In the course of China's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal revolution, many admirable revolutionaries have emerged one after another, including women who do not allow their eyebrows to be shaved, such as Song Qingling, He Xiangning, Yang Kaihui, Deng Yingchao, and so on.
Like the mother of the country, Song Qingling, He Xiangning's revolutionary journey spanned more than half a century, and he became a female leader at the vice state level after the founding of New China, which was respected.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Elders of the League</h1>
Ho XiangNing was born in a wealthy Hong Kong merchant family, and his father Ho Ping Heng was a famous tea merchant in Hong Kong, who was a veritable bridesmaid.
However, He Xiangning's father was more conservative in his daughter's education, not only did not allow her daughter to study, but also required her daughter to wrap her feet like the boudoir women of "high society" at that time.
He Xiangning has a rebellious spirit since childhood, not only trying to secretly read books to read and understand, but also rebelling against wrapping small feet according to reason, and finally becoming a "heavenly foot" girl in other people.
It was also this experience that contributed to her marriage to Liao Zhongkai. Liao Zhongkai studied in the United States, had insight and ideals, and hoped to find a woman who did not tie his feet as a wife, and the two hit it off and married in Guangzhou in 1897.
Becoming Liao Zhongkai's wife, He Xiangning's life also underwent fundamental changes, and she gradually grew from a "big miss" to a staunch revolutionary fighter.
Witnessing the turmoil and difficulties in China's people's livelihood, Liao Zhongkai went to Japan to study in 1902, and He Xiangning poured out his money to help her husband.
In 1903, He Xiangning also went to Japan and began her studies, during which time she attended the Girls' Normal School and Tokyo Mejiro Women's University.
At that time, many young Chinese aspirants went to Japan to find ways to revitalize the country, and Tokyo was a gathering place for international students.
In September of the same year, at a rally at the Student Union hall of Chinese students, He Xiangning and Liao Zhongkai met sun Yat-sen, a long-admired revolutionary mentor.
Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech on national salvation that deeply attracted He Xiangning and Liao Zhongkai. After that, after many private visits to Sun Yat-sen, they had in-depth conversations on the state situation and established good relations with Sun Yat-sen.
In August 1905, Sun Yat-sen formed the League and personally introduced He Xiangning and Liao Zhongkai to join. He Xiangning was the first female member of the group, and since then officially started the revolutionary journey.
He Xiangning is responsible for organizing the daily activities of the League, and also uses the living allowance given to him by his family as the activity fund.
She studied painting in Japan, but also based on sun Yat-sen's need to organize an armed uprising in the country, the need for the military flag of the uprising and the pattern of the Anmin notice, the pattern of the military ticket, etc., and the need to design the drawings.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > Sun Yat-sen's right and left arm</h1>
Following Sun Yat-sen's revolution to save the country is the lifelong pursuit of He Xiangning and his wife.
In the spring of 1911, He Xiangning and Liao Zhongkai returned to Guangzhou to make a revolution and made significant contributions to the success of the Xinhai Revolution.
After Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the revolution, they actively joined the Dharma Protection Movement.
After the defeat of the movement, the two went to Japan to continue to assist Sun Yat-sen in organizing the revolutionary movement. In 1914, he assisted Sun Yat-sen in founding the Chinese Revolutionary Party, and the two became the elders of the Chinese Revolutionary Party.
Since Liao Zhongkai was still detained by Chen Jiongming in Guangdong, He Xiangning stayed behind to rescue her husband despite the danger.
Because Liao Zhongkai was the minister of finance at that time, he was responsible for raising military funds and strongly supported Sun Yat-sen's Northern Expedition.
Therefore, Chen Jiongming secretly detained Liao Zhongkai in line with the principle of "locking Sun Yat-sen's cash box". Two days later, the presidential palace was shelled and the "June 16" incident was launched.
After He Xiangning learned of Chen Jiongming's rebellion, he was very worried about the safety of Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching-ling, so he ran around despite his illness and looked for their whereabouts.
Finally, when they heard that the president and his wife were on board the Yongfeng ship, they went to rendezvous to personally confirm the safety of Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching-ling, and at the same time brought important news outside.
At that time, Chen Jiongming had already taken control of Guangzhou, and it was easy to rescue him.
However, He Xiangning relied on his influence in the party and his resolute courage to pressure Chen Jiongming step by step, and won the opportunity to visit Liao Zhongkai, conveying to him the news of Sun Yat-sen's safety.
At that time, the revolutionary situation was unclear, Chen Jiongming was in power, and President Sun Yat-sen was forced to flee, and He Xiangning was not afraid of danger and tried to rescue Liao Zhongkai.
In August 1922, after Liao Zhongkai was detained for more than two months, He Xiangning received news that Liao Zhongkai was about to be transferred and secretly executed.
At the critical juncture, He Xiangning ignored the danger and resolutely decided to take the risk alone. On August 18, on the occasion of Chen Jiongming's military conference at Baiyun Mountain, He Xiangjing stormed the venue in anger.
In front of the participants, she made a righteous and awe-inspiring criticism and preaching to Chen Jiongming. And resolutely said: "Zhongkai is killing or releasing, you must answer me today!" If you want to kill, do as you please; let him go, let him go home with me now!" ”
Although Chen Jiongming wanted to execute Liao Zhongkai, he was forced by the prestige of Liao Zhongkai and He Xiangning in the party and did not dare to disclose his intentions.
In the face of He Xiangning's aggressive rhetoric, Chen Jiongming was speechless and had to order Liao Zhongkai's release on the spot. Subsequently, He Xiangning rushed to Hong Kong with Liao Zhongkai overnight and escaped from Chen Jiongming's control.
After quelling Chen Jiongming's rebellion, He Xiangning and Liao Zhongkai returned to Guangzhou to continue the revolution with Sun Yat-sen and supported Sun Yat-sen's policy of "uniting with Russia, the Communist Party, and supporting peasants and workers" for the New Three People's Principles.
In January 1924, he was elected director of the Women's Department of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee at the First National Congress of the reorganized Kuomintang.
Later, in order to cooperate with the Northern Expedition, He Xiangning initiated the establishment of the Red Cross Society of the Kuomintang, mobilized women to participate in the Northern Expedition, trained women to carry out rescue work, and made significant contributions to the victory of the Northern Expedition.
In February 1925, Sun Yat-sen was seriously ill in Beijing, and Liao Zhongkai could not get out due to the affairs of Guangzhou, so He Xiangning went north to take care of him.
Before Sun Yat-sen died, he called He Xiangning to the sickbed and slowly said, "After I die, I hope to treat him well" and hope that He Xiangning will treat Soong Qingling well.
He Xiangning said with tears: "I have been close to My husband for more than twenty years, and I have suffered from the same hardships, in case Mr. He's illness cannot be cured, I and all my colleagues should do our best to protect my wife and his family." ”
On March 12, Sun Yat-sen died of illness, and He Xiangning was one of the witnesses of Sun Yat-sen's will.
Since meeting Sun Yat-sen in Japan in 1903 and being inspired by his revolutionary enthusiasm to join the revolution, He Xiangning and his wife have formed a profound friendship with Sun Yat-sen, and even the wedding of Sun Yat-sen and Soong Ching Ling was presided over by He Xiangning.
He Xiangning and Liao Zhongkai followed and supported Sun Yat-sen's revolution all the way, handled internal and external affairs, made irreplaceable contributions to the revolution, and were deeply trusted by Sun Yat-sen.
The two had a high reputation within the Kuomintang. After Sun Yat-sen's death, Liao Zhongkai became the most important person in the Kuomintang.
He Xiangning and Liao Zhongkai continued to adhere to Sun Yat-sen's New Three People's Principles and maintained cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communists, which led to the intensification of their contradictions with the rightists in the Kuomintang.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > staunch revolutionary fighter</h1>
The rightists represented by Chiang Kai-shek regard Liao Zhongkai, who has great prestige and influence, as a thorn in their side and want to get rid of it quickly.
On August 25, 1925, Liao Zhongkai was temporarily notified to go to the Kuomintang Central Party Department to attend a meeting, accompanied by He Xiangning.
However, the two men had just gotten off the bus and did not take a few steps when they got out of the car at the entrance of the party department, and the killers who were ambushed around them swarmed up and opened fire, and the bullets directly hit Liao Zhongkai's head and body, causing him to die on the spot.
He Xiangning was next to Liao Zhongkai at that time, and she was devastated to see her husband lying in a pool of blood.
He cried out in sorrow: "Mourn and repay the king's wishes, when will you do your best to serve the country!" If I profit from the country, I will martyr my family, and I will not hesitate to do so! ”
After calming down, He Xiangning knew very well that this was a conspiracy of the Right Wing of the Kuomintang represented by Chiang Kai-shek, which made her even more determined to inherit Sun Yat-sen's legacy and fight the Rightists to the end.
On March 20, 1926, Chiang Kai-shek plotted to launch the "Zhongshan Ship" incident, sending people to arrest Communist Party personnel, surround the offices and residences of Soviet advisers, and openly challenge Dr. Sun Yat-sen's New Three People's Principles policy.
After He Xiangning heard about it, he broke through many obstacles, met Chiang Kai-shek, and angrily rebuked: "After the premier's death, the bones are not yet cold, and after Zhongkai's death, the blood has not dried... What a treacherous one! ”。
He also sharply rebuked and asked: "Repaying morality with resentment violates Mr. Sun's propositions and causes the future of the revolution to decline, so what will you do to Mr. Sun?" Chiang Kai-shek said that he had no place for himself, and then he withdrew the besiegers and lifted the siege for a while.
In May of the same year, Chiang Kai-shek launched a "case of sorting out party affairs" against the Communists, and He Xiangning criticized Chiang's move and angrily "slapped the table and stopped" at the meeting to resist.
The contradiction between He Xiangning and the Chiang Kai-shek authorities has also deepened.
On April 12, 1927, Chiang Kai-shek launched the "April 12" coup d'état and brutally murdered Communists.
The next day, He Xiangning delivered a speech entitled "Chiang Kai-shek is a Counter-Revolutionary" at the Kuomintang congress, accusing Chiang Kai-shek of betraying the revolution and calling on revolutionary Party members to rise up and resist.
On July 15 of the same year, Wang Jingwei launched the "July 15th" coup d'état and wantonly hunted down and killed the Communists, and He Xiangning stepped forward again and tried his best to help the Communists escape from Hankou.
She also wrote to the Central Organization Department, saying: "I am a minister of women, if you think that women are 'Communist Party' and 'quasi-Communist', I am their leader, and if something comes to me, I am not allowed to embarrass them!" "In order to defend women.
Because the chiang kai-shek and Wang Jingwei authorities turned their backs on Sun Yat-sen's revolution, and the Kuomintang authorities gradually deviated from the New Three People's Principles, He Xiangning felt isolated and helpless.
At the end of 1928, she publicly issued a statement "resigning from all posts in the Kuomintang" and broke with the Kuomintang. Since then, he has lived abroad, away from strife.
In 1931, after the "918" incident, Japan occupied the three eastern provinces. When He Xiangning learned of this, he was very angry and quickly returned to China.
After returning to Shanghai, he published "Opinions on the Current Situation" in the newspaper, pinpointing the shortcomings of the times, severely reprimanding Chiang Kai-shek for his policy of non-resistance, calling for joint resistance against Japan, and actively organizing an "exhibition of calligraphy and paintings to relieve the country's difficulties" and raising funds to comfort the soldiers.
In 1932, when the "128" incident broke out, He Xiangning supported the 19th Route Army in many ways to resist Japan, organized women to support the front, and Song Qingling organized money and materials, and founded a wounded and sick hospital to rescue soldiers.
Contrary to the chiang kai-shek authorities' non-resistance, the Communist Party actively resisted Japan regardless of the difficulties of the national righteousness, and He Xiangning greatly admired this and cherished the Communists.
In March 1933, his son Liao Chengzhi was secretly arrested by Chiang Kai-shek's authorities, and when He Xiangning learned of this, he braved the public security bureau alone and publicly scolded Chiang Kai-shek. The director of the public security bureau did not dare to resist and had to report it, and Chiang Kai-shek could not find out after learning about it, so he had to order the release of the person under pressure.
In 1935, He Yingqin signed the "He Mei Agreement", losing power and humiliating the country, and He Xiangning was sad and indignant after learning about it.
She ordered someone to give Chiang Kai-shek a gift, and after receiving it, Chiang Kai-shek did not dare to neglect to check it in person, and when she opened it, she saw an old dress with a poem on it: "Calling yourself a boy in vain, willing to be enslaved." Send mountains and rivers without war, and all the worlds will be ashamed. My women, may I die on the battlefield. Put me in your clothes and change your clothes! The sharp language made Chiang Kai-shek extremely embarrassed and self-conscious.
During the War of Resistance Against Japan, although He Xiangning had passed the age of Hua Jia, he still used his influence to run from all sides to support the rear.
She organized women to resist Japan and save their lives, and established the Chinese Women's Anti-Enemy Support Association. Published the "Letter to Women of the Chinese Women's Anti-Enemy Support Association", calling on "all the sisters who do not want to be slaves to the country, please hurry up, we have a strong contribution, we have money to pay, we can go to the battlefield, and those who can rescue and comfort the laborers will do the work of rescuing and consoling the laborers." ”
Collect money and materials to support the front, and also go to the front line to comfort the soldiers.
After the fall of Shanghai, He Xiangning went to Hong Kong and continued to organize overseas Chinese and international friends to support the anti-Japanese resistance. The transportation of medicines and equipment from Hong Kong to the base areas behind enemy lines greatly supported the War of Resistance.
After the victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, He Xiangning broke with Chiang Kai-shek's dictatorial government and sympathized with and supported the Chinese Communist Party.
In 1947, He Xiangning and Li Jishen organized the Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Revolutionary Party and actively opposed Chiang Kai-shek.
In April 1949, He Xiangning was invited to Beijing and was greeted by Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, and others at the railway station. In June, He Xiangning participated in the preparatory activities for the first CPPCC session of new China.
Since then, He Xiangning has been elected as a member of the Central People's Government, successively serving as a member of the Central Government, vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and honorary chairman of the All-China Women's Federation.
< h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > a grand celebration of the memorial service</h1>
From becoming a member of the League in 1905 to serving in the government after the founding of New China, he made outstanding contributions to the Chinese revolution in a revolutionary career spanning half a century, and He Xiangning was also treated with courtesy by New China.
Zhou Enlai and Deng Yingchao also had a deep relationship with her, Zhou Enlai knew Liao Zhongkai and He Xiangning during the Whampoa Military Academy, and had a personal relationship, Deng Yingchao also called He Xiangning "mother", and He Xiangning's children called Zhou Enlai "Brother".
In August 1972, when He Xiangning was seriously ill and hospitalized, Zhou Enlai went to visit him, and she asked him not to be cremated. New China advocated cremation, and at the initiative of Zhou Enlai, many national leaders signed petitions for voluntary cremation.
He Xiangning was worried that Zhou Enlai would be embarrassed, so he explained that this was because he had agreed with her husband to "live together and die in the same cave." After Liao Zhongkai was assassinated, he was buried in the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, and He Xiangning hoped to be buried with him after his death.
Zhou Enlai was deeply touched after listening to this, and considering He Xiangning's great contributions to the country and his sincere feelings with her husband, Zhou Enlai promised: "On behalf of Chairman Mao and the Party Central Committee, I agree to your request, rest assured." ”
On September 1, 1972, He Xiangning passed away at the age of 94.
On September 5, he Xiangning, from all walks of life in Beijing, held a solemn memorial meeting.
The memorial service was held in the Great Hall of the People, presided over by Zhu De, chairman of the National People's Congress, and Delivered a eulogy by Song Qingling, He Xiangning's comrade-in-arms and friend for many years and vice president of the state.
Soong Ching Ling reviewed He Xiangning's revolutionary course and commented on He Xiangning in his eulogy: "Ms. He Xiangning is Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary comrade-in-arms, Liao Zhongkai's revolutionary companion, close comrade-in-arms of the Communist Party of China, and outstanding representative of the kuomintang revolutionary faction... Ms. He Xiangning's life is a life of revolution and a life of fighting. ”
Attending the memorial service were Song Qingling, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Deng Yingchao, Dong Biwu, Ye Jianying, and other party and state leaders.
There are also members of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, standing members of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, responsible persons of relevant departments of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, organs of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and responsible persons of the All-China Women's Federation, as well as more than 500 cadres of organs and mass representatives.
Chairman Mao, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Song Qingling, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, Liu Bocheng, Nie Rongzhen, the Central Military Commission, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the State Council, and the United Front Work Department of the CPC Central Committee sent wreaths.
At the same time, flags were flown to half-mast in Tiananmen Square, Xinhuamen, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other places. This is an extremely rare mourning treatment in New China.
Before 1990, there were only 20 leaders in New China who lowered the flag to half-mast to mourn, and He Xiangning was the fourth person, whose status was evident.
On September 6, his coffin was transported by special car to Nanjing and was buried with Liao Zhongkai at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing. Ye Jianying, Li Xiannian and others went to the station to send the coffin, and their sons And daughters Liao Chengzhi, Liao Mengxing, Deng Yingchao and other escorted the coffin along.
On the afternoon of the same day, a burial ceremony was held at the cemetery of Mr. Liao Zhongkai, and more than 300 cadres and people from Nanjing participated in the ceremony.
He Xiangning's life was a life dedicated to the country.
She was originally a rich lady, and later accompanied her husband Liao Zhongkai in the revolution of Sun Yat-sen, the father of the country. Sun Yat-sen and Liao Zhongkai died one after another, but she still insisted on the original intention of the revolution.
He has made great contributions to the success of the Chinese revolution and the founding of New China, and has also won the respect of the state, and his glorious life is worth commemorating.