Original title: Longxi and Longxi Chengji Jiankao
The original author of the article: Long Right Fenghua
Li Bai's hometown is Qin'an, Gansu
Longxi is a very important place in ancient China, such as the world under the Li clan out of Longxi, there is only one enough to make Longxi famous for thousands of years. So what about Longxi and Longxi Chengji?
1. Longxi got its name
In ancient times, "Long" and "Ridge" were connected, referring to Tian Gan. It is recorded in the "History of Xiang Yu Benji": "Taking advantage of the situation originated in the Long Mu. "Long here means Tian Geng.
In ancient times, people saw that the mountains that stretched across the western part of the Guanzhong Plain resembled tiangengs, and called them Longshan. In the "Ci Hai", it is said that Longshan is another name for the southern section of Liupan Mountain. Also known as Longsaka, in the west of Longxian County, Shaanxi Province, running north-south, stretching for about 120 kilometers, is the boundary between the Weihan Plain and the Longxi Plateau.
This Longshan Mountain has a very important significance in the ancient geography of Gansu. People referred to Longdong, Longnan, and Longxi as the Land of Three Longs, and later became the abbreviation of Gansu. Their naming is closely related to Longshan. The ancients naturally divided the east of Longshan mountain as Longdong, and the west of Longshan as Longxi. Today's Longnan City and parts of Tianshui City and Gannan are Longnan. Therefore, Gansu also has the saying that the land of Sanlong is also said. Later, people referred to the area east of the Yellow River and west of longshan mountain as "Long right".
From the above content, we can know that Longxi should have been a broad name for a region at the earliest, not specifically referring to a specific place.
Second, the origin and disappearance of Longxi County
Longxi Commandery (陇西郡) was an ancient Chinese county-level administrative division whose scope changed significantly throughout history, roughly in the southern and southeastern parts of present-day Gansu Province.
As an administrative division, Longxi should have begun in the Qin Dynasty from the existing historical data. When Qin Shi Huang established the Thirty-Six Counties in the 26th year (221 BC), Longxi was one of them, Zhidi Dao (present-day Lintao County), leading 7 counties: Di Dao, Yi Dao (southeast of present-day Longxi County), Xiajian (present-day west of ChengXian County), Lintao (present-day Min County), Xi County (southwest of today's Shuishi), Shangyi (present-day Shuicheng District), and Ji County (present-day east of Gangu County).
In the second year of Han Gaozu (205 BC), Liu Bang occupied Longxi County. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were 16 counties in Tianshui County, and Longxi had 11 counties, 53,964 households, and 236824 people. The 11 counties were: Didao, Lintao (present-day Min County), Xi County (present-day Yanguan Town, Li County), Shangyi (southwest of present-day Shuicheng District), Angu (present-day southern Lintao County), Xiangwu (southeast of present-day Longxi County), Shouyang (northeast of present-day Weiyuan County), Daxia (northwest of present-day Guanghe County), Qiangdao (southwest of present-day Tangchang County), Yudao (northwest of present-day Li County), and Yudao (the upper reaches of the Bailong River in the southwest of present-day Min County). It belongs to Liangzhou.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Longxi County, ZhidiDao County, still led 11 counties, the original lingdi dao, Lintao, Xiangwu, Shouyang, Angu, Daxia, Andi Dao 7 counties, Xiangwu County's new barrier county (now southwest of Zhangxian County), jincheng County divided into Paohan and Baishi 2 counties; abolished Yudao, and set up Heguan County (present-day Jishishan County). It belongs to Liangzhou, but the population has dropped sharply to 5628 households and 29637 people.
During the Three Kingdoms of Wei, the administration of Longxi County was moved to Xiangwu County (襄武县, southeast of present-day Longxi County), but the number of counties under its jurisdiction was further reduced, and the counties of Xiangwu, Didao, Lintao, Barrier County, Shouyang, Angu, Daxia, Yudao, and Heguan were further reduced. It belongs to Qinzhou.
By the time of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were only four counties: Xiangwu, Didao (present-day Lintao County), Lintao (present-day Min County), Shouyang (northeast of present-day Weiyuan County), and 3,000 households. It belongs to Qinzhou.
During the Sixteen Kingdoms of Former Zhao and Later Zhao, Longxi County still led four counties and still belonged to Qin Prefecture. Former Qin became part of Hezhou. Lead three counties. Houliang belongs to Liangzhou. Later Qin belonged to Yongzhou.
Western Qinfu belonged to Qin Prefecture.
Northern Wei belonged to Weizhou. The Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties were therefore the same. Northern Zhou Longxi County, Xiangwu and Weiyuan counties.
Emperor Kai of Sui was deposed in the third year (583). In the third year of Daye (607), Longxi Commandery was restored, and Xiangwu County (southeast of present-day Longxi County) was re-established, and xiangwu, Longxi, Barrier County (present-day Zhangxian County), Changchuan (northeast of present-day Qin'an County), and Weiyuan Were five counties.
In the first year of Tang Wude (616), the abandoned county was replaced by Weizhou. In the first year of Tianbao, Weizhou was changed to Longxi County. He still ruled Xiangwu County (southeast of present-day Longxi County), and led the four counties of Xiangwu, Longxi (northwest of present-day Wushan County), Zhangxian (present-day Zhangxian County), and Weiyuan. It belongs to the Right Road of Long. In the first year of the Qianyuan Dynasty (758), the Tang Dynasty finally changed Longxi County to Weizhou, and the name of Longxi County disappeared.
From the above content, we can know that since the establishment of the administrative division of Longxi County in the twenty-sixth year of Qin Shi Huang (221 BC), to the first year of the Qianyuan Dynasty (758), the Tang Dynasty finally changed Longxi County to Weizhou, the name of Longxi County has since disappeared, and the name of longxi county has existed intermittently for nearly a thousand years, so in history, the place of origin of many celebrities has fallen under the name of Longxi. Such as the Hanfei general Li Guang, Longxi Chengjiren.
3. Longxi Chengji
Gansu Qin'an Dadiwan Ruins
Yangshao culture temple bottom ditch type human head shaped vessel mouth color pottery vase in 1973 Gansu Qin'an Shaodian Dadiwan excavated Gansu Provincial Museum
Ruins of Dadiwan in Qin'an Shaodian, Gansu
Looking at ancient Chinese historical materials, we can find that there are many famous people who lived in the Longxi Chengji or ancestral home of the Longxi Chengji, so where does the Longxi Chengji refer to?
Some scholars have pointed out that longxi chengji is a historical and cultural concept, because, according to the "Book of Han and Geography", the earliest Hanchengji belongs to Tianshui County, while Longxi County does not have Chengji County. Her origin and rheology are very complex issues and are directly related to the Fuxi culture.
The so-called Chengji was originally a vast regional cultural concept, but there was a center, that is, the ruins of Dadiwan. In this period, we can call it "cultural Chengji"; in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system, and the local construction and governance were still county governance, and during this period, the term Chengji changed from the concept of culture to the substantive local governance office, which belonged to Longxi County, which is often said in history as "Longxi Chengji"; the third period, the Chengji renaming period.
In the previous article, we listed the historical structure of Longxi County, and now we will look at the relevant information of Tianshui County.
In the third year of the Western Han Dynasty (114 BC), The Western Han Dynasty was placed in Tianshui County, Zhipingxiang County (present-day Pingxiang Town, Tongwei County), Lingpingxiang, Ji County (present-day Gangu County East), Chengji (present-day Qin'an County, Shuishi County), Yidao (southeast of present-day Longxi County), Wangyuan (today's Shuishi West), Hankai (today's Shuishi Beidao District South), Mianzhu (southwest of present-day Qingshui County), LongXian (present-day Zhangjiachuan County), Jiequan (southeast of present-day Zhuanglang County), Rongyi Province (present-day north of Qingshui County), Luoyang Province (northeast of present-day Qin'an County), Qingshui, and Ayang (southwest of present-day Jingning County) , Warrior (northeast of present-day Yuzhong County), Langan (northeast of present-day Longxi County), and Fengjie 16 counties. It belongs to Liangzhou.
In the seventeenth year of Yongping (74) of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tianshui County was renamed Hanyang County, changed to Ji County, and led 11 counties, the original 8 counties of Lingji County, Ganxiang, Chengji, Wangyuan, Long county, Luoyang, Ayang, and Warrior, were divided from Longxi County to Xi County and Shangyi County, and the new Xianqin County (northwest of present-day Qin'an County).
The Three Kingdoms of Wei were renamed Tianshui Commandery (天水郡), which was ruled by Qin Prefecture. There were 6 counties in Zhiji County (present-day east of Gangu County), Lingji County, Xianxin (renamed Xianqin County), Chengji, Xi County, Shangyi, and Xinyang (northwest of today's North Shuishi District).
In the Western Jin Dynasty, Tianshui Commandery (天水郡) was moved to Shangyi County, leading shangyi, Shichang (abolished after the abolition of Xi County, northeast of present-day Li County), Xinyang (northwest of today's Shuishi Beidao District), Xianxin (northwest of present-day Qin'an County), Chengji (present-day Qin'an County), and Ji County (later abolished).
Before the Sixteen Kingdoms, Zhao Tianshui County led 3 counties, which were still the seat of qinzhou. Later Zhao, Former Qin, And Western Qin. Bactria only took Qingshui as a city.
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tianshui County still ruled Shangyi County, leading the four counties of Shangyi, Xianxin, Pingquan, and Dangting. It is still the seat of qinzhou. West Wei Yinzhi. Northern Zhou Tianshui County, Lingshangfeng, Cucumber 2 Counties.
In the third year (583) of the Sui Kai Emperor, it was abolished into Qin Prefecture. In the fifth year of Daye ( 607 ) , the prefecture was abolished , and Qin Prefecture was renamed Tianshui Commandery ( Tianshui Commandery ) , with six counties : Shangyi (present-day Shuicheng District), Shangyi ( present-day Shuicheng District ) , Qinling ( present-day North Shuishi District ) , Chengji ( northwest of present-day Qin'an County ), Longcheng ( northeast of present-day Qin'an County ), Qingshui , and Jicheng ( present-day eastern Gangu County ) .
In the first year of Tang Wude (616), it was changed to Qin Prefecture, and Tianbao was restored to Tianshui County in the first year of the First Year, and it was the seat of the Longyou Province. Tianshui Commandery ruled Chengji County (present-day Shuicheng District), 6 counties: Lingchengji, Shangyi (northwest of present-day Qin'an County), Longcheng (present-day Qin'an County), Qingshui, Fuqiang (present-day east of Gangu County), and Changdao (northeast of present-day Li County).
In the first year of the Qianyuan Dynasty (758), the county system was abolished and all prefectures were established. At this point, Tianshui County no longer existed.
Through the above, we can know that the theory of Chengji predates the Chengji system, that is, the name Chengji predates Chengji County, and the earliest Chengji County belongs to Tianshui County, and the seat of governance is in the territory of today's Water City Qin'an County, not Longxi County. So why did the ancients give the place of origin the name of Longxi Chengji instead of Tianshui Chengji?
In fact, the problem is very simple, Longxi got its name before Tianshui, and Longxi set up a county rule earlier than Tianshui set up a county rule. At that time, Longxi was not just the title of a county, but equivalent to the name of a province, a collective name for a large area, and historians used to name Chengji or Chengji County under the name of Longxi.
Today's Longxi County is not the ancient Longxi County, the earliest place of Longxi County is in present-day Lintao County, during the Three Kingdoms of Wei, Longxi County was moved to Xiangwu County (southeast of present-day Longxi County), so longxi County only arrived in the territory of today's Longxi County, and the ancient Chengji County was not within the scope of Longxi County, in the jurisdiction of Tianshui County, the name of "Chengji" began in the Western Han Dynasty, the Book of Han • Geographical Records, Tianshui County had Chengji County, but before the Song Dynasty was only in the territory of Qin'an County, the Song Dynasty only changed to Tianshui.
Fourth, the exclamation of the controversy of the Chengji
From the above, we can know that Chengji should have been established earlier than Chengji, and the earliest Chengji County belonged to Tianshui County, which is in the territory of today's Qin'an County.
Below we will list the relevant historical records of Chengji County.
The Book of Han and Geography records: "Tianshui County has Chengji County. ”
"Yuanhe County Atlas" Yun: "Chengji County, Benhan Old County, belongs to Tianshui. Fu Xi's mother, Hua Xu, was born in chengji, that is, this Qiu Ye. ”
"Gansu Xintongzhi" Yun: "The ancient city of Chengji is thirty miles north of the county (Qin'an). ”
"Imperial Century" Yun: "Fuxi was born in Chengji, Han County. "Qin Anzhi" Yun: "Since the opening of the herpes, it has become a land of the Ages." ”
"Water Sutra Note" cloud: "Black water southwest out of the Hanging Mirror Gorge, and then southwest into the Watting River." There is also a secretion of water from the West Laihui (Wating water), known as the antler mouth. It is also south of the ancient city of Ayang County. ••••••Wating Water runs south to the east of Chengji County. Long away from the river, so to say that the long away from the water. Right with Nariki hydration. The source of the water is the Dangting River in the northwest, and the east flows out of the Broken Stone Gorge and the Jinliu River, so it is the east of the ancient city of Chengji County. Where Emperor Taigao was born, Han belonged to Tianshui County. ”
According to the "Notes on the Water Classic", the former site of Zhichengji County is located on the west bank of Changlishui (Walishui) and the south bank of ChengjiShui, which is the location of the former site of Hanchengji County. Therefore, Yang Shoujingyun: "This is the ancient city of Chengji County since the Han Dynasty, and it should be called the ancient city" ("Notes on the Water Classics"). The "Jin Shi • Geographical Chronicle" says: "Qinzhou has Qin'an County, the ancient city of Han. ”
"Zizhi Tongjian • Jin Ji Thirty-one Emperor A": "Liang Wang Guang to the west of the Qin King Qiangui number repeatedly, raised troops to cut it, Qian Guiqun asked the east to run to Chengji to avoid it." The Guang army, Yu Changzhi, sent the Taiyuan Gonglu and other marshals to ride 30,000 to attack the Golden City; qiangui shuai and the twenty thousand people rescued it, but before they arrived, they waited to pull up the Golden City. Guang also sent his general Liang Gong and others out of YangwuxiaXia with a pawn, and attacked its east with The Qin Prefecture Assassin Shi Wugan, and Tianshui Gongyan attacked Lintao, Wushi, and Heguan with the crowd of Fanghan, all of which were conquered. Qiangui makes people yanyun: Qiangui returns to the masses and runs into a discipline. ”
The Yuan Dynasty Song Dynasty remnant Hu San Province's "New School Zizhi Tongjian Note" states: "Chengji, now Gongchang Road Commander-in-Chief's Mansion Qinzhou. According to the above, the Jiaqing Reconstruction of the Unification Chronicle of The Clouds: "The ancient city of Chengji is in the north of present-day Qin'an County, Qinzhou", and the discovery of the Dadiwan culture proves that this assertion is completely correct.
Through the above-mentioned historical data list and analysis, it can be seen that since the beginning of the establishment of the county, Chengji has been in Tianshui Qin'an and Tianshui Urban Areas, and historians have long been conclusive and considerate, and they have spoken clearly. However, at the end of the last century, a so-called Jingning Chengji theory suddenly appeared, and chengji county was said to be Jingning.
It is said that it was because a Han Dynasty clay pot was found in Zhiping Township, Jingning County, with the inscription Chengji Rong Sansheng, which was such a major discovery that opened the prelude to the Chengji Controversy.
Judging from the historical documents, many historical records record the administrative land of Hanchengji County in the north of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu, and some specifically point out that it is thirty miles north of the present-day Qin'an County. Now it seems that these accounts are very correct. The Ciyuan edition was printed 7 times from the 1939 edition to the revised edition in 1992, and all of them explained to Qin An: "This Han Chengji County. Explained to Hancheng Ji County: "The ancient city is in the north of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu. And explained in detail: "The ancient city is in the north of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu. See "Minutes of Reading the History of Public Opinion", "Gongchang Province", "Chengji Abandoned County". The "Chinese Dictionary" Chengji article explains: "Chengji, an ancient place name, the Fuxi clan was born here." The ancient city of Chengji County, Gansu, was in the north of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu. The 1979 edition of Cihai explains: "Li Guang, a native of Chengji, Longxi (present-day Qin'an, Gansu). "Li Bai, whose ancestral home was Chengji in Longxi (present-day Qin'an, Gansu)." The new edition of Cihai, published in 1999, explains: "Li Guang, a famous general of the Western Han Dynasty, was a native of Chengji, Longxi (present-day southwest of Jingning, Gansu). "Li Bai, who called himself Chengji of Longxi (present-day southwest of Jingning, Gansu)." The New Chronicle of Qin Prefecture Directly Subordinate Prefecture records: "It is said that the Han to Later Wei Zhicheng Ji was in the southwest of Jingning, and the actual hypothesis was also said. Even if Cheng Ji lived in the north, he should be fifty or sixty miles away from Qin Anzhi, and he would not stop at the southern border of Jingning. ”
Nuwa's hometown sacrifice Nuwa
Before the Qing Dynasty, there was never a jingning chengji in the ancient Chinese classics, and the current jingning chengji theory is untenable, there is no sufficient evidence to prove that Jingning is the earliest ancient Chengji, if only because Jingning unearthed a Han Dynasty pottery, because it has "Chengji Rong three liters" handwriting, and then put together an ancient city site to say that Jingning is the ancient city of Jicheng, it is really absurd.
Containers are objects, like coins, that circulate. According to the local scholars of Jingning, Jingning Chengji has existed in Jingning for at least eight hundred years, so why is there no half-sentence record in the jingning dynasty local history books and classics at that time? However, it is precisely the history of Tianshui and the local history of Qin'an, but the official classic history books of the past clearly say that Chengji is in Tianshui, or the north of Qin'an County. Therefore, it is inappropriate to say that the so-called Jingning Chengji is closely related to the cultural interests of today, and we have to think deeply about the discipline and knowledge of some of our cultural and historical scholars.
Here, I just want to ask: Why do there are folk customs and rituals that have been passed down for thousands of years, there are eight thousand years of civilization at the Ruins of Dadiwan, there are records of historical texts and historical records of past dynasties, and there are thousands of years of Fuxi sacrifice customs, but some people turn a blind eye and can only see half of the pottery and broken city walls around them?