Sima Yao , Emperor Xiaowu of jin , courtesy name Changming , ( 361 – November 6 , 396 ) was the ninth emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty , reigning from 372 to 396. He was the third son of Emperor Wen of Jin, the father of Emperor An of Jin and Emperor Gong of Jin, and his mother Li Lingrong.
Biography
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin was made the Prince of Huiji when he was four years old, and in 372 he was made crown prince, and in the same year Emperor Jianwen of Jin died, and he succeeded to the throne at the age of 11. The following year, the name of the year was Ningkang. Initially, it was regent by the Empress. At the age of 14 (376), he began to be pro-government and changed his era name to Taiyuan. In that year, he reformed the method of collecting taxes, abandoning the method of collecting taxes based on the amount of land, and changing it to collecting rice and three rice for each person below the prince, and those in service did not pay taxes. In addition, during his reign he tried to strengthen the power and position of the emperor. In 383, Qin attacked jin and tried to destroy jin, and the Jin army won a great victory in the Battle of Shuishui.
During the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin, due to tax reform and Xie An's reign, it was called the revival of the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty; however, after Xie An's death, Sima Daozi was in charge of the state, and Emperor Xiaowu of Jin was drunk, and the Book of Jin said that "there are few days to wake up" and indecisive, resulting in the political situation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty falling into chaos again.
Emperor Xiaowu of Jin joked to Zhang Guiren, who was favored at the time, "You are almost thirty years old, and you should be abandoned according to your age", which led to Zhang Guiren killing him in anger that night. He was buried in Longping Mausoleum in present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu Province.
Dedicated to government
In the third year of Ningkang (375), the 14-year-old Sima Yao jiayuanfu officially came to the pro-government of the dynasty, changing the era name to Taiyuan and xie an as an auxiliary government. In the spring of the third year of Taiyuan (378), the emperor moved to the residence of the Huiji King. In the first three years of pro-government, he reformed the method of collecting taxes, abandoning the method of collecting taxes based on the amount of land, and instead collecting rice and three hus for each person below the prince, and those in service did not pay taxes, which was called the revival of the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, later Emperor Xiaowu became an alcoholic, and the Book of Jin said that "there are few days to wake up" and indecisive, which led to the political situation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty falling into chaos again. In August of the same year that Sima Yao was pro-government, he created his empress Dowager Wang Fahui. Wang Fahui was the daughter of Taishou Wang Yun, three years older than Sima Yao. When the empress was first proposed, everyone agreed that the royal family had a good reputation, and the daughters raised must also be soft in temperament, complete in all four virtues, and able to mother the world. However, this empress dowager disappointed everyone, not only was she arrogant and jealous, but also drunk, rude, misbehaving, especially good at pretending to be crazy with wine, making Sima Yao's harem chicken dog restless. Sima Yao was so distressed that he had to ask his father-in-law Wang Yun for help and complain about his experience in such a way. Wang Yun was terrified, and he did not want to go, and took off his hat to apologize to his son-in-law, the emperor, after which Wang Fahui slightly relented. Five years later, the 21-year-old Empress Wang died of illness, nicknamed "Empress Ding", and was buried in Longping Mausoleum. The 18-year-old Emperor Xiaowu finally regained his freedom.
The Battle of Shuishui
Sima Yao, emperor of the Xiaowu Dynasty, was one of the more accomplished emperors of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the 24 years that he became emperor, the Jin Dynasty appeared somewhat rejuvenated, and once created a miracle in military history, the "Battle of Shuishui". In the eighth year of the Taiyuan Dynasty (383), Former Qin Jianjian (司苻健) "Shuai Zhongdu Huai, (Sima Yao) sent the capital Xie Shi, the champion general Xie Xuan, the auxiliary general Xie Yan, and the General Huan Yi of Xizhonglang to equal distances. "The generals and jian jian fought in the fat water, broke it, captured tens of thousands of people, and obtained the jian yu (car driving, mostly by the son of heaven) and the mica car (ridden by the empress)."
The Battle of Shuishui is a famous battle in Chinese history, which took place from August to December in the eighth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (383). Former Qin Jian issued an edict and attacked Jin in a big way, trying to destroy it, so the Battle of Shuishui broke out. Jian Jian personally led 600,000 infantry, 270,000 cavalry, 30,000 Yulin Lang (Janissaries), a total of 900,000 troops from Chang'an south, stretching thousands of miles, land and water, only 10,000 grain ships. At the same time, Jian Jian also ordered Zi Tong Taishou Pei Yuan to lead 70,000 sailors from Bashu down the river to the east and march to Jiankang. Jian Jian arrogantly declared, "Throw your whip at the river with your might, and cut off its flow." This is the origin of the famous allusion "throwing whips and breaking the flow". The total strength of the Eastern Jin Dynasty to the north to resist the Qin army was only 80,000, under the auspices of the prime minister Xie An, with Xie Shi as the governor and Xie Xuan as the forward, and the main army was the world-famous Beifu soldiers. The capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Jiankang (present-day Nanjing), was located in Guangling (present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu) north of Jiankang, so it was called the military capital of Beifu.
At that time, the 300,000 soldiers of the Qin army's forward, Gong Jian's brother Zhi Rong, first arrived at Yingkou (present-day Yingshang County, Anhui), and the Qin army won the initial battle, and Xiang Rong captured Shouyang (present-day Shou County, Anhui), at the same time, murong Chui of the Qin army captured Yuncheng (郧城, in modern Yun County, Hubei). Moreover, the retreat route of Hu Bin, a rescue army sent by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was cut off, and his regiment was surrounded at Jiaoshi (硖石, southwest of present-day Fengtai, Anhui). Xiang Rong quickly sent a letter to Jian Jian and said, "There are few enemies and it is easy to capture, but I am worried about escaping, please quickly send a large army over." Seeing the great joy of the letter, Jian Jian destroyed the Eastern Jin Dynasty, left a large army at Xiangcheng, and rushed to Shouyang with eight thousand light horses. At this time, both Jian Jian and Zhi Rong thought that the Eastern Jin Dynasty was already the meat of the sword, so they sent the former Eastern Jin Dynasty Taishou Zhu Xu to persuade them to surrender. Zhu Xu was originally a defender of Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in 378 AD, Jian Jian sent a large army to besiege the city of Xiangyang, Zhu Xu stubbornly resisted and held out for a year, Zhu Xu went out of the city many times to fight, and repeatedly broke the Qin army. Later, Zhu Shubu secretly sent Li Bohu to send a letter to qin jun, willing to do the internal response. Jian Jian sent troops to intensify the siege of the city. After the city was destroyed, Jian Jian did not kill him, but stayed by his side and reused it.
Zhu Xu went to Xie Xuan's camp and completely and entrusted the deployment of the Qin army. He also suggested that the Qin army should attack quickly while it was not fully assembled. Xie Shi originally planned to stick to no battle, but after listening to Zhu Xu's words, he changed his operational policy and decided to take the initiative to attack. In November, Xie Xuan sent Liu Gaozhi with 5,000 elite troops to Luojian (in present-day eastern Huainan, Anhui), and the Qin general Liang Cheng led 50,000 troops to garrison Luojian. Liu Gaozhi dared to cross Luoshui with 5,000 soldiers to attack the opponent's 50,000 horses, and the Qin army was actually killed and killed 15,000 people, and the Qin general Liang Cheng was also stabbed to death by Liu Chengzhi's burst into the battle. After this battle, more than 10 generals of the Qin army were killed.
After Luo Jian's great victory, the confidence of the Jin army was doubled. Xie Shi continued to march on land and water, reaching the east bank of Shuishui (淝水, in present-day Nanwabu Lake, Shou County, Anhui), and set up a large camp on the side of Bagong Mountain to confront the Qin army in Shouyang. Because the Qin army was tightly positioned on the west bank of the Shuishui River and was guarding the Shuishui, the Jin army could not cross the river. The disparity in the balance of forces between the two sides did not allow the Jin army to fight a protracted war of attrition, and when the Qin army's 900,000 troops gathered, this battle would not be easy to fight. At this time, Xie Xuan sent emissaries to see Xiang Rong and asked the Qin army to retreat slightly and make a space so that the two sides could decide to lose or lose. Jian Jian believed that the army should retreat slightly, and when the Jin army was halfway across the river, it would charge with cavalry, so that victory could be achieved. Gong Rong also agreed with Jian Jian's plan, so he agreed to Xie Xuan's request and commanded the Qin army to retreat. This was originally a normal tactical retreat, but the morale of the Qin soldiers was low, and as a result, they lost control as soon as they retreated, and the position was chaotic. Xie Xuan led more than 8,000 cavalry to take advantage of the situation to rush across the water and attack the Qin army. At this time, Zhu Xu took advantage of the situation behind the battle and shouted, "The Qin army has lost!" The Qin army was defeated! "Many of the Qin army were forcibly conscripted into the army, and they were composed of multiple nationalities, each pregnant with a ghost fetus, and people's hearts were inherently unstable. Coupled with the fiasco that had just suffered a crushing defeat at luojian, Zhu Xu thought that he had really lost, and became more and more panicked, scrambling for his life, causing hundreds of thousands of troops to flee like a landslide and abandon their armor. Xie Xuan and others took advantage of the victory to pursue them until Qinggang (青冈, in modern Shouyang, 30 miles west). The Qin army heard the wind and cranes, and they all thought that the Jin army was chasing after them, so they camped in a hurry and did not dare to stop. At this time, Jian Jian was hit by a stray arrow again, and fled north on a single horse, while Zhu Xu took advantage of the chaos and defected to the Jin camp. This war is a famous example in Chinese history in which the few win more and the weak defeat the strong, and has left famous historical allusions and idioms for future generations. For example, "throwing whips to break the flow", "the wind and the crane", "on the Bagong Mountain, the grass and trees are soldiers", etc., have always been popular among the population. The most important significance of this war is that it defined the pattern of long-term division during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Later, Liu Yu (the founding emperor of Liu Song) of the Southern Dynasty invaded Chang'an in 417, but could not stay long. Hou Jing, a general of the Northern Dynasty, also attacked Liang (Emperor Wu of Liang of the Liang Dynasty) in the south, and in 548 he attacked Jiankang, but was soon killed by his subordinates, and both the north and the south failed to unify the country. It was not until 589, when The Sui Emperor Yang Jian unified the country, and 206 years had passed since the Battle of Shuishui.
Joke kills
Although Sima Yao was a monarch who devoted himself to state affairs and reused his virtuous subjects, he was also an alcoholic. The history books say that he often drank all night, and in Hualin Garden (now in the Nangutai City of Jimingshan, Nanjing), he even held up a toast to the Taibai Venus that crossed the air: "Long star, persuade Ru to have a glass of wine, since ancient times, how can there be a long life of heavenly evil!" ”。 In September of the twenty-first year of the Taiyuan Dynasty (396), Sima Yao drank with his beloved Zhang Guiren in the Palace's Qingxia Hall, and Sima Yao, who had poured more yellow soup, was already seven points drunk, and asked Zhang Guiren to accompany him to drink. Zhang Guiren was already drunk and tried his best to thank him. Sima Yao's face was sullen, and he half-truth and half-falsely launched a drunken madness: "You were only named a noble person because of your beauty, and now you are nearly 30 years old, your beauty is not as good as before, and you have no children, and you occupy the name of a nobleman, tomorrow I will abolish you and choose another new person." Speaking of this, he vomited again, spraying Zhang Guiren's head all over his body. Before this, he was his queen queen, who vomited on him after drinking heavily, and now he spits out a noble person, which can also be regarded as a vent of anger. Then, Sima Yao was drunk and fell into a deep sleep. In fact, Sima Yao just drank a little more wine, instinctively said a joke, and did not expect to be killed. Sima Yao's wine talk was nothing short of a thunderbolt on a sunny day for Zhang Guiren. Since Zhang Guiren was favored, she had never been so reprimanded and humiliated; she was jealous, and as the saying goes, "spit out the truth after drinking", not to mention That Sima Yao was lustful, she naturally preferred to believe in the emperor's words than believe in nothing. Thinking that his years of careful service would be exchanged for the end of being beaten into the cold palace or even given to death, he suddenly became murderous.
So she summoned her confidant palace maid, took advantage of Sima Yao's sleep, moved a few large quilts, for a long time, Sima Yao was not dead, and then struggled again, the two palace women moved a large stone, smashed it, Sima Yao fainted, and then pressed it with a stone, and covered The Emperor Sima who was still sleeping alive. Historical records do not say that Sima Yao was killed by the noble lady of the palace with a quilt. The Book of Jin, Volume XI, contains that "he was killed by Zhang Guiren. The Book of Jin, Volume IX, says that "When Zhang Guiren was favored and lost in the years, the emperor said: 'Ru Yi nian should be abolished.'" 'The noble man was angry, and the emperor was drunk, and he collapsed violently. "After Sima Yao's death, Emperor Xiaowu of Tan. Temple number Liezong. He was buried with Empress Xiaowuding at Longping Mausoleum (present-day Meihua Mountain, Zhongshan, Nanjing).
Poor and innocent Emperor Sima only made a small joke after drinking, and lost the life of an emperor who had been cultivated for several lifetimes, which became a strange talk of thousands of years.
It is said that the next day, Zhang Guiren lied that the emperor "collapsed" in his sleep, and was able to hide the sky and cross the sea. It is said that Zhang Guiren knew that he had committed a heinous crime, so he bribed Sima Yuanxian and his right and left with heavy gold, and sure enough, its effect was like a god, and Sima Yuanxian did not pursue the death of his uncle. The new emperor Sima Dezong was an idiot who couldn't even understand whether he had enough to eat, and of course it was impossible to ask any questions. Soon, Zhang Guiren took advantage of the chaos in the palace and fled with gold and silver (and to harm people again).
Introduction to the birth mother
Sima Yao's mother was the palace maid "Kunlun". The emperors of the two Jin Dynasties had problems with having offspring. Emperor Xiaowu's father, Emperor Jianwen, was in trouble. Emperor Jianwen originally had several sons, but they all died prematurely. Then the harem concubines became infertile. The official said that there should be a lowly palace maid who could give birth to three sons and a daughter for the royal family, and all of them could thrive. So the emperor got out all the palace ladies who washed and cooked and swept the floor, one by one. The last dark-skinned textile palace girl named "Kunlun" stood out. Although the appearance really did not dare to compliment, Emperor Jianwen had to accept her as a concubine for the sake of "grand plan", and it was this black woman who later gave birth to Sima Yao.
In fact, Sima Yao was also very unfortunate, his mother was strange and ugly, known as "Kunlun Nu"; his ex-wife was extremely fierce, not to mention alcohol, and would beat people (the emperor); and the most favored Zhang Guiren wanted his 35-year-old life. History is such a helplessness.