Title XV, Chapter 11
Yan Yuan asked wei Bang, Zi Yue: "When you are in the summer, take the Yin Zhi Ren, serve the Crown of Zhou, and the music is "Shao" and "Dance", let Zheng Sheng, and yuan yu ren. Zheng Sheng was obscene, and the people were destroyed. ”
Bang: Will be the meaning of the sound word. The oracle bone is from the field, and there is an image of a sapling on the field, indicating the establishment of the soil boundary, that is, the meaning of "sealing the territory". Therefore, the original meaning of the word "bang" is "sealing the boundary".
In the ancient characters, "feng" and "bang" are originally one characters, and the ancient Chinese name is moved by each other, so the Middle verb "Feng" of "Fengbang Jianguo" and the noun "Bang" of the "Feng" are originally the same thing.
In the Jin text, the evolution of glyphs added the meaning of the symbol "邑", and in the Warring States script, its glyphs were further simplified, and the "grass" character, which represented the meaning of "sealing the boundary", evolved into the "feng" character that represented the meaning of grass sheng, so the "Shuowen" cloud: "Bang, Guoye." From Eup, Fengsheng. At this time, "bang" is an authentic shape and sound word, and the original meaning of the word is not visible.
There is a difference between "state" and "country". In the Zhou Li Dazai, it is recorded: "The great state, the small state." At that time, the entire "world" ruled by Zhou Tianzi was called "state", and the places governed by other princes were called "countries".
Judging from the glyphs, "guo" is an ideographic word, and at the beginning it had the meaning of "wang capital" and "capital". It can be seen from this that earlier "states" were greater than "states" in terms of region and weight.
The "bang" in words like "bangke", "bangjia", "bangguo", etc. refers to the state. After Liu Bang became emperor, in order to avoid secrecy, the state character was used less.
The "country" in the Song Dynasty Fan Zhongyun wrote in the "Record of Yueyang Lou" that "Dengsi Lou also went to the country and nostalgic, worried and fearful, full of depression, and felt extremely sad" refers to the "national capital".
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the people who lived in the capital were called "national people", such as "national people rioting", which refers to a rebellion by people living in the capital against the tyranny of King Zhou Li.
With the development of the Chinese language, in the idiom of "rejuvenating the country and anbang", "bang" and "country" have become synonymous, and both mean "country".
To be a state is to govern a country.
The time of Xia: that is, the calendar of the Xia Dynasty, the ancient calendar, there are Xia Zheng, Yin Zheng, Zhou Zheng. Xia Zheng is the lunar calendar of today, also known as the summer calendar. Yin Zheng takes December of the lunar calendar as the first month, which is one month worse than the summer calendar. Zhou Zheng takes November of the lunar calendar as the first month, which is worse than the summer positive in February.
Nowadays, the European and American calendars use the solar calendar (foreign calendar), slightly changing the age ten days after the winter solstice, judas. Confucius was very civil, so he was in the summer.
辂: pronounced lù, a large cart used in ancient times. It also refers to horizontal logs tied to the ruts for tug-of-arms, such as the Book of Han. Lou Jingchuan: "Respectfully take off the ring." “
The Shang Dynasty was a society where commerce flourished, so material culture developed. For example, the unearthed stepmother Peng Dafangding represents the superb technology of manufacturing instruments at that time.
The true meaning of Confucius's example of "riding on yin" refers to the development of handicraft production. In addition, the merchants are still quality, and the state officials are frugal and advocating incorruptibility. As Lü Zuqian's uncle Lü Benzhong said: "Officials are not afraid of my strictness, but fear my honesty; the people do not obey me, but obey my public; the public is clear, and the honest is mighty." ”
Fu: The ancient character for clothing is written "", which was first seen in the Shang Dynasty oracle bones. "Like hunting people with their hands, the original meaning means surrendering and making obedience."
Later, the word "boat" was added, indicating that the tamed people were loaded and transported away by ship, and its meaning was also to make obedience. Proceeding from the original meaning, the word "service" can be extended to admire, convinced, submissive, engaged, committed, appointed, used, adapted, etc.
There is also a saying that refers to people holding plates to handle things, and the original meaning of service is to engage and serve.
Extended by use and adaptation, "serving" is also used for drinking or swallowing drugs. In addition, "service" also refers to clothing, which is actually borrowed from the meaning of "serving". Because for the human body, the costume is also a prop for its service. The above meanings are read fú.
When pronounced "fù", "serving" is used as a quantifier, specifically referring to the dose of Chinese medicine. Such as: two medications.
The tiara of the Zhou Dynasty ostensibly means to wear the top hat of the Zhou Dynasty, but in fact it refers to the use of the ritual system of the Zhou Dynasty.
Put Zheng Sheng: abandon Zheng Guo's music, here refers to "Zheng Sheng", not "Zheng Feng", it is said that during the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Guoren created a kind of popular music, known as the sound of jingjing, which is easy to make people decadent and depressed.
The full text is understood to mean:
Yan Yuan asked how to govern the country, confucius said: "We must attach importance to agricultural production like the Xia Dynasty, develop handicrafts and commerce like the Shang Dynasty, inherit the ritual music system of the Western Zhou Dynasty, attach importance to the construction of the people's spiritual civilization, use positive music such as "Shao" and "Dance", abandon Zheng Sheng, and stay away from the adulterous villains, Zheng Sheng is obscene, and the adulterous villains will endanger the country." ”
Zhu Xi said in his Commentary on the Analects: "The talent of Yanzi Wang Zuozhi, so he asked the way to rule the world. ”
The first way to govern the state is "the time of summer", agriculture is the foundation of social economy, the Xia Dynasty attaches great importance to agricultural production, the Analects have a record of "Yu, Ji And the world", so Confucius believes that to govern the country, we must learn from the industrious and pragmatic agricultural spirit of the Xia Dynasty.
The handicraft manufacturing and commerce of the Yin Shang period were very developed, but the culture of lilly was not as good as that of the Zhou Dynasty, so Confucius advocated absorbing the strengths of all and taking advantage of the strengths of the people.
The spiritual beliefs of the common people are also very important, and it is necessary to create a positive social atmosphere, starting from the entertainment of the people, and in the official arena, it is necessary to clean up the traitors and villains who endanger the country.
The way of governing the country advocated by Confucius is of great practical significance and is admirable!
Xia Shang Wednesday generation
Xia, Shang and Zhou are one of the important periods in the development of ancient Chinese history, and in traditional literature, especially in Confucianism, which has long been the dominant position of thought, the Xia Shang Zhou, collectively known as the "Three Dynasties", is a model and model for the political development of ancient China.
Schools other than Confucianism are also willing to find a basis for their ideas from the history of the "three generations".
From the perspective of modern history, Xia Shang Zhou did occupy a unique position in the development of ancient Chinese history. First, the history of the Xia Shang Zhou period lasted a long time, with more than 1200 years; second, the Xia Shang Zhou period was an important stage in exploring the source of Chinese culture, although Chinese culture originated from ancient culture, but the establishment of cultural spirit, in fact, was based on the "three generations"; third, from the perspective of the Dynasty Xingwang, the history of the Xia Shang Zhou Period can be narrated in the dynasty as a unit.
The primary historical feature of the Xia Shang Zhou was the loose unification, which was very different from the authoritarian centralized system established by the Qin and Han Dynasties and their subsequent dynasties, and was one of the bases for the Xia Shang Zhou period to be called an early state.
The central government of the "three generations" dynasty was not able to exercise centralized and unified management of the territory. Administrative districts during the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties generally consisted of two basic areas. One is the area directly administered by the Son of Heaven, called Wang Qi.
Wang Qi was not large, and the Western Zhou Dynasty was only a thousand miles away. One is the area where the Son of Heaven exercised indirect rule by dividing up or recognizing local princes. This area is much larger. The relationship between the local princes and the Central Dynasty, to a certain extent, was determined by the military strength of the Central Dynasty.
The second characteristic is that "theocracy" is very powerful. Xia Houqi rebelled against the Youshi clan, and issued a mobilization order before the war, borrowing the reward and punishment rights of the ancestors and the gods of the society;
The Shang king had to divinate in everything; the king of Zhou Wu, Ke Shang, held a ceremony to sacrifice to the heavens, and the various sins of the god Shang King were held to confirm the legitimacy of the Zhou Dynasty's rule. However, it must be noted that the "theocracy" of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties did not develop into another power independent of the regime. Political power and the real interests of rulers have always been at the center of man-God relations.
The third feature is that there is no breaking of blood bonds. Engels's criterion for the origin of the state is to divide the people by geography, not by blood; public power is formed.
It is clear that the early Chinese state presented its own characteristics on this standard. Because blood relations have great value in organizing political power and military power, it still achieved great development during the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. This was greatly reflected in the patriarchal system established in the Zhou Dynasty with the primogeniture system as the core.
The "History of Gaozu Benji" has: "Xia Zhizheng Zhong. Loyalty is our enemy, the villain is wild, so the Yin people accept it and respect it. Respect for us, villains with ghosts, so Zhou people inherit it with text. Wen Zhi we, the villain to be loyal, so save the mo ruo to be loyal. ”
Xia is a long-established tribe living in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and Dayu was elected as the leader by Shun through the "Zen Concession" system because of his efforts to control water.
During his lifetime, Dayu also established the leader of the Dongyi clan, Yi, as his heir according to the "Zen Concession", but he did not establish a prominent meritorious deed and was killed by qi who was supported by the princes.
Kai abolished the "Zen Concession" and established a hereditary system of heirlooms to the throne. And through the "Battle of Gan", the Arita clan, which supported the primitive democracy, was eliminated. It not only consolidated the rule of the Xia people, but also established a system of descendants that conformed to the trend of history.
The Shang people are a sub-surname and are an ancient ethnic group with a long history. During the pre-Shang period, the Shang had a total of 8 great migrations, but the scope of migration was roughly out of the area of present-day Henan, Hebei and Shandong.
Cheng Tang defeated Xia Jie and established the Shang Dynasty with the support of the princes, with the capital at Yu Bo. From the founding of the Shang Dynasty to the fall of the King of Sui, a total of 17th and 31 kings were passed down.
As the founding prince of the country, Cheng Tang was very diligent and wise. During the first three years of his reign, Tang's eldest grandson Taijia was extremely tyrannical and dim,destroying many of the laws established by Cheng Tang.
Yi Yin, as an elderly courtier, for the sake of the survival of the Shang Dynasty and the overall interests of the ruling clique, exiled Taijia to the Tong Palace where Cheng Tang's tomb was located, where he reflected on his repentance and Yi Yin took the place of the king.
Three years later, Taijia regained the throne and became angry and strong, so that the rule of the Shang Dynasty was continuously consolidated. From Chengtang to Taishu, a total of 5 dynasties and 10 kings were the period when the Shang Dynasty was established to consolidated and gradually strengthened.
After Taishu, the Shang Dynasty entered a period of moderate decline, highlighted by the continuous turmoil in the succession to the throne. The chaos of the succession to the throne led to political turmoil and decay, and the "History of Yin Benji" records this history, called "Bijiu Chaos".
By the time of Yangjia's succession, the dynasty's national strength was very weak, "the princes did not dynasty", and the princes everywhere no longer hajjed to the Shang king. At the same time, this was also a period of frequent capital relocation in the Shang Dynasty.
The Zhou people, surnamed Ji, lived very early on on the Loess Plateau in western China. From the beginning of abandonment to the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty by King Wu of Zhou, it was the "First Gong Period" in the history of the Zhou people, during which the Zhou people had several major migrations, which became several important turning points in the historical development of the Zhou people.
Zhou carried out the cause of destroying merchants during the reign of King Wen of Zhou, who in the late reign of King Wen, the People of Zhou had already "divided the world into three and had two of them".
After King Wen's death, Ji Fa, the King of Zhou Wu, succeeded to the throne and fought a decisive battle against the Shang Dynasty army in Muye, just outside Chaoge. The next day, a ceremony was held to officially announce the establishment of the Zhou Dynasty.
The Western Zhou Dynasty was passed down as the 11th and 12th King. After the Battle of Makino, King Wu of Zhou took a series of measures to consolidate the new regime to consolidate the Zhou Dynasty. King Kewu died only two years after returning to Hokyo.