On August 15, 1945, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, and the fourteen-year-long War of Resistance Against Japan finally ended, and the Chinese people who had suffered from the war urgently needed peace to recuperate, heal the wounds of war, and rebuild their homes. However, the Chiang Kai-shek clique, which represents the interests of the big landlords and big capitalists, is exercising dictatorial rule and is eager to stir up a large-scale civil war.
At the end of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army led by the Communist Party of China established 19 liberated areas in Shaanxi,Gansu,Sui, Jin-Cha-Ji, JiReliao, Shandong,and Central China, and had an army of more than 1 million, concentrated in East China, North China and other places. Although the Kuomintang army had more than 5 million troops, of which more than 1 million were still all American armaments and equipment, as well as a considerable number of naval and air forces, these troops were shrunk in the southwest region, and it was difficult to quickly accept the surrender of the Japanese army and recover the lost land.
In order to swallow the fruits of victory alone, Chiang Kai-shek issued orders to the commanders of the various theaters to instigate the puppet army to turn to support the Kuomintang government, to take advantage of the good lines of communication in the important cities of the occupied areas under their control, and to refuse any army to take over their defense zones without his orders.
At Chiang Kai-shek's request, Wei Demai, chief of staff of the Allied Chinese Theater, concentrated all U.S. military and civilian aircraft in China and India, helped Chiang Kai-shek transport troops, and airlifted the Kuomintang Army's New Sixth Army from Yunnan to Nanjing at the first time. In addition, Chiang Kai-shek asked MacArthur and the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Nimitz, to send a part of the warships of the Seventh Fleet, as well as the Tenth Air Wing and the Fourteenth Air Wing, to help the Nationalist army transport troops and seize various strategic points.
Although Chiang Kai-shek's action was rapid, the transfer of his main forces from the southwest and northwest regions to various battlefields throughout the country could not be completed in a short period of time, and the strategic situation of the whole country at that time was unfavorable to the Kuomintang army. In order to buy time to plan for the civil war and deceive the masses of the people, Chiang Kai-shek, at the behest of the United States and the suggestions of some politicians, while relying on the United States to actively prepare for war, also pretended to be "peaceful," played the sign of "peace," and staged a farce of fake peace and real civil war.
On August 14, 1945, Chiang Kai-shek sent the first telegram to Chairman Mao: Wan Qian, Yan'an. Mr. Mao Zedong's Honorary Appreciation: The surrender of the Wokou and the permanent peace in the world can be expected to be realized, and all kinds of important issues at home and abroad need to be solved urgently.
Because Chiang Kai-shek's intentions were unclear, Chairman Mao did not give a clear intention in his August 16 callback. However, on August 20 and August 23, Chiang Kai-shek sent a second and third telegram to Chairman Mao, one after another, one more sincerely than the other, all asking Chairman Mao to go to Chongqing to make arrangements with him, and Chiang Kai-shek expressed his hope for the peaceful settlement of domestic disputes, otherwise the Chinese nation would be in great danger.
In fact, Chiang Kai-shek did not have the sincerity to conduct peace negotiations, and the reason why Chiang Kai-shek did this was because he knew that Chairman Mao was well versed in history and could not possibly not know the story of the Hongmen banquet during the Chu-Han war, so he felt that Chairman Mao would be afraid of Chiang Kai-shek's powerful military strength and would certainly not come to Chongqing to attend the Hongmen banquet. In this way, Chiang Kai-shek can make it clear to the people that the Communist Party does not want peace, and in this way, the Communist Party will lose the support of the Soviet Union in the international arena and the people's hearts at home, and in order to survive, it can only be forced to submit to Chiang Kai-shek.
Chiang Kai-shek sent three telegrams in succession, and after receiving a clear reply, he was very happy in his heart, and he felt that the Japanese had been defeated by him, and his prestige in the whole country had reached its peak. As long as he defeats the Communist Party, he will have no worries, but he is wrong!
In fact, for Chiang Kai-shek's thoughts, Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou and other revolutionaries of the older generation are like mirrors, they have been dealing with Chiang Kai-shek for decades, and they know Chiang Kai-shek's mental method too well. Finally, for the sake of achieving peace, democracy, and unity at home, Chairman Mao resolutely decided to accept Chiang Kai-shek's invitation and go deep into the Tiger's Den! He believes in "going" so that he can take full initiative. At the same time, Mao Zedong also made the worst plan, that is, if the biggest concession was not enough, he would "prepare to sit in the shift room" and "if it is house arrest, then don't be afraid, it is to do something there." ”
Chairman Mao was a far-sighted politician, well aware of Chiang Kai-shek's personality and conduct, and knew that his trip was likely to lead to no return. Therefore, before leaving, Chairman Mao proposed to the Central Committee that Liu Shaoqi act as chairman of the Party Central Committee, and that the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee add Chen Yun and Peng Zhen as alternate secretaries, so that in the absence of Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai, the central decision-making organs could still operate efficiently. It turned out that the decision he made was entirely correct.
On August 24, 1945, the day after Chiang Kai-shek sent his third telegram, Chairman Mao gave a reply telegram: The telegram was recited and he was very pleased. The contemptible people are eager to meet with him and discuss the grand plan for peaceful nation-building. When the plane arrived, Comrade Enlai immediately went to Chongqing to enter the temple, and the brother also prepared to go to Chongqing immediately. There is a period of time for the church, and it is hereby restored.
After receiving the news that Chairman Mao was preparing to go to Chongqing for negotiations, the Nationalist Government was busy up and down, and the difficult problems raised by Chiang Kai-shek fell into his own hands, and he never dreamed that Chairman Mao would dare to take such a big risk. The Nationalist government did not make any preparations for the negotiations, so they were busy and began to think about how to negotiate.
On August 28, 1945, the Yan'an Airport on this day was also very lively, and the vicinity of the airport was crowded with people, and everyone looked at Chairman Mao and hoped that he would return safely as soon as possible. At 3:36 p.m. on August 28, 1945, the No. 476650 military plane on which Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai were riding landed at Chongqing Jiulongpo Airport. Mao Zedong, wearing a gray Napoleon hat and a Zhongshan suit, was the first to walk out of the cabin and wave to those present.
Chairman Mao's coming to Chongqing was a big deal, and he proved with his own practical actions the sincere desire of the Communists to seek peace, and people from all walks of life throughout the country were infected by Chairman Mao's actions, and the poet Liu Yazi wrote a poem praising Mao Zedong's action as "a great courage in the world."
43 days in Chongqing is not so easy to live. In the name of "protection," Chiang Kai-shek had the Gendarmerie Command send a platoon to Chairman Mao's residence. The guards were carefully selected by the Kuomintang authorities, who sent Mao Zedong's visits to Chiang Kai-shek daily in the form of "Work Dailys", daily by single-line traffic, through the Gendarmerie Command. In the name of ensuring the "security of negotiations", surveillance is carried out.
For chairman Mao's safety, Zhou Enlai sent his personal bodyguard, Long Feihu, to Chairman Mao's side and asked him to defend Chairman Mao's safety. Long Feihu dutifully and conscientiously waited in the living room every night, and he did not leave his gun or clothes, and he kept Chairman Mao for 43 days.
Chairman Mao also knew that these gendarmes had been sent by Chiang Kai-shek to monitor him, but he did not mind or reject them; chairman Mao would shake hands with the Kuomintang gendarmes stationed at Chairman Mao's residence, and greet them with a warm greeting, asking them how many people were in their families, what their names were, how the harvest was at home, and how they were doing well. Later, according to Long Zheng, the daughter of General Long Feihu, "These gendarmes who have shook hands with Chairman Mao will shed tears, and they will shed tears, and they will say to Chairman Mao that our commanders will either scold or beat us when they see us, and we have no idea that the communist party will come to shake hands with us, and they will also greet us with greetings and warm greetings, and our families will be related." ”
A gendarmerie battalion commander who was in charge of the gendarmerie platoon at that time was also very moved, and he said with tears to Chairman Mao's personal guard, Long Feihu: "Mr. Mao, such a great man is rare in the world. Although a small number of the gendarmes were agents of the military command, most of them admired Chairman Mao.
Lieutenant General Zhang Zhen, commander of the Kuomintang gendarmerie, graduated from the Huangpu Phase I, and during the most dangerous period of negotiations in Chongqing, he personally escorted Chairman Mao to his apartment and ordered his cronies, Cai Longren, the head of the Ninth Gendarmerie Regiment, to personally take charge of Chairman Mao's security work. After the Chongqing negotiations ended, Zhang Zhen personally sent the chairman to the airport and sent the chairman on the plane. Of course, there are still many people from the democratic parties who have also been infected by Chairman Mao's personality and charm and have actively cooperated with the Chongqing talks.