Emperor Muzong of the Qing Dynasty (Tenth Emperor of the Qing Dynasty)
Xin You's coup d'état, Cixi's curtain to listen to the government, and the foreign affairs movement
Tongzhi was named Zaichun, Xianfeng's only son (the second son was not born and died), his mother Cixi, while escorting the Xianfeng Emperor Zi Palace back to the palace, Cixi joined forces with Ci'an and Prince Gong Yixun to launch a coup d'état of Xin You, executing or dismissing eight ministers of gu orders, and the empress dowager of the two palaces bowed to the government, and Cixi herself held real power, changing the era name to Tongzhi: Empress Dowager Lianggong
Tongzhi ascended the throne at the age of 6, reigned for 13 years from 1862 to 1874, and died of illness at the age of 19
Tongzhi lost his father (Xianfeng) at an early age, could not enjoy the joys of childhood when he ascended the throne at the age of 6, had a bad relationship with Cixi, was often reprimanded, had an unsatisfactory marriage, and died at the age of 19
When Tongzhi was a child, he did not read well and violated discipline, and the teacher punished those who accompanied him, and Tongzhi was small and felt very interesting
In the 3rd year of Tongzhi (1864), the Qing army invaded Tianjing, the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
In the 6th year of Tongzhi, the Eastern Twister Army was pacified
In the 7th year of Tongzhi, the main force of the Western Twister Army was pacified
In the 9th year of Tongzhi, Ma Xinyi, the governor of Liangjiang, was assassinated
Tongzhi began to pro-government in 12 years (18 years old), and it was difficult to read the music (it was not good to read when I was a child), but in fact, Tongzhi's first teacher was Cixi
In the 11th year of Xianfeng, the Xin You coup d'état occurred
Xin You coup d'état
1. Win the hearts and minds of the people, the invasion of the Anglo-French coalition forces, the empress dowager of the two palaces and Yi Xi said that it was the responsibility of the minister at that time, the minister Duanhua seduced Pasha Li, and the Anglo-French coalition army only hit Beijing, because they misled Xianfeng, Xianfeng fled to the summer resort, and also obstructed Xianfeng's return, thus capturing the stability of the military and the official's heart
2. Master the imperial power, and the two seals are in the hands of the empress dowager of the two palaces
3. Seize the opportunity, the eight ministers are handling the funeral, Sushun and other ministers accompanied by toasts are still on the road, they were arrested, and soon two committed suicide and one was beheaded, and the other five were dismissed
4. If you don't do it first, when the eight ministers finish the funeral, it is likely that they will die
After the Xin You's coup d'état, the system of the Qing Dynasty changed, that is, it was to bow the curtain and listen to the government, which later evolved into Cixi's dictatorship and control of the government for 42 years, affecting the history of China
Brief Reform and Opening Up: The Western Affairs Movement
Defeat in the First Opium War and signing of the Treaty of Nanking
Defeat in the Second Opium War and Signing of the Treaty of Beijing
Chinese we want to restore the new and reform, at this time Tongzhi has not yet pro-government, and the main thing in the Tongzhi New Deal is
1. Establish the Prime Minister's Office
The first in China's history, managing foreign affairs, opening new schools, arsenals, etc., the general person in charge is Yi Chen
2. Overseas expeditions
Yi Zhisong asked the empress dowager of the two palaces to go abroad to investigate and approve, no one reported, one named Bin Chun, 63 years old, willing to go, so he took his son himself three who knew foreign languages, a total of five people went to France, and after returning, he introduced what he saw and heard to the people around him, yixun was very happy
3. Training of foreign affairs talents (learning foreign languages)
Beijing set up a Tongwen Museum, at first no one wanted, and then Yi Xi said that tuition is free, eating and living, passing the exam and bonuses, recruiting a group of students, and cultivating early foreign language talents
4.Departure from international students
Recruited 120 people, 12-16 years old, the first group of 30 people by ship to the United States, sensationalism in the United States, after contact said that these children are smart and polite, before and after four batches
Some of these children cut their hair, some danced, etc., so the management officials wrote a recital, saying that these children had lost the etiquette of their ancestors in the United States, and would endanger the country after returning to China, so the empress dowager ordered that all students be recalled, and many of them did not complete their studies, but they saw Western civilization, accepted Western education, and later many became the backbone of China's various understandings
5. Strive for strength
The Qing Dynasty realized that China could no longer close itself off and should introduce advanced science and technology from the West, so it bought warships and cannons from the West, manufactured warships, cannons, and guns, and smelted steel by itself
The Foreign Affairs Movement was a good historical opportunity, but it did not persist, and the country was between the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Peace Regiment, and the international was between the invasion of the British and French coalition forces and the Eight-Power Alliance
Tongzhi began to pro-government at the age of 18, when Cixi retired to the background at the age of 39, Tongzhi wanted to do something himself in order to honor his mother, so he decided to rebuild the Yuanmingyuan, and finally because he needed too much silver, Yi Zhi joined the ministers to play and did not repair
Tongzhi 13 years, 19 years old, died of illness (may be smallpox)