unity of the emperor and rebuke the pseudo-state of tyrant. Unveiling the right vein of China, the four yi of the mausoleum. Those who are loyal and filial to each other are self-righteous, and those who are chaotic thieves and ugly are ugly. It can be said that the rich content, the well-detailed length and the "orthodox" examples contributed to the large dissemination of the two books in the eastern country.
III. The Continuation and Criticism of the "Excerpts" and the "Historical Outline" by the Korean scholars
In the process of wide dissemination in Korea, not only did the "Jiejiao" and "Shi Luo" leave a large number of Korean periodicals and banknotes, such as the "Jiejiao" in many editions, such as the Gengshen Mengchunjing Zhongzhong Periodical, the Han Shu Zi Ben, the PengShen Character Translation Edition, the Nongchen Character Movable Type Book, and many other editions, at the same time, around the two books, especially the "Shi Luo", there have also been some Korean supplements, which deserve further exploration.
Although the two books were roughly double-peaked in the popular history education of the Joseon Dynasty, there were still differences in the evaluation of them by people at the time. Li Shishan (1625-1715) once selected the contents of the two books "Excerpts" and "Shi Luo" and compiled them into the "Selected Histories", the reason for which is that "people know that there are the heads of the Three Emperors, taikoo, and the successive dynasties, Zeng Shiye; those who do not have the beginning and the end and the essence can be chewed, Jiang Shiye; Shezeng has no head and tail, and Shejiang loses the essence." In his view, the "Shi Luo" runs through the ancient and modern and the content is too simple, the text of the "Section" is desirable but the beginning and end are not prominent, the two are highly complementary, and one is indispensable, so Li Shi transformed the two into a "Historical Selection" that is both ancient and modern and exists. Lee points out the shortcomings of the two books, but relatively speaking, the criticism of the "Festival" is more common. Zheng Hongming said: "The "Little micro tongjian", the national customs are still there, and if you look closely, the non-disciples cut the "Zizhi", the text is quite undisputed, and there are literary and rational non-continuities... It is not as detailed as the "History". Wei Bojue (1727-1798) also pointed out: "As far as the "Shaowei Tongjian" is practiced and the village school is learned, it is possible to talk about Zhou and Tang, but it is not as good as Zeng's "Nineteen Histories", which is concise and informative, the language is slight and intentional, and there is a victory." As a result, the Joseon Dynasty produced many continuations and imitations around the "Shi Luo".
The first is the continuation of China's history. Since the "Nineteen Histories" ended in the Yuan, after the ming dynasty needed to supplement the history of the Ming, especially the Joseon Dynasty, based on its gratitude for the "grace of reconstruction" of the Ming Dynasty and the mentality of Respecting Zhou Siming after the ming dynasty, and its dissatisfaction with the Qing revision of the "History of Ming", it was particularly keen to compile the history of the Ming, and a large number of Ming history works appeared in the Joseon dynasty and the public, a large part of which was named after the continuation of the "history strategy". For example, Hong Renmo's "Continuation History Sketch", Wei Bojue's "New Compilation of nineteen historical sketch sequels to the Ming Dynasty" and Zheng Changshun's "Annotations on the Titles of Ancient and Modern Dynasties Nineteen Histories Sketch Tongkao Continuation". The second is to supplement the history of Dongguo, that is, the history of Korea. In the middle of the Joseon Dynasty, Zheng Li (1648-1736) wrote the book "Supplement to the History of the Strategy", and he pointed out in the preface that the Koreans had a high opinion of the NineteenTh Historical Sketch of the Tsang clan, and the scholars all read the book, so they were very familiar with Chinese history, but because the "History Sketch" did not contain Korean history, the Koreans were not very clear about the history of their own country. In order to reverse this situation, The Jeong decided to add relevant Korean history events after the Nineteen Historical Sketches, "appending article by article to the original history of the Cho Clan," in an attempt to strengthen the Koreans' understanding of the country's history. This writing method is inherited by future historians, and the "Continuation History Sketch Notes" written by Hong Renmo and Hong Yizhou father and son is quite similar to this, the book first records the history of the Ming Dynasty, and if there are events involving Korea or major events in Korea in that year, the relevant historical outlines are attached at the end of the year. In modern times, the 11 volumes of the "Chronicles of the Eastern History" compiled by the Korean scholar Kim Taek-young (1850-1927) as an introductory reading of the Koreans' study of their own history at that time still imitated the Zeng clan, which showed the strong vitality of the "ShiLuo" and its influence could be said to be almost consistent with the Joseon Dynasty.
In addition, on the basis of supplementing the history of the Eastern Kingdom, there have also been historical sketches that combine the histories of China and The DPRK into one book. The above-mentioned "Supplement to the History of history" and "Continuation of the History of the Wing Notes" are to supplement the history of the Eastern Kingdom and put it into a history book with Chinese history as the main body, while the "Sino-Korean Joint Compilation History" is to put the history of the two countries in a relatively equal position to write together. In his essay, Jin Mingshou mentioned that Suzong Chao famously wrote the book "Nineteen Histories of East China", pointing out that this book is an earlier history of the history of the Chinese and Korean dynasties.
However, the "Shi Luo" and "Jiejiao", which had a profound impact on Korean society for hundreds of years, were severely criticized in the late Joseon Dynasty. In the late Joseon Dynasty, scholars, especially scholars of practical studies, systematically criticized the two books. They absorbed the sporadic criticism of the two books by early Korean scholars, and then completely denied the two books, touching the status of the two books in the education of Korean history. Contrary to the previous praises for the "Festival Essentials" and "Shi Luo", Park Toe-won, Ding Ruoyong, and others began to vigorously criticize the second book as unpopular in China, and the Eastern Kingdom instead worshiped it as a treasure. Not only did they learn that the Siku Quanshu did not contain two books, but they also learned that Chinese did not even know what the Shi Luo was, "The books that Are not transmitted in China are all over a corner of Haidong," the Korean Confucians were shocked, but also felt extremely ashamed, and gradually developed a tendency to completely negate the two books. Park Toe-won (1737-1805) wrote two articles, "< History Sketch> Unreadable Sayings" and "< Tongjian Festivals To > Unreadable Sayings", the title of which shows his critical attitude towards the two books, and Ding Ruoyong's collection also has similar texts to Park's. In fact, these scholars not only criticized the external formalities such as the inconsistency between the meaning and content of the "Outline", but also questioned the reliability of the history it contained, and Park Toe-won asked in response to the records of ancient history at the beginning of the "Shi Luo": "I don't know the so-called Emperor's clan Junhu? Pastoral? Ghostly? People? What virtue did Mu have to order this king of the clan? What is the matter, and the age begins? What is the cloud of transformation? Who is it? If the Yun brothers are the names of compatriots, that is, this emperor has parents, when the name is not the first out, if the clouds are the first out, the Yun Brothers? As for the twelve brothers as emperors, the brothers are not, if the cloud order and, what year is the short and long, if it is the same? A series of questions aimed to reveal the absurdity and lack of credibility of the "Shi Luo", and Park Shi even made it clear, "If you want our Bang Wen to teach Wei Xing, you will burn yourself "Shi Luo" At the beginning." Hong Hanzhou also held a similar view, and he also put forward a different opinion on his cousin Hong Yizhou's compilation of the "Continuation of the History of the Wings" as a continuation of the "History of the Book", pointing out that "zeng xianzhi is only a nameless man, can not be with the book of the four libraries, what is enough to take, but must continue this book?" ”
It can be said that the criticism of the "Festivals" and "Historical Strategies" by the intellectual circles in the late Joseon Dynasty can be said to have intensified. How did these disparate evaluations occur? This actually stems from the difference in academic trends between the Ming and Qing dynasties, that is, the change in the academic atmosphere of the Ming and Qing dynasties led to a large extent the change in the Joseon Dynasty's understanding of the "Festivals" and "Historical Outlines". The Ming Dynasty, especially after the middle and late Ming Dynasty, attached importance to the popularization of historical knowledge, and whether official or private, a large number of popular history books were written, so that popular historiography became an important feature of Ming dynasty historiography. The "Shi Luo" and "JieJiao" were all the rage in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and were printed many times, and the book "Jiejiao" was engraved by the Si Li Supervisor, so the wind was as popular as it came, and the Joseon Dynasty also admired the two books. In the middle and late period of Korea, after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the style of study changed, and the trend of popularity gradually declined, replaced by the emphasis on in-depth examination of evidence. After entering the 18th century, with the rise of the North School and the Shi School, some Korean scholars gradually jumped out of the narrow concept of righteousness that regarded the Qing Dynasty as Yidi, and they began to view the cultural relics of the Qing Dynasty from a positive perspective, advocating learning from the Qing Dynasty the study of "taking advantage of welfare" to promote the development of Korea. In this context, in the mid-to-late 18th century, after the introduction of Qing Dynasty kaoshu to the Korean Peninsula, although many Korean scholars still adhered to the position of Zhuzixue, some scholars absorbed the elements of Qing Dynasty scholarship. As mentioned above, Qing Dynasty scholars such as Siku Guanchen and Wang Mingsheng scoffed at the Ershu, believing it to be "simple and unusual" and "particularly ugly", which greatly affected the judgment of the Ershu by Korean scholars. Therefore, they began to reflect on and criticize the "Excerpts" and "Historical Sketches" that had been regarded as "classics" in the past. Nevertheless, the two books still play a pivotal role in children's education, as can be seen by the high praise given by scholars of the same period such as Wei Bojue and Hong Yizhou. Even in modern times, although the two books were gradually abandoned and replaced by history textbooks in Korea, they still had a great influence on later Korean historians in terms of historical writing.
IV. Conclusion
As we all know, traditional Chinese historiography has formed a huge radiation force on ancient Korea, Japan, Vietnam and other countries, and has exerted a wide influence on the latter in many aspects such as history compilation, historical concepts, and historical revision mechanisms. As a representative popular history book of the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties, although the "Zeng Shi Jiang Jian" did not enter the eyes of siku guanchen and others, it played a pivotal role in the field of children's education. The second book spread to Korea around the end of the Li Dynasty, and after that, the Ming people adapted the version according to the style of Zhu Xi's "Outline", and there were many sequels in Korean society around the two books, which shows that the second book had a lot of influence on the compilation of korean history books. It is worth noting that the "Festivals" and "Shi Luo" have undergone a process from admiration to criticism in North Korea. The two books were highly regarded in the middle and early Joseon Dynasty, which was influenced by the popular historiography trend of the Ming Dynasty, and also adapted to the social atmosphere of the Joseon Dynasty at that time that emphasized the zunwang and the zunming. In the late Joseon Dynasty, along with the changes in the academic atmosphere of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, especially after entering the 18th century, the North School of Korea that advocated learning from the Qing Dynasty gradually rose; in the Qing Dynasty, the study of examination evidence that attached importance to profound research also replaced the trend of popular historiography.
Qin Li, female, a native of Changzhi, Shanxi, is a doctoral candidate at the School of History, Nankai University.
This article was originally published in Ancient Civilizations, No. 2, 2019
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