In 632 BC, Duke Wen of Jin severely damaged the Chu army at the Battle of Chengpu, blocking the chu state's pace of encroaching on the Central Plains and gaining the status of hegemon. In the following decades, it gradually formed a form of hegemony in the Jin dynasty. In 613 BC, King Zhuang of Chu succeeded to the throne, and in the face of the aggressive posture of the Jin state, he could only lament: "When the first king was in power, the Jin Dynasty did not cut down Chu. and the lonely body, and jin fa chu, is the lonely fault. The masters saw that the king was so miserable, and they also argued with each other: "When the first subjects are present, jin will not cut chu." The body of the present minister, and the Jin Dynasty Chu, the sin of this subject is also. King Chu Zhuang was greatly moved, and he stood up in tears to thank the doctors. Since then, the Chu state has worked hard to govern and become stronger and stronger.
At this time, although the Jin state experienced the abuse of linggong, it was still strong under the governance of Zhao Dun, the secretary of zhengqing. In 606 BC, king Zhuang of Chu attacked Lu Hun Zhi Rong and Chen Bing Luoyang, causing people to enter the Zhou Dynasty and ask the weight of Jiuding, which shocked Zheng Guo to submit. In the same year, Jin Chenggong succeeded to the throne, jin shi cut Zheng, Zheng Guo fell to the side of Jin guo, and in the summer, King Zhuang of Chu also led troops to attack Zheng, which made Zheng Guo miserable. Two years later, the Chu army invaded the State of Zheng again, and the Jin army warned the State of Chu by attacking the State of Chen. In 600 BC, the Princes of the Jin Dynasty Were allied with Yu Hu, and Chen Guo was afraid of the Chu State and did not dare to go to the Hui League. Therefore, The Duke of Jincheng ordered The Duke of Jincheng to lead the division to cut down Chen, and the King of Chu Zhuang also led the army to cut down Zheng accordingly, and finally the Jin-Zheng coalition army defeated the Chu division in the land of Liuzhuo. Everyone in Zheng Guo was overjoyed, and only Zi Liang said worriedly: "It is the disaster of the country, and I will die without a day!" ”
The "Jin-Chu Struggle for Hegemony" in the Spring and Autumn Period
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > the Chu state once again cut Zheng, and the Jin army wandered</h1>
In 599 BC, Duke Cheng of Jin died, and his son Duke Jing of Jin just succeeded to the throne, and the State of Zheng fell to the State of Chu, for which the State of Jin led the princes to attack Zheng. King Zhuang of Chu once again led troops to attack, and the Jin generals would expel the Chu division to the land of Yingbei. The successive defeats frustrated the Chu people, but the King of Chu Zhuang refused to give up, and in the spring of the following year, when the Jin army was retreating, the Chu army attacked Zheng again. At this time, the Zheng people finally saw their own situation: it turned out that both Jin and Chu used Zheng Guo as a buffer zone for a struggle, and the two sides fought indirectly by crusading zhengzhou in order to avoid direct war. Therefore, Zi Liang suggested to Zheng Guoren: "Jin and Chu do not do morality but fight with each other, and those who come from it can also be." Jin and Chu have no faith, and I have faith. Therefore, he refused to hold out for Jin's aid, but directly submitted to the Chu state, in order to force the Jin army to directly compete with the Chu army.
Who knew that the Jin State was busy fighting the Di people in the north and failed to take care of the war in the south. Therefore, "Zheng was both allied with Chenling and was troubled by Jin", and this small country tried to provoke a dispute between the two great powers in order to avoid the pain of military chaos. In the spring of 597 BC, King Zhuang of Chu besieged Zheng again, and the Zheng people decided whether to hold on through Bu Zheng, but the result was that the surrender was unlucky, so Zheng Guo asked for help from the Jin state while holding out.
After receiving the news, the Jin people did not send troops for a long time. Jin Jinggong had just finished guarding his father's funeral, and the state affairs were initially decided, and he had to get involved in the war in the south, and he seemed to be unable to do so. It dragged on until June, when Duke Jing of Jin ordered Xun Lin's father to send the Chinese army to the army first; the soldiers would go to the army, and Zhao Shuo would go down to rescue Zheng Guo. The Jin army had just arrived at the Yellow River, and the news of Zheng Guo's surrender came.
It turned out that the Zheng people had been holding out for three months, and there were no reinforcements for a long time, and under the poverty, Zheng Xianggong had to lead the sheep and go out of the city to surrender to the King of Chuzhuang. King Zhuang of Chu was magnanimous, personally released Zheng Xianggong, and ordered a retreat of seven miles. The people on the left and right all discouraged them, saying: "There is no pardon for the country" and requested the annexation of Zheng Guo. However, King Zhuang of Chu did not agree, and still agreed to Zheng Guoren's request to negotiate peace and restore his society.
King Zhuang of Chu conquered the Central Plains
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="9" > the Jin army hesitated, and the Chu army had no intention of fighting</h1>
After hearing that King Zhuang of Chu refused to destroy the State of Zheng, the chief general of the Jin Dynasty would praise it: "The Chu army begs Zheng, angers him and mourns his humility, rebels and cuts it down, serves and gives it up, and the punishment of virtue is accomplished." He believes that now that the Chu people are straight and strong, and the Jin army is late to help, since Zheng Chu has signed a contract, then there is no need to continue to move forward, it is better to "see what can be advanced, and retreat in spite of difficulties", and return the whole army to wait for the future.
Who knew that the Chinese general Xianyi did not agree, believing that the reason why the Jin state dominated the world was by force. Now he can't save Zheng because he is ineffective; he can't attack Chu, it is for him not to be armed, he claims, "It is better for me to lose my hegemony than to die." "Thinking that sending troops to the rescue, but retreating because of hearing that the enemy country is strong, this is a timid act that will make the Jin state lose face." So Xian Hub led the Chinese army across the Yellow River without authorization.
Han Yue saw that Xian Hub had already crossed the river, so he said to the commander Xun Lin's father: If Xian Hub is defeated, then you as the commander, you will be guilty of a great crime. First, it is impossible to defeat the enemy, and second, it is not possible to restrain the subordinates, rather than this, it is better to march forward, even if the battle is lost, it is also the collective responsibility of everyone, and will not give all the blame to the commander. Xun Lin's father saw that the situation was already like this, so he had to order the march. When his younger brother Xun Shou found out, he felt very worried, and in the Zhou Yi, it is said: "The division is out of the law, but not Zang is fierce", xian Hu violated the military law, Xun Lin's father not only could not restrain him, but also followed him across the river to advance, violating the combat principles in the Zhou Yi, "Although it is spared, there will be great blame." ”
The Chu people were preparing to strike and return to China, when they suddenly heard that the Jin army had crossed the Yellow River, and they were very shocked. King Zhuang of Chu wanted to avoid the Jin army and return to China by road, but Wu Shan resolutely took the main station; Ling Yin Sun Shu'ao did not want to fight, he said: "In the past, I entered Chen, and now I enter Zheng, and it is not without trouble." Battle without victory, the meat of ginseng is enough to eat? Wu Shan sneered and said, "If the matter is successful, Uncle Sun is unscrupulous; if it is not successful, the meat of the ginseng is in the Jin Army, can it be eaten?" Sun Shu'ao still decided to return to China, causing the soldiers to rebel. Wu saw the situation and hurriedly analyzed the situation with King Zhuang of Chu, saying: Xun Lin's father had just been appointed as the chief general and had not been able to carry out the order; The upper commanders of the Jin army were all independent, and everyone was at a loss, so they would lose every battle. Moreover, the king of Chuzhuang was a king, and Xun Lin's father was a subject, "If a king flees from a subject, what if sheji is there?" The king of Chuzhuang was moved by him, and urgently ordered Sun Shu'ao to return to the rut and wait in a strict position. Seeing that the Jin army was approaching, all the generals asked to fight, but Zi Zhong dissuaded him: "Jin, a big country, Wang Shi is drowning in illness, please do not allow it." But king Zhuang of Chu replied:
"The weak are mighty, and the strong are invincible, so that the widow cannot stand in the world?"
Thinking that bullying the soft and afraid of the hard is not the hegemon's style of behavior, it is better to stay here first and see how the Jin army moves.
The two armies faced each other, and a major battle was about to break out
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="20" > Zheng people stirred up dissension, and the war finally broke out</h1>
The Jin army was stationed in Ao Di and did not take the initiative to attack; The Zheng people emperor envoys into the Jin army and said to the Jin people: "Zheng Zhi is from Chu, and the reason for sheji is also not in the heart." The Chu division suddenly won and was proud, its division was old, not equipment, the son struck, the Zheng master was the inheritor, and the Chu division would be defeated. ”
After listening to it first, he thought that the fighter plane had come, and since the Zheng people were willing to cooperate, then "defeat Chu obeyed Zheng, and here he was", and asked Father Xun Lin to agree. Luan Shu quoted Hu Yan's famous saying that "the division is straight and strong, and the qu is old", the Chu state cut Zheng, Zheng obeyed and gave it up, and now the Chu army will return to China, the Jin army cannot rescue it, but it still has to provoke war, this is Chu Zhi Jin Qu, can not be said to be old. Secondly, Zheng Guo's important minister Zi Liang has already entered the Chu State as a hostage, which shows that Zheng Chu has become intimate, and the calculation of the Zheng people is to "come to persuade me to fight, I will come, I will not go back, and I will bu ye", so do not promise the Zheng people. In the Zhao family, Zhao Kuo and Zhao Tong protected Xianyi, while Zhao Shuo believed that he should follow Luan Shu's advice.
After the two armies confronted each other for a while, the State of Chu sent emissaries to tell the Jin people that this trip was only to make Zheng Guo submit, "How dare you ask for sin against the Jin", and advised the Jin people to strike and return to China to avoid the scourge of war. The Jin Generals' Association also said politely: "The widow made the courtiers ask Zhu Zheng, how dare they insult the Hou people", showing a friendly attitude. Most of the people on both sides were restrained and desperately wanted to avoid war. Who knew that XianYi had asked Zhao Kuo to change the reply of the Shihui, saying that the Jin army was coming to expel the Chu army from the State of Zheng, and the provocation was very serious.
King Zhuang of Chu sent people to negotiate peace with the Jin army, and the Jin people Xu Zhi knew that the peace talks had never been agreed. Therefore, the Chu general Xu Bo and others went to challenge the Jin people, cut down their military flags, and seized their good horses. The Jin generals Wei Kun and Zhao Xuan also asked to go out to challenge, but the commander did not allow it, so they asked to be emissaries and got permission. The soldiers said worriedly: "The two regrets are in the past, and the fu will be defeated", believing that these two people are resolutely the main war faction, that this is not an envoy but a challenge, and that they should be prepared for battle in advance.
After Wei Kun and Zhao Xuan arrived at the Chu army camp, they launched a sneak attack, but they were unexpectedly discovered by the Chu people. The Chu general Pan Dang pursued and killed Wei Kun, and the King of Chu Zhuang also expelled Zhao Xuan, and the Jin people, fearing that the Second General would be captured, sent troops to rescue them; the Chu people were worried that King Zhuang was caught in the enemy position, so they also mobilized en masse, and the great war broke out suddenly. When Uncle Sun saw the situation, he immediately ordered the three armies to say, "Enter it." Rather I thin people, no one thin me! So the Chu people took advantage of the fact that the Jin people were still hesitating, and directly took the initiative to attack and kill. In the face of the sudden outbreak of war, the Jin army seemed helpless, there were enemies chasing and killing, and then there was the Yellow River blocking, the main general Xun Lin father "did not know what to do", had to beat the drum in the army, said: "The first to help is rewarded", so the two armies of the Jin state were in chaos, the Chinese army and the lower army competed with each other for boats to cross the river to escape, and the boats were full of cut off fingers. King Chu Zhuang saw this and sighed, "Hey! If the two kings are not good to each other, what is the sin of the people? So he took the initiative to retreat and let the Jin people cross the river.
The soldier met with the Jin army in chaos and lost its order, believing that once the battle was fought, the whole army would definitely be destroyed, so he led the shang army to withdraw from the battlefield, and all the troops were defeated and retreated. At dusk, the Chu army was stationed in Wu, and the Jin army was still scrambling to cross the river, and the sound of crossing the river could be heard in the middle of the night.
After the fiasco, Xun Lin's father asked the Duke of Jin Jinggong to die, and the Duke of Jinjing pardoned him in view of the lesson of King Chu Cheng's killing of Ziyu. It was not until the following year that the Jin JingGong was held accountable for the crime of Xianyi, and the clan exterminated his family.
The battle suddenly began, causing the Jin people to panic
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="30" >Why does "Spring and Autumn" praise the Chu state and satirize the Jin state? </h1>
The day after the Battle of Wu, the Chu people cleaned up the battlefield, and pan dang suggested that the corpses of the Jin army be collected and built into a jingguan as a way to show off their martial arts to future generations. King Zhuang of Chu said, "Fei Er knows it." Fu Wen, Stop Ge for Wu", believes that the connotation of martial arts lies in the prohibition of violence, yan bing, Bao Da, Ding Gong, An Min, He Zhong, and Feng Cai, rather than simply killing and plundering. Although the State of Chu fought a victorious battle, King Zhuang said, "Now I have made the two kingdoms violent, violent; watching the troops to threaten the princes, the soldiers will not be killed." "Moreover, the Jin state was only defeated, not destroyed, and if the bones of the Jin people were piled up into a mountain of earth to boast of force, then the hatred between the two countries would deepen in the future, and there would never be a day of peace."
In the "Spring and Autumn Prosperity", there is such a discussion: Someone asked Dong Zhongshu to say that the "Spring and Autumn" was full of barbarians in the summer and outside, and Chu was the country of Yidi, but at the time of the Battle of Qiu, the "Spring and Autumn" and "Zuo Zhuan" both emphasized Chu Zhi and Jin Qu on the side, why is this? Dong Zhongshu replied that the Spring and Autumn Period had no general words, and in this war, "Jin became Yidi, and Chu became a gentleman, so he moved his words to follow his affairs." Barbarian Huaxia is not a simple concept of geography, descent, and nationality, but also needs to take into account morality.
The king of Chuzhuang fought Zheng and gave it up, which has a valuable beauty; the Jin people did not rescue their allies in time, pretended to send troops and wandered in, and after Zheng Guoli surrendered, in order to save face, he took the initiative to provoke a war, "This has no good heart, and the intention of saving the people is light." Therefore, the Spring and Autumn Period does not hide the moral shortcomings of the Jin state because of the view of the barbarian Huaxia, and condemns the Jin people as Huaxia people but doing yidi things by "shifting their words to follow their affairs", which is deeply admonished by future generations.