Before the Wuchang Uprising, what revolutionary activities did Sun Yat-sen participate in?

After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution, the rebel army marched from Hanchuan to the front

　　Sun Yat-sen was a great revolutionary forerunner and an outstanding representative of the modern Chinese seeking the truth of national salvation from the West. Under his influence, the Xinhai Revolution overthrew more than 2,000 years of feudal monarchy in China and created Asia's first democratic republic. However, Sun Yat-sen's path to the truth of national salvation was not smooth. From the initial medical people to the later medical countries, from the original hope of the reform of the upper Han scholars and doctors to the later break with the old system, completely move towards the road of revolution. After that, although the revolution suffered repeated setbacks, it became more and more courageous, and on October 10, 1911, a gunshot rang out in Wuchang, which finally realized Sun Yat-sen's long-cherished wish to establish a democratic republic.

　　Revolution "sprouts"

　　Sun Yat-sen was born on November 12, 1866, to a poor peasant family in Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province. Sun Yat-sen's father, Sun Da, and his mother, Yang. When Sun Yat-sen was born, there were still two brothers and sisters, and the other brother and sister had died prematurely. Due to the poverty of his family, in 1871, Sun Yat-sen's eldest brother Sun Mei left home and went to another country to earn a living, when Sun Yat-sen was only 5 years old, and he began to take on the responsibility of taking care of the family. He collects firewood and mows grass, herds cattle for people, and helps the family do odd jobs. But daily labor did not dampen the thirst of young Sun Yat-sen for knowledge. In 1876, at the age of 10, Sun Yat-sen entered the village school. During his spare time, he often listened to the old people who had participated in the Taiping Army tell the story of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom under the big banyan tree in the village, and he admired the deeds of Hong Xiuquan and others, the king of heaven, and thus planted the "seeds" of revolutionary anti-Qing in his soul.

　　After that, Sun Yat-sen studied Western studies in Honolulu, Hawaii, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and other places, and gradually broadened his horizons. He studied at the Hong Kong College of Western Medicine and practiced medicine in Macau after graduating in the autumn of 1892. The reason why he chose to practice medicine was that Sun Yat-sen said that he "took the academy as the place of advocacy and borrowed medical technology as the medium for joining the world." At the end of the Sino-French War in 1885, the Qing court and France signed the Sino-French New Treaty, China was undefeated and defeated, and France was victorious. This incident greatly shocked Sun Yat-sen, causing him to gradually develop anti-Qing aspirations, "giving the year of the defeat of China and France to the beginning of the decision to overthrow the Qing court and create the Republic of China." However, at this time, Sun Yat-sen still had illusions about the Han chinese members in the upper echelons of the Qing court, hoping to rely on them for reforms to realize his ideal of a prosperous country and a strong people. At the beginning of 1894, Sun Yat-sen returned to his hometown to draft the "Book of Li Hongzhang", and after repeated deliberation and revision, he went north to Tianjin in the spring of that year to prepare to submit a letter to Li Hongzhang. The "Book of Shang Li Hongzhang" embodies Sun Yat-sen's early thinking of saving the country, and his words say: "The foundation of Europe's prosperity and strength does not depend not only on the strength of ships and cannons and the strength of the troops, but in the fact that people can do their best, the land can make the best use of their interests, the goods can make the best use of them, and the goods can flow freely -- these four things, the great scriptures of prosperity and strength, and the great foundation of governing the country." Our country wants to expand its grand plan, to be diligent in seeking far-sightedness, to imitate Western law in order to seek self-improvement, and not to rush to these four, in vain, it is the duty of the ship and the cannon, and it is the end of the map. The whole text discusses these four events and expresses Sun Yat-sen's strong desire for China to learn from the West and protect and develop its own agriculture, industry and commerce. However, this letter, which condensed Sun Yat-sen's efforts, did not receive a response from Li Hongzhang. This prompted Sun Yat-sen to abandon the illusion of relying on the han elite for top-down reforms, understanding that only by overthrowing the Qing Dynasty could it be possible to build a rich and strong new state. Since then, he has bid farewell to the profession of doctor and become a professional politician and revolutionary.

　　The Party revolted

　　On July 25, 1894, the Japanese army secretly attacked the Qing transport ship at Asan, and the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out. In late September, the Qing army retreated to Korea, and the flames of war burned to Liaodong. The Chinese nation was faced with such a crisis, and Sun Yat-sen knew that only by building a revolutionary organization to overthrow the decadent And dim Qing court could China be saved. In October, Sun Yat-sen took a boat from Shanghai to Honolulu to build a revolutionary group amid the gunfire of the Sino-Japanese War. After arriving in the area, he carried out extensive propaganda and agitation among overseas Chinese. In mid-to-late November, at the home of Honolulu overseas Chinese He Kuan, more than 20 people, including Sun Yat-sen, He Kuan, Li Chang, Li Lu, Li Duoma, Li Qi, Song Juren, Zhuo Hai, Lin Jianquan, Hou Aiquan, Xia Baizi, Chen Nan, Cao Cai, Xu Weng, Huang Liang, Huang Huahui, Cheng Weinan, Deng Yinnan, Zheng Jin, Zheng Zhao, Liu Shou, Liu Zhuo, Liu Xiang, Zhong Muxian, and Zhong Gongyu, gathered together and decided to set up a revolutionary group. The meeting, chaired by Sun Yat-sen, proposed that the organization be named the Xingzhong Association, with the purpose of revitalizing China to save the crisis, and announced the charter drafted by Sun Yat-sen, which enumerated the crimes of the Qing court: "The upper is obedient and whitewashed; the lower is ignorant and rarely far-sighted." Near humiliation of the country and the mourning of the teacher, the cutting of the domain, the tangtang Huaxia, the disdain for the nations, the crown of cultural relics, being lightened by foreign nationalities." All the members were full of enthusiasm, and they raised their right hands and swore an oath to the Heavenly Covenant: "Exorcise the Tartars, restore China, establish a united government, and if there is a second heart, the gods will discern." Since then, an epoch-making revolutionary democratic group has been born, and China's democratic revolution has embarked on the track.

　　With the revolutionary group in place, Sun Yat-sen quickly prepared an uprising to overthrow the Qing Dynasty, and he chose the place where he first held the uprising in Guangzhou. He went to Guangzhou with Zheng Shiliang and Lu Haodong to set up the Xingzhong Association branch. At the same time, the Agricultural Society covered people's eyes and ears and made extensive contacts with people from all walks of life in the military and government. In addition, Sun Yat-sen actively organized various armed forces, extensively contacted the Qing army marine divisions and defense battalions in Guangzhou, the huidang in Hong Kong, Shunde and other places, and was dismissed after the Green Forest in Beijiang, Xijiang, Shantou, Xiangshan, and Shunde, and after the Sino-Japanese War. He also won the support of public opinion, using Hong Kong's "Dechen West Daily" and "Shi Li West Daily" to carry out propaganda and guidance, and won sympathy between China and foreign countries. At the same time, Yang Quyun and others were tasked with raising funds, purchasing weapons and ammunition, and recruiting commandos in Hong Kong. On August 27, 1895, preparations for the uprising were completed, and the "Qianheng" club at 13 Staunton Street was ordered to close. The uprising was launched in 1895 on the Chongyang Festival, and a strategy for attacking the city was formulated, dividing Shunde Road, Xiangshan Road, and Beijiang Road, which would be gathered in Yangcheng Guangzhou. Sun Yat-sen demonstrated the spirit of selflessness in the selection of the president of the Xingzhong Association and the future presidential of the United States Government. As the main organizer and leader of the uprising, Sun Yat-sen deserved this important task, but Yang Quyun asked for this seat. At that time, everyone in the meeting quarreled fiercely over this, and Zheng Shiliang and Chen Shaobai vigorously opposed Yang Quyun. Zheng Shiliang also said that Sun Yat-sen is what everyone wants, and if others have non-divided thoughts, they should be the hand blade. At this time, in order to avoid organizational division, Sun Yat-sen persuaded Zheng Shiliang, Chen Shaobai and others that he was willing to give up this position to Yang Quyun.

　　On October 25, 1895, all the rebel armies except Hong Kong all the way had gathered in Guangzhou as scheduled. At dawn on the 26th, the leaders of all roads gathered their general organs to obtain offensive orders and slogans, but the rebel army on this road in Hong Kong still did not arrive at the specified time, and weapons and ammunition could not be transported from Hong Kong; at the same time, the armed forces of the other main force in Shantou did not arrive. At the moment of the outbreak, Sun Yat-sen decisively ordered the disbandment of the rebel army, and at the same time sent a telegram to Yang Quyun of Hong Kong to prevent his troops from coming, and destroyed the literary books, tibetan ordnance, and eliminated all traces. The Guangzhou Uprising, which had been preparing for a long time, was aborted. However, the local government of Guangzhou had already detected the plan of the uprising through a report drafted by the rebels and the brother of Zhu Qi, a member of the Xingzhong Association. Lu Haodong, Cheng Yaochen, Cheng Kuiguang, Qiu Si, Zhu Guiquan, and 40 or 50 other people were arrested by the Guangzhou Organs Department and the Hong Kong side. Although these revolutionary pioneers were brutally persecuted, they showed great courage and sacrifice in court and on the execution ground. Lu Haodong, Qiu Si, and Zhu Guiquan were killed, Cheng Kuiguang was killed by the staff, and Cheng Yaochen was imprisoned and died. Before his death, Lu Haodong was vigorously awe-inspiring and unyielding, and rather than complaining, he declared to the enemy: "Although this matter is not successful, this is very comforting." But I can kill, but those who succeed me cannot kill. Sun Yat-sen called Lu Haodong "the first person in China's history to die for the republican revolution."

　　London was devastated

　　Participation in the revolution is at any time in danger of sacrifice. After the Guangzhou Uprising of 1895, the brutal Qing court listed Sun Yat-sen, who led the uprising, as wanted. He had to avoid his homeland, but also to examine Western politics. On the night of September 30, 1895, Sun Yat-sen arrived in London, England, but his whereabouts had long been detected by secret agents in the Qing court. After arriving in London, Sun Yat-sen went to visit his teacher Kang Deli every day, and because the teacher's home was adjacent to the Chinese legation, once when Sun Yat-sen was eating at the teacher's house, Kang Deli also jokingly said: "The Chinese legation is my close neighbor, have you been there?" The teacher's wife interjected, "Don't talk nonsense, the people at the legation will definitely arrest him when they see him." Listening to everyone laugh, it was only a joke, and they did not want Sun Yat-sen to fall into the mouth of the legation a few days later.

　　Suddenly in London, Sun Yat-sen was not familiar with the road conditions. On October 11, Sun Yat-sen came out of the hotel and was preparing to go to the teacher's house when a man came and asked him in English: "Sir, are you Japanese, or are you Chinese?" Sun Yat-sen replied, "I am Chinese." "Sir, what province are you from?" The man asked again. "Guangdong," Sun Yat-sen replied. The man then said, "We are fellow villagers, and I am also from Guangdong." At this moment, another person came to talk with Sun Yat-sen. As they walked, they said that the two of them had to invite Sun Yat-sen to the place where they lived to smoke. Sun Yat-sen politely refused, so several people stood on the stairs next to the road and continued to talk. Soon another man came, not allowing Sun Yat-sen to discuss, and the three of them hugged Sun Yat-sen into the house. As soon as I entered the house, the door was locked. I saw that the house was magnificent, standing with Chinese in official clothes. Sun Yat-sen immediately realized that this was the Chinese legation and that he had been trapped. After entering, Sun Yat-sen was locked upstairs in a room, the windows were surrounded by iron fences, and the window was the back room of the legation.

　　Soon after, a white-haired old man came in and said in a full sense of officialdom: "You came here to Come to China." Then he asked him, "You are surnamed Sun, right?" Sun Yat-sen replied, "Yes, surname Sun." The man added, "I know you are Sun Yat-sen, and to be honest with you, we have received news from the Chinese legation in the United States that you have arrived in England by ship, so we are ordered to arrest you here." "Why are you detaining me?" Sun Yat-sen asked. The old man said, "You used to write to the imperial court, and the court thought you were going to rebel, so they detained you on standby." Sun Yat-sen asked, "I am detained here, can I let my friends know?" The old man replied, "Of course not." Sun Yat-sen clearly knew that he had fallen into the mouth of the tiger. The Chinese legation in Britain secretly arrested Sun Yat-sen for fear of letting the British government know about it and causing international disputes. Therefore, they were ready to quietly hire a ship to transport Sun Yat-sen back to Guangzhou for execution.

　　At the same time, Kang Deli discovered that Sun Yat-sen was missing, and he inquired everywhere for news. Sun Yat-sen was also trying to save himself, wrapping the rescue paper ball with a coin and throwing it out of the window, hoping that someone would pick it up, but the guards found that the paper ball was picked up. Sun Yat-sen also asked servants in the embassy to help pass on the letter, but many times he was accused of secret betrayal. Time was getting tighter and tighter, and Sun Yat-sen could only make a final attempt, and he finally impressed the servant Cole with sincerity, asking him to pass the news to his teacher. When Condé Li learned the news that Sun Yat-sen had been trapped by the Chinese embassy, he ignored fatigue and went to the Chinese legation counselor Markeni theory overnight. As the mastermind of the trapping of Sun Yat-sen, Markini avoided it. So Condler went to the British police station to report the case, and the police department felt that the case was absurd and refused to file the case. Kang Deli also found his friend Meng Sheng, who was also Sun Yat-sen's teacher, and discussed with him the rescue method. Meng Sheng went directly to the Chinese legation in Britain to ask for his release, but the legation lied that the person was not here. Kang Deli then formally appealed to the British Foreign Office, where the Chinese Embassy trapped Sun Yat-sen in broad daylight and asked the Foreign Office to come forward to urge the Chinese Legation to release him. Then they personally went to the major Newspapers in Britain to report on Sun Yat-sen's arrest and hoped that the newspapers would expose it. This method did come into effect, and various newspapers rushed to publish the news, demanding that the Chinese embassy release Sun Yat-sen. In order to avoid the transfer of Sun Yat-sen by the Chinese legation in Britain overnight, there were still people who stood guard in front of the door day and night to prevent accidents. Under the pressure of public opinion, the British government had to urge the Chinese embassy to release Sun Yat-sen. The envoy in Britain was afraid of making a big deal out of it, so he had no choice but to release Sun Yat-sen.

　　On October 23, the iron door of the confinement room of the Chinese legation was opened. Sun Yat-sen thought he was going to be escorted back to China and hurried to pack his bags. Suddenly, a few people came in, and when they looked closely, it turned out to be his mentor Condry, and he knew that he was saved.

　　The tiger's escape from danger strengthened Sun Yat-sen's determination to revolution, and he continued to lead China's anti-Qing revolution, and the Vietnam War became more and more courageous. After that, Sun Yat-sen and other revolutionary groups within the United Nations established the Chinese League association to instigate anti-Qing uprisings throughout the country. For a time, the revolutionary waves in Liangguang, Yunnan, Hunan, Sichuan and other places surged up, and revolutionary ideas gradually entered the hearts of the people, laying the foundation for the success of the Xinhai Revolution. On October 10, 1911, the gunshots of the Wuchang Uprising sounded the death knell of the Qing Dynasty, ending thousands of years of feudal imperialism in China and ushering in a new era.

　　(Author: Jiang Xinkai Unit: School of Humanities, Shanghai Normal University)