Qin Li: The National Library of China's 416-volume "History of Ming" is newly examined

In recent years, some scholars have believed that the old title Vance and the 416-volume "History of Ming" are the 41st year of The History of Ming by Xiong Zhizhi Kangxi. However, a commentary in the first preface of the book's Hequ Zhi volume, "Shang Shu Notes: Liu Mistakenly Made Xue", reveals some different situations. The article mainly through the study of the Zhi part including this annotation, it is believed that the book is the compilation of the "History of Ming" submitted by the banknote Bear Zhi zhi, examining its avoidance characteristics, and referring to the research of predecessors, it can be seen that the banknote is a copy of the Kangxi Forty-first Year Bear Zhi Jin Presented by the Ming ShiGuan of the Early Yongzheng Dynasty for correction purposes, and there are many errors and omissions in the middle, and the quality is not high.

For a long time, scholars have carried out a lot of discussions around the 416-volume "History of Ming" co-authored by Vance, which is the old title of the National Library, and has also put forward many convincing statements, but there has been no relatively unanimous opinion so far. Recently, I have a little experience in reading the book, which is recorded below. For the sake of convenience, the book is referred to as the 416-volume History of the Ming Dynasty.

One

The 416-volume History of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 85, "Hequ Zhi" vol. 1, reads: "The Yellow River is the Sect of the Four Defilements, and the Yugong Guide Stones descend from the Dragon Gate, not its source." Han Zhang qian traveled through the western region, got the green ridge, Khotan, and exchanged and exchanged salt. Tang Liu Yuanding Shang Shu Note: Liu mistakenly made Xue Chong Xi Fan League, see the three mountains such as, out of the flow of Cheng slowly in the smouldering Li Mountain. Yuan Dushi was ordered by the source of the river, traveled west to read the moon four times, arrived at Tubo Duogansi Xiyi, had more than 100 springs, scattered can be seventy or eighty miles, ascended to the highest view, if the column is suran, it is a famous star and the sea. From this point on, it is detailed in the "History of the Yuan" in China. This passage of Wang Hongxu has been deleted in the "Ming History Draft", and it is not found in the later Dian Ben and the Siku Quanshu "Ming History", so few people pay attention to it. However, the author thinks that it contains a lot of important information, and the analysis is the same.

First of all, the "Shang Shu Note: Liu, Mistakenly Xue" in the text has attracted the author's attention. Regardless of the meaning of the "Shang Shu Note", first solve the problem of "Liu and Xue" different texts. Following the ideas provided above, and reviewing the "History of the Yuan", the opening chapter of its book 63 "Geographical Chronicles • Appendix to Heyuan" traces the process of visiting Heyuan in the past, and when it comes to Tang, it is said: "Tang Xue Yuanding made Tubo, visited Heyuan, and obtained it from the sullen Lishan Mountain." Comparing the two, it can be seen that the so-called "error" of the 416-volume "History of Ming" should refer to the error of the "Yuan History". So, which of the two is right or wrong?

The Old Book of Tang, vol. 196, "Tubo Biography" (Part 2): "In June of the first year of Changqing, (Tubo - according to the author' press) invaded Qingsai Fort, and I and Hui Qi and my relatives also died. Li Wenyue, the assassin of Yanzhou, sent troops to attack. In September, Tubo sent envoys to the alliance, and Shang Xuzhi ... He ordered Dali Qing and Imperial Counselor Liu Yuanding to charge the Western League, with Bingbu Langzhong and Imperial History Zhong, Liu Shilao as deputies, Shangshe Fengyu and Inspector Yushi Li Wu, and Jingzhao Prefecture Fengxian County, and Inspector Yushi Li Gongdu as judges. The New Book of Tang, vol. 216, "Tubo Biography" (Part 2): "In the first year of Changqing, Wen Hui and his relatives invaded Qingsai fort and were expelled by Li Wenyue. He sent the messenger Shangqili Tuosi to the dynasty, and begged for an alliance, and promised it... With Dali Qing Liu Yuanding as his ally, Liu Shi's old vice-chancellor, Zhao Zai and Shangshu's right servant Han Gao, Yushizhong's cattle monks and children, The official Shangshu Li Dai, Bingbu Shangshu Xiao Qi, Hubu Shangshu Yang Yuling, LiBu Shangshu Wei Shuo, Tai Changqing Zhao Zongru, Si Nongqing Pei Wu, Jing Zhao Yin Liu Gongqi, Right Jinwu General Guo Yu, and Tubo emissaries on the western outskirts of the Beijing Division. "The Yuangui of the Book of Fortunes, vol. 660, "The Ministry of Envoys, Minjie", vol. 981, "The Ministry of Foreign Ministers, the Oath of Alliance", and the "Tang Huijiao" volume 97 are all the same. In addition, volume 716 of the Qing Dynasty compilation Quan Tang Wen contains two texts written by Liu Yuanding on his mission to Tubo, namely "Alliance with Tubo Envoy" and "Making Tubo Sutra See Jiluo". In summary, liu yuanding, who was described in the "History of Yuan" as an emissary of the Tang Dynasty who sent an envoy to Tubo, is indeed wrong to write xue yuanding.

However, how did Liu and Xue's mistake form? In fact, as early as the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Yan Ruoxuan and Hu Wei noticed this problem. Yan Ruoxuan said in Article 86 of Volume 6 of the Shang Shu Guwen Shu Evidence, "Both the Tai Oath and the Wucheng recognize Mengjin as being in the south of the river": "Fu Liu sees the "Biography of Han Xiyu" and the "Notes on Li", while the Book of Tang Liu Yuanding Cai "Biography" 'Liu' as 'Xue', non. Tang has Xue Dading, no Xue Yuanding also. The appendix of the "History of Yuan" Heyuan is also written as Xue, which seems to be an allied envoy of the Tubo Society along cai's "Biography", and the words see heyuan Yunyun; the "Yuanshi" order is actually to solicit envoys, and to seek the source of the river and report to the clouds, there is no ambush. What he said was "Cai's "Biography", which guides the "Biography of the Book Collection" written by Song Cai Shen. The second volume of the "Biography of the Collected Books" of the "Xia Shu Yu Gong" has a saying: "And Tang Xue Yuanding Changqing made Tubo, from the southwest of Chengji County in Longxi for more than 2,000 miles, the River originated from Mohe Yan Moraine, and the tail was muffled lishan. "It is the "Biography of the Book Collection" that has written Liu xue. From this, Yan shi provides us with an important clue, that is, the "History of Yuan" is likely to be mistaken by referring to Cai Shen's "Biography of the Collected Books". So, why did Cai Shen write wrong? According to Hu Wei in the "Yugong Cone Finger", "Ouyang Chen's "Guangji of Youdi" is Xue Yuanding, Cai's "Biography" is from it, and the "History of Yuan" is also Xue. According to Hu Weizhi, Cai's "Biography" follows the error of "Youdi Guangji". However, today, Huang Pilie's "Shiliju Huang's Series of Books" is reprinted and exposed, and the Song engraving "Youdi Guangji" in the Book Pavilion is "Liu", and the Sichuan University Press's collated edition of "Youdi Guangji" based on this is also out of school, quoting "Yugong Cone Finger" to show that what Hu Wei saw was "different from this", and the rest of the editions are not different. So this matter is really complicated. If Hu's speculation is true, then Cai's seeing a certain Song ben "Youdi Guangji" is written as "Xue", so Cai's inheritance of the Song people's mistake; as for us today we can no longer see any kind of complete Song ben, although the Huang school engraving is called jingshan, but it is not all from the Song ben, whether there is any change can not be verified. If what Cai saw was indeed "Liu", then the error of "Liu" and "Xue" may have originated from Cai or his contemporaries. Zhu Xi's Zizhi Tongjian Compendium (volume 39) and Huang Du's Shang Shu Shu (volume 2), which are close to the time of writing of the Collected Works, are both recorded as "Xue". In fact, Xue Yuanding did have his own person in history, and he was the same as Cai Shen and the Southern Song Dynasty, and his person "History of Song" has no legend, and there are a few Xue deeds in the Qing ren compilation "Song Hui To Compile Draft". For example, the book "Seven Officials" states: "On December 17, the ninth year of the Qiandao Dynasty, the edict ... Xue Yuanding, the junior inspector of military weapons, was also a member of the crown prince' attendant. "Food Goods II" said: "On September 14, the second year of Chunxi, the Zhao Zhejiang East Salt Division, the Zhejiang West Ti, raised Xue Yuanding, and the measures were printed to the pavilion to take the salt hand calendar style, and the combined cost was called the next one, so as not to cause the backlog of arrears." QianDao and Chunxi are both the era names of Emperor Xiaozong of Song, and it is known that Xue Shi was already an eunuch in the middle and late period of Song Xiaozong, and this coincided with the time of life of Cai Shen and others, and when he wrote his book, he mistakenly wrote "Liu Yuanding" as "Xue Yuanding" of the same generation, which is not impossible. The "Biography of the Book Collection" was established in the second year of Emperor Yuanrenzong's reign (1313) as a scholar and became the standard annotated copy of the "Book of Shang" in the imperial examination, and the "Zizhi Tongjian Compendium" had a far-reaching influence on future generations. Therefore, although Yan Ruoxuan and Hu Wei had already pointed out this problem in the early Qing Dynasty, they failed to reverse the spread of errors, and we still have this error in books such as the Baiquan Ben, the Dian Ben, and the Zhonghua Bookstore Punctuation Book "History of the Yuan" today.

Secondly, the 416-volume History of the Ming Dynasty, volume 85, "Hequ Zhi", mentions that the Yuan Dynasty Dushi was ordered to visit the source of the river. The Appendix to the Geographical Chronicle of Heyuan, volume 63 of the History of the Yuan, reads: "By the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the fate was really a solicitation, and the Peijin Tiger Rune went to the source of the river. However, the "History of the Song" volume 91 "Hequ Zhiyi • On the Yellow River" records different from this, which is said: "From the 27th year of the Great Yuan To the 27th century, my ancestral emperor ordered the scholar Pu Cha to be the source of the Western Poor River, and he began to get the details. Present-day Western Lotus Gan Sinan despises the stars and the sea, and its source is also. "The seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty is 1280 A.D., and the twenty-seventh year is from 1290, and the difference between the two is even ten years. The problem has been noted by the predecessors, but it has not been fundamentally resolved, and it is now tested as follows.

According to common sense analysis, the "History of Song" was written in the Yuan Dynasty, and the "History of the Yuan" was written in the early Ming Dynasty, and the actual visit to Heyuan is also a historical event of the Yuan Dynasty, which should be more credible, but it is not. According to the later account in the "History of Yuan", when Du Shi visited Heyuan, his brother Kuo Kuo out wanted to accompany him, "Later, The Hanlin scholar Pan Angxiao got his words from Du Shi's brother Kuo Kuo and wrote the "Heyuan Zhi". Linchuan Zhu Siben also obtained sanskrit books from the Emperor's collection of the Eight Li Ji Si Family, and translated them into Chinese, and Ang Xiao Zhizhi, with a detailed outline. Now take the Book of the Two Houses, and examine it, and determine that there are differences, and note below." Therefore, Pan Angxiao's "Heyuan Zhi" is one of the historical sources of the "History of Yuan". The "Heyuan Zhi" is now preserved in Tao Zongyi's "Nancun Quit Farming Record" and "Saying Gao". Now take the 1927 Han Fenlou typeset edition of "Say TheOry" as the standard, and explain it slightly. The "Sayings of The Tales of The Tales of Heyuan" ("Heyuan Zhi") says:

In the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, the age of Gengchen, Qin Chengsheng Sacred Saying: The Yellow River entered China, and the Xia Hou clan led it, knowing the self-accumulation of stones. The Han and Tang Dynasties can not know its source, now is my land, the origin of the extreme source of desire, camp a city, a city of Jiahu, regulations and navigation... Du Shiru was an old man, and he was accustomed to Chinese, and he went to Tu Ru harmoniously, and conferred the invitation and the Peijin Tiger Charm to do it. It is the year of April to River State. Sixty miles east of the state, there is Ninghe Station. Fifty or sixty miles southwest of the station, the mountain is known as killing Ma Guan, the Forest Foothills Dome, and the translation of Taishi Daban. Qizu sleeps high, and the schedule reaches the top. SYME is over high. Four months, about four or five thousand miles, began to reach the source of the river. Winter also, Tucheng passed the location to smell. Shangyue, to the camp, to the earth and other places of marshal, still the golden tiger charm. The inspector of Liao Mining, the engineer of the capital of the mainland. Sixty ships were built, and the city was completed. Wide out of the station, suitable for brother Zheng Kun brother can not return, the force is depressed, and it is stopped. The next year, the brothers are really spinning.

According to this, although the "Seventeenth Year of the Yuan" of the "Chronicle of Heyuan" may have been leaked from the "Twenty-seventh Year of the Yuan Dynasty", the event that occurred at that time described at that time was "Xiangge Zheng Kunge Zangbu", so the time of the Dushi poor River Source could be inferred according to the time of the occurrence of the historical event. "Xiang Ge" is Sang Ge, and it is said in volume 205 of the Yuan History that "Kun Ge Zang Bu" is gongga Sangbu, the second Ben Qin of Wu Si Zang in the early Yuan Dynasty (tubo people call the honorific title of the local highest administrator appointed by the imperial court). Chen Qingying once mentioned in the "Yuan Dynasty Wusi Tibetan Ben Qin Jiluo": "Tao Zongyi's "Record of Quitting Cultivation" said that after Du Shi visited the source of the Yellow River, he planned to build a city at the source of the Yellow River and set sail, just when Sang Ge (Xiang Ge) was returning with his army led by Gong Ka Sang Bu, and was strongly dissuaded by Sang Ge. It can be seen that "Xiangge Zheng KunGe Zangbu" does refer to the fact that Sang Ge led an army into Tibet to conquer Gong Ka Sangbu. Furthermore, the Collected Histories of Han and Tibet states: "Because Guru Basipa did not like Gongga Sangbu, Emperor Xue Chan issued an edict and sent Sang ge To lead a Mongol army of 100,000 to march to Cangyuba, capture the city of Kangmashi, and then besieged Jia Ruocang, and executed Benchin Gong Ka Sangbu in the year of The Yang Tielong (庚辰, 1280 AD). "Therefore, Gongga Sangbu was killed in the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, and Dushi and Kuokuo were ordered to go west several months before that, so it can be seen that Dushi's visit to Heyuan should be in the seventeenth year of the Yuan, not in the twenty-seventh year of the Yuan, as recorded in the History of Song.

From the above two examinations, it can be seen that in the small paragraph of the 416-volume "History of Ming", there are actually two unsolved problems, and it is a retrospective of the history of visiting heyuan in previous dynasties, which has little significance for describing the situation of the river canal in the Ming Dynasty, so the self-deletion of Hengyun Mountain is also the proper meaning of the title.

Two

Let's go back to the 416-volume History of ming itself. Regarding the time and nature of its compilation, there is a theory that the book was submitted by Xiong Zhijin, the forty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1702), the superintendent of the Ming Dynasty, and Zhu Duanqiang first put forward this speculation, and Yi Ruolan and Wang Xuanbiao both held this view, and the three of them analyzed the relationship between the banknote and the 416-volume "History of Ming" presented by Xiong Zhi from the perspective of historical knowledge, the content of this chronicle, and the narrative and theory. However, after a closer look at the banknote, I found that this was not entirely the case.

According to the principle of avoidance, the date of the banknote is determined, and it can be known that the actual banknote was written in the Qing Yongzheng period. First, the "Yin" characters such as "Block yinxi", "Ji Wenyin", "Shen Jiayin", etc. in the catalog of the book are all written as "Yin", and the last pen is missing, and "Yan Yinshao" is changed to "Yan Pregnant Shao", and the same is true of the main text; the "Yin" of "Zou Zhongyin", "Lin Yinchang" and so on in the "Yiwen Zhi" are all changed to "Si". It can be known that it should be avoided as the name of the Yongzheng Emperor "Yin Chan". Looking up the word "弘" in the book again, I don't shy away from it. It can be seen that the banknote should have been written during the Yongzheng period. Second, the book changes "Yi" to "Yi" or "", "Qiu" and "Zhen" do not shy away from it, and the avoidance of "Yin" is consistent with the avoidance characteristics in the manuscript of the "Ming Shi Yi Wenzhi" of the old banknotes stored in the library of Kyoto University in Japan, and according to the judgment of the Japanese scholar Inoue, the fragments are banknotes scheduled for the early years of Yongzheng. The author has carefully compared the 416-volume "Yiwen Zhi" and found that the two maintain a striking consistency in classification, bibliographic order and the specific content of the articles, conservatively speaking, the two may be due to the content is very close or even the same base, and it is likely that the banknotes were written in the same period. In summary, the author believes that the 416-volume "History of Ming" should have been written in the early years of Yongzheng.

Nevertheless, the banknote was most likely made by the bear of the Kangxi Dynasty. It is undeniable that the papers of Zhu Duanqiang, Yi Ruolan, and Wang Xuanbiao provide us with a very important clue to unravel the mystery of the identity of the 416-volume History of Ming, that is, its relationship with Xiong Zhi's submission. In particular, Yi Ruolan found that the corrections to the annotations made by the latter were reflected in the former, which showed that the completion of the 416 volumes of the 416 volumes of the Ming Shi Benji was at least a reference to Xiong's Ming Shi Benji, but it was more likely that he referred to the 416 volumes of the Ming Shi Benji presented by Xiong Zhijin. From the opening of the Ming History Museum in the early Qing Dynasty to the Qianlong Dynasty to the revision of the "History of Ming", there are only two "Ming History" with a claimed volume of 416 volumes, one is the 416-volume "History of Ming" draft of Xu Yuanwen (or Wan Sitong) as stated by Yang Chun, but the draft was formed earlier and the quality is relatively rough; the other is the Xiong Zhi Lu Ben, which was revised on the basis of the Xu draft. Since the 416-volume Imami is closely related to the Kumashi Honki, it is more likely that he will be given a copy by Kumashi. It would be too coincidental to say that the manuscript was cobbled together and pieced together to form such a well-structured book, and that the total number of volumes and the number of chronicles, chronicles, tables, and biographies are consistent with Kumamoto.

So, to what extent does the banknote reflect the bear-given submission? In our opinion, in addition to the avoidance of the characters, the banknote is likely to have transcribed Kumamoto's History of The Ming Dynasty unchanged. As far as the literature form of the 416 volume is concerned, except for the only four annotations in the text, the banknote writing as a whole is very regular, there is almost no trace of smearing, and there should be no case of changing while banknotes. In addition, in April of the forty-second year of the Kangxi Dynasty (1703), the Kangxi Emperor issued an edict in response to Xiong Zhi's submission of the History of Ming: "Yang Lian and Zuo Guangdou as recorded in this book died in the prison of Fusi in Beizhen. Hearing that the two were killed by the royal staff in front of the noon gate, the eunuchs and others came out wrapped in cloth. As for the martyrs who accompanied Chongzhen, it was the eunuch Wang Cheng'en, so Emperor Shizuzhang wrote an essay to sacrifice and erect a monument. This book contains the heart of the eunuch king from death, which is clearly a mistake. ...... Seeking the University Scholar and Other Repeating: Xiong Zhilu and others were instructed to repeat the detailed investigation, and the eunuch who died in Chongzhen was the heart of Wang Cheng'en and not the king, and should be corrected in accordance with the instructions. As for Zuo Guangdou, Yang Lian, and The Books of Cha kao, Ju Yun died in the prison of Fusi in Beizhen, so he wrote according to the books. "The Kangxi Emperor had already pointed out that the heart of the king of the book was wrong, and ordered correction, and later the books should have been changed to Wang Cheng'en, and Wang Hongxu's "Ming History Manuscript", the Dian Ben and the "Four Libraries Quanshu" "Ming History" had been corrected. However, after checking the 416 volumes of the History of Ming, it was found that his book was still the heart of the king, and such a major error was not corrected, which shows that the book should have originally recorded Xiong Zhi's "History of Ming".

Why did Yongzheng record such a "History of Ming" in the early years? We know that in June of the first year of yongzheng, following Xiong Zhi's submission, Wang Hongxujin presented his 310-volume Manuscript of the History of the Ming Dynasty of Hengyun Mountain. However, a month later, the Yongzheng Emperor decreed: "The history of the Ming Dynasty has been repeatedly revised and has not yet been written... Now that the Ming Dynasty will be in the next hundred years, fortunately, the chronicle of the compendium still exists, so the rumors of the old are not far away. The Minister of Literature, Dong, should be ordered to take charge of his affairs and carefully select Confucian ministers to be appointed as sub-cultivators. Revisiting the people of the mountains and forests, the loyal and well-flooded people, editing together, so that each can show their strengths, and the trade-offs are perfected. The history of the Shucheng generation is enough to show the infinite. Chen Yongming speculated in "The Revision of the History of the Yongzheng Dynasty" that the Yongzheng Emperor did not seem to be satisfied with the manuscripts completed by Xiong, Wang, and others, and in the emperor's mind, the revision of history was not limited to a simple deletion of the manuscripts completed by Xiong, Wang, and others, but also had to be re-edited on a large scale. If this is the case, in addition to recruiting erudite people, it is advisable to extensively collect the original manuscripts of the historical museum for reference and examination. As far as the revision of history is concerned, how to use the manuscripts of the Kangxi period to revise the "History of Ming" is a major problem facing Yang Chun and others. Regarding the situation of the books in the Ming History Museum during the Yongzheng Period, Chen Wen quoted a piece of the Ming Shizong recital of the Shangqing Dynasty on August 11 of the Yongzheng Dynasty, indicating that there were very few books in the Ming History Museum in the old collection of the Ming History manuscripts in the palace, except for the "History of Ming" drafted by Xiong Zhilu. Then, in the case of the serious scattering of manuscripts in Xu Yuanwen's era, this Xiong Zhi Zhi "History of Ming" could not be bypassed by them in any case. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the early years of The Yongzheng Dynasty, a bear-given "Ming History" banknote used as a correction appeared. In particular, Yang Chun strongly advocated "discussing the existing books in detail with the manuscripts of the history of the princes" and "re-establishing the grass scrolls", and in the sixth year of Yongzheng, it was compiled into fifty volumes of the Nine Dynasties Column Biography, and it can be speculated that the appearance of the banknote may be closely related to Yang Chun, that is, Yang Shi proposed to the history museum to record Xiong's "History of Ming", which was approved by President Zhang Tingyu and finally presented as the current 416 volumes of "Ming History" banknotes. We can find that the banknote has different handwriting before and after, and that there should be more than one person recording the banknote, or it was done by the transcription personnel of the historical museum. However, the overall revision work of the Yongzheng period was still based on Wang Hongxu's "Ming History Draft" and edited, and finally formed the Wuyingdian "Ming History", which is a later story.

At this point, let us examine the quality of Xiong Zhi's submission through the 416-volume History of Ming.

The completeness of the 416 volumes of the Ming History is slightly different, and the quality of the "Zhi" is not high. Here's why. First, the words "appended to the back", "Yu details..." and "ibid.", etc. often appear in the text, but they are rare in the later Ming History. For example, the text contains a note that reads: "All the divisions have solid soil and are attached to the back", and at the end of the "Bing Wei Zhi", after describing the Wei Shou Tun Tian, it is said: "This system is probably also, and the rest is detailed in the "Food And Goods Chronicle". In addition, the author's biography attached to the "Yiwen Zhi" repeatedly appears "unknown era" and "unknown surname". Second, there are some clearly unfinished or vacant content. The Yiwen Zhi (Art and Literature Chronicle) "Qu Jiusi's "Thirty Volumes of the Six Classics of the Book of Qilu", with the following double row of small notes: "Huangmei people, Wanli □□ lifting people...", after the Wanli calendar, the empty number of boxes to lift people is obviously to be investigated or to be filled. There are many similar situations. Also, "Qian Shijun's "Spring and Autumn Hu Chuanyi" Thirty Volumes", its small note reads: "Changshu ren, Jiajing □□ jinshi", also empty numbers, but this record is completely wrong, because Qian Shi is actually a Jiachenke jinshi in the thirty-second year of the Wanli calendar. Third, the beginning of the article mentioned the problem of "Shang Shu Note: Liu Mistakenly As Xue" in the "River Canal Chronicle", it should be noted that these words are the clip notes in the main text, and the main text has changed "Xue" to "Liu", which shows that this annotation is an inherent content in Kumamoto's "History of Ming", rather than an addition to the Yongzheng dynasty banknote writer. Furthermore, this note should be used in the original manuscript for examination or correction purposes. Synthesizing the above clues, it can be roughly seen that the double-line notes such as "Yu Detailed Book" in the "Zhi", including the empty characters and errors in it, as well as the differences between the lines, all imply that it is a relatively primitive version, and its source of literature is the result of the "Ming History Museum" in Xu Yuanwen's era. Xiong Shi continued to use Xu's draft, slightly deleted, "but the completion is very fast, the material and literary cabinet is complex, can only axe its text, and has not had time to assess its affairs", so it leaves many loopholes. Finally, the book has obvious traces of banknotes, and there are many omissions and errors. The most obvious one is the Yiwen Zhi. The history of the ZhiShi Department has been written twice from "Liu Yingqiu et al., forty volumes of the Seven Dynasties of the Emperor Ming Dynasty" to "Wu Shiqi's "One Hundred Volumes of the Imperial Vice Book of the Emperor Ming", which shows that it was a mistake in the collection of banknotes. The two articles of "Zhang Yuan's "Yupo Concerto Discussion" and "Deng Xianqi's "Dream Rainbow Concerto Discussion" Volume II" are two articles, about the author's resume, "Zhengde Jia Shu Jinshi, Pedestrian Division Deputy, Zhi Nan Patrol, and Wand", Rancha "Qianqingtang Bibliography" knows that the previous article should be "Zhengde Jia Shu Jinshi, Bing Ke Zhi Zhong, Zhi Da Li, Scepter Death", and the description is consistent with Zhang Yuan's experience, so this article is actually a miswritten banknote. There are still many such errors in the book, which shows that Yongzheng's initial banknote writing is also relatively rough and has not been seriously corrected.

It is interesting to note that with regard to the above-mentioned "Shang Shu Notes", although as far as the scriptures are concerned, the "Shang Shu Notes" should refer to Zheng Xuan Notes, but considering the common phenomenon of referrals and abbreviations in the writing, it is not excluded that they refer to other "Shang Shu" annotations. For example, Zhao Mengfu of the Yuan Dynasty wrote the "Notes on the Book of Shang", and the Ming Chen Taijiao "Notes on the Book of Books" was a fallacy of the "Biography of the Collected Works" of the Cai Dynasty. However, what does the "Shang Shu Note" here refer to? In our opinion, it is likely that it refers to Cai Shen's "Biography of the Collected Books". As mentioned earlier, Yan Ruoxuan and Hu Wei discovered this error in Cai Shen's book in the early Qing Dynasty. Yan Ruoxuan and Hu Wei entered the shogunate of the Xu brothers, and had close contacts and will not be repeated. Erxu revised the historical draft with supervision and the chief executive, and he can refer to the manuscripts of Yan and Hushu and even discuss them privately, and annotate them with a large stroke of the pen. Therefore, this leads to the second possibility, that is, "Shang Shu" refers to official positions. In the early middle and early Kangxi Dynasty, the Ming Shiguan officials used Xu Qianxue and Xiong Zhilu as officials to live in the "Shangshu", and xiong used Xu manuscripts, so it was very likely that they were referring to Xu Qianxue. The above two situations, no matter which one holds, does not seem to rule out the role played by Yan and Hu in the discovery of this problem by the Shiguan, and it is not so important whether there is an inevitable connection between them and their final works, "Shang Shu GuWen Shu Zhi" and "Yugong Cone Finger".

Now, let's start with Xu Yuanwen's 416-volume "Ming History Draft". The nature of this manuscript should be a manuscript that Xu Yuanwen assisted Xu Yuanwen in the revision of the Ming History Museum during the period when he was the supervising president of the Ming History Museum. At the time of Kang and Yong, Yang Dahe and Yang Chun's father and son had participated in the revision of the "History of Ming" and were very familiar with the revision situation at that time. Yang Chun discussed the process and whereabouts of Xu's manuscript in the "Book of the President of the Shangming Jian Gangmuguan": "(Kangxi) In the eighteenth year, Zhang Peng asked Zhang Peng to appoint the cabinet scholar Kunshan Xu Gong as an overseer... Wait for fifty people to enter Hanlin, and sixteen people such as Lu Junqi, the right son, to cultivate... Supervising Xu Gongfa's example, the calendar lasted for twelve years, and the historical manuscript was rough, where four hundred and sixteen volumes... His book is missing but incomplete, sloppy but not uniform, although the manuscript is on the basis of but does not dare to advance also ... In the winter of the forty-first year, Xiong Gong came to consult with the princes, and as if Xu Draft had entered it, he was displeased with it and ordered it to be carefully examined by the cabinet. "Xu's manuscript was revised about the twenty-ninth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, and it can be seen from the quotations that although the manuscript is incomplete, it should generally have fully possessed the structure of discipline, transmission, table, and zhi, but the specific content is very incomplete. After that, Vance continued to revise and supplement the manuscript in Wang Hongxu's mansion, but until the death of Wan Shi in the forty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty, only the records and biographies were approved by him, at least the part of the Zhi had not been revised in detail. Shiren Li Yan said in the "Biography of Wan Ji Ye": "Shi Ji Ye Xiu's "History of Ming", Ji, Chuan Cheng, still lacking tables, Zhi ... Wang Shangshu came to worship, intending to invite his fellow practitioners to the History of Ming, and did not want to give thanks. Wu He, Ji Ye pawn, Yu also did not go to the Shang Shu family, the matter was done. Fang Bao also said in the "Table of Tombs of Wan Jiye": "The four hundred and sixty volumes of the Benji and Liechuan Fan written by Ji Ye have not yet been completed. The duo said that the number of volumes of the book seemed to be untrustworthy, but at least revealed the following information: Wan's follow-up revision work was not completed before it was completed. In fact, Vance Tong's main contribution in the revision of the Ming history should be to assist Wang Hongxu in writing the ming history at this stage, which was more like acting as an advisor in the early stage to unify the manuscript than the actual writer. By the forty-first year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Xiong Zhilu's previous Xu manuscript was the base, with reference to Vance Tong's approved biography, slightly deleted and polished, and then Xiong Zhilu submitted the 416-volume "History of Ming". Since Xu's manuscript was originally slightly revised and submitted by Xiong Zhi, it no longer has the status of independent existence. What Yang Chun said was actually the draft submitted by Xiong Shijin, because he could only see the draft. This is in the case of Xiong's submission of the History of the Ming Dynasty, however, before that, there was a Xu manuscript based on Xiong Zhilu as a basis, which should be correct, and Yang Chun's statement that the number of volumes was also 416 volumes, perhaps wishful thinking, and even anyone's statement about the number of volumes of any kind of "Ming History Manuscript" before Kumamoto is not credible, because it is still in the initial stage of revision, and the sub-division of the articles is unstable.

Under such unstable conditions, in addition to many loopholes, there are also remnants of examination texts such as "Shang Shu Notes", such texts or a certain revision official during the period of Erxu's revision of the "History of Ming" to copy their drafts in the line, and the specific person is afraid that it is not possible to examine. Unfortunately, Xiong Zhilu did not carefully revise and hurriedly submitted the manuscript, whether it was political factors or the poor quality of the history books themselves, "the displeasure of the upper reading" is an indisputable fact. This is perhaps the most appropriate evaluation of Xiong Zhi's "History of Ming". After that, in the early years of Yongzheng, the Shiguan banknote Kumamoto formed 416 volumes of the Ming History, and the omissions and repetitions were repeated, and the quality was under it.

Source: Chinese Classics and Culture, No. 1, 2016, pp. 62-69.

About author:Qin Li, female, Changzhi, Shanxi, Ph.D. candidate, School of History, Nankai University, whose research direction is the comparative study of Chinese historiography and Chinese and foreign historiography. At present, he has published a translation of "Shijian: Traditional Chinese Historiography" (in collaboration with his supervisor Professor Sun Weiguo), and has published many papers in academic journals such as Sinology Studies (Taiwan), Historical Theory Studies, Historical Studies in Historiography, Chinese Classics and Culture, and Asia-Pacific Studies Series.