Since the founding of the Han Dynasty, the biggest enemy has been the Xiongnu in the north. In the early days, the Han Dynasty was still in a stage of poverty and waste. In the face of the Xiongnu's continuous "threshing grass", Liu Bang, the ancestor of Han Gao, initially adopted the strategy of using brute force to defeat barbarism and wanted to solve the frontier problem by force. However, after passing through the "Siege of Baideng", Han Gaozu realized that the enemy was strong and weak, and it was not appropriate to fight, so he immediately changed his strategy and adopted the art of Huaiju, satisfying the desires of the Xiongnu by sending princesses and relatives to lure them, and achieving the tranquility of peaceful coexistence.
During Lü Hou's reign, Mao Dundan yu handed over a humiliating courtship letter: "The empress dowager is widowed, the lonely king is widowed, the two phases are lonely, why not reconcile the two phases, and communicate with each other." "Roughly speaking, it means: I am a lonely king, growing up in a place where the wind blows grass and low cattle and sheep, and I want to visit the Central Plains. Now that You are a new widow, and I am single, we all belong to people with the same disease, depressed, the pain and boredom in my heart have nowhere to vent, I sincerely hope to be able to hold hands with you, shoulder to shoulder, heart to heart, from now on to the twilight of the long life, hand in hand to create a better future.
In the face of such a highly insulting "courtship letter", Fan Duo proposed to send troops to sweep up the Xiongnu, but Lü Hou finally listened to Ji Bu's advice, chose to swallow his anger, and then sent the princess with gold and silver jewelry and other dowry to fix his heart.
Lü Hou continued han Gaozu's approach and temporarily solved the problem of the Xiongnu. However, this superficially peaceful situation has always been unable to contain the momentum of the mountain rain and the wind. By the time of Emperor Wen of Han, the veil of harmony between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu had been torn, and the apparent peace had finally been completely broken.
At that time, Emperor Wen of Han still sent princesses and Shan Yu of the Xiongnu according to the rules set by Han Gaozu. In the sixth year of the reign of Emperor Wen of Han (174 BC), Mo Dun Shan Died of Illness, and his son Ji Congee succeeded to the throne, known as the old ShangDan Yu. When Emperor Wen learned of this, he immediately rationed the princess of the clan to Ji Congee. A seemingly joyful peace kiss was stirred up by a small person named BOC.
Emperor Wen of Han chose the eunuch Zhongxing As a retinue of the princess at that time, but Zhongxing said that he was not willing to be this laborious and unflattering emissary of flower protection, and clearly expressed this meaning to Emperor Wendi of Han. However, Emperor Wen of Han thought that his reasons were insufficient and had to let him complete this mission. The emperor's order could not be violated, and the Bank of China said that he had to go on the road in a complaint: "If you have to force me to go, you will definitely regret it." ”
Sure enough, soon Emperor Wen of Han regretted it. When the Bank of China talked about the Xiongnu, he immediately became a lackey of the Xiongnu, and he did his best to provoke things, constantly destroying the relations between the two sides, constantly provoking disputes between the two sides, and carrying out "anti-Han" with great fanfare.
He first taught the Xiongnu people ideologically not to be obsessed with the silk silk sent by the Han Dynasty, these are all external objects, things that consume people's will and erode people's thoughts, and ask them to rely on themselves, have enough food and clothing, and completely break the psychology of relying too much on the Han Dynasty. The second is to teach the Xiongnu to read and write, learn mathematics, physics and chemistry, and travel all over the world without fear, and teach them to use words to record the population and livestock situation, draw maps for marching and fighting, and so on. In short, under the instigation of the Bocq, the Huns soon became restless.
In the fourteenth year of Emperor Wen of Han (166 BC), the Xiongnu Shan Yu led more than 100,000 troops to invade the borders of the Han Dynasty, and the results were very fruitful. They not only captured Chaona and Xiaoguan, but also robbed a large number of people and livestock, and drove straight into Ganquan Palace.
No one will sin against me, I will not sin against me, but if anyone offends me, I will sin against him. This is the bottom line of Emperor Wendi's treatment of the frontier issue. Seeing that the Xiongnu had seriously touched the red line, he was furious and wanted to personally lead an army to counterattack, but no one could persuade him, and finally it was Empress Dou who personally intervened to stop Emperor Wen of Han's angry journey.
After that, the Xiongnu who tasted the sweetness became unscrupulous, often going in and out of the Border of the Han Dynasty to "thresh grass", of which Yunzhong County and Liaodong County became the hardest hit areas, and even the tragic scene of white bones exposed in the wild appeared.
A small eunuch provoked more than forty years of continuous conquest between the two countries, which Emperor Wen of Han would not have expected, and it was also incomprehensible to the Han people, and it was even more a matter that posterity lamented.
The country is easy to change, and the nature is difficult to move. By the time of the Han Jing Emperor, the Xiongnu were still going their own way, especially during the Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms, the Xiongnu sharpened their swords and prepared for a shocking counterattack against the Han Dynasty. As a result, before their knives could be sharpened, the rebellion was quelled, leaving their elaborate plan stillborn.
Subsequently, the clever Han Jing Emperor still adopted a policy of peace and affinity, extremely generously sending princesses and money to the Xiongnu, although the Xiongnu still did not die, but from then on, "when the small into the thief's side, there is no big Kou" .
By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu were like ghosts, unable to avoid, hide, or escape. At this time, Emperor Wu of Han was faced with the choice of war or peace with the Xiongnu. In the end, he chose to fight, and firmly fought to the end, a snow shame. This was also the second major move made by Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty after the ideological revolution.
If Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's ideological revolution was for the needs of governing and managing the country, then he firmly pacified the Xiongnu as the need to protect the country and strengthen the country. The reason why he dared to brave the world's great disobedience, abandon the policy of peace and pro-family that Han Gaozu had always handed down, and use force in another way.
Indeed, after the joint efforts of five generations and the adoption of a policy of recuperation, the Han Dynasty at this time had undergone earth-shaking changes, and its comprehensive national strength had leapt thousands of miles, with more grain, more money, more horses, more weapons, and more troops.
More grain solves the problem of eating, more money solves the problem of clothing, more horses solves the problem of travel, more weapons and more troops solve the problem of fighting wars. All in all, these five more together can solve the problem of war.
Just when Emperor Wu of Han was sharpening his sword and preparing for war, the Xiongnu seemed to smell the ominous atmosphere and took the initiative to throw an olive branch of "He". In the sixth year of Jianyuan (135 BC), Shan Yu of the Xiongnu sent emissaries to Chang'an to ask for peace with Emperor Wu of Han.
To this end, Emperor Wu of Han immediately held a court meeting to discuss the issue of not accepting peace. He did so for two purposes: on the one hand, he took the initiative to seek the opinions of his ministers and gained a good reputation for speaking widely; on the other hand, he measured the expectations of the ministers on the frontier issues and paved the way for his own military efforts to pacify the Huns.
After the discussion began, the last time Emperor Wu of Han held a debate for Dou Infant and Tian Jie, the atmosphere at the scene was very hot, and the discussion between the "main peace faction" and the "main war faction" was very hot.
First of all, The representative of the main war faction, Da Xing (equivalent to the current Minister of Foreign Affairs), Wang Hui made a speech. The reason why Wang Hui became a representative of the main war faction was because he had worked at the grassroots level for many years and often dealt with the Xiongnu, advocating the use of force to solve the Xiongnu problem as a deliberate measure.
Subsequently, Han Anguo, the representative of the Lord and The Sect, made a statement, stressing that instead of crossing the river by feeling the stones and risking a battle with the Huns on the blade, it was better to put down the butcher's knife and seek peace on the ground.
While the main battle, the other side of the main peace, relatively opposite, mirror each other. On the one hand, the drums of war rumbled, the iron bones were strong, and the spirit was full of vigor, as if they were talking and laughing, and in the flick of their fingers, the Xiongnu were in vain. On the one hand, the wind is gentle, the words are scorching, the lights are dimmed, it seems that between the full moon and the bright moon, the Great Han Dynasty can coexist peacefully with the Xiongnu forever.
The public said that the public was justified, and the mother said that the mother was reasonable, which made the chief judge, Emperor Wu of Han, very embarrassed. To this end, he decided to fully promote democracy and asked the ministers present to hold a "referendum". The results soon came out, with the few who supported Wang Hui and the majority who supported Han Anguo.
Seeing this result, Emperor Wudi of Han was very helpless, his original intention was to advocate the use of force, but at this time, the results of the "investigation of subject intentions" had already come out, and most of the ministers were still conservatives and were still willing to continue to follow the old line of peace and affection.
If this is the case, then bear with it, wait until the conditions are ripe, and talk about it when the east wind comes. After weighing the pros and cons and the weight of the matter, Emperor Wu of Han announced that he agreed with Han Anguo's opinion and continued to make peace.
The first confrontation between the main peace faction and the main war faction finally ended in the victory of the main peace faction, but the main war faction was like the seeds of revolution, although it was still a "spark of stars," but it became a "burning trend" that was inevitable for historical development.
Concealment and bearing weight is a double-edged sword, when the patience is intolerable and unable to bear the weight, that is, when things must be reversed. Sure enough, the peace relatives of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu only went through a short "honeymoon period" of three years, and then entered the "menopause". In the second year of Yuan Guang (133 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty held a second imperial meeting to discuss the Xiongnu issue.
This time, Emperor Wu of Han changed the traditional practice of listening to the ministers' speeches first and then making decisions, and at the beginning of the meeting, he took the initiative to put forward his own propositions: "The children of the Emperor of the Fallen Dress are matched with a single, and the gold coins and texts are embroidered with a very thick bribe, and the single is slow to stand by, and the invasion and theft have been killed." The border was killed, and there was great compassion. Why do you want to raise an army to attack it now? ”
Emperor Wudi of Han's words expressed three meanings: I treat the Xiongnu, marrying a princess and giving gifts, which can be described as benevolence and righteousness, but what about the Xiongnu? They are also invading my land and taking my subjects captive, which can be described as extremely rude, arrogant to the extreme, and hateful to the extreme. This was not the way to go, so I decided to use troops against the Huns.
This time, Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty changed his thinking, innovated his thinking, adopted a pre-emptive strategy, and truly and clearly and directly stated his position.
With emperor Wu of Han's golden and jade words, Wang Hui, the representative of the main battle faction, soared in courage and confidence, and was the first to stand up and raise his hands and feet to express strong support. However, Han Anguo, who was not far behind in the main peace faction, also stood up and raised his hands and feet to express strong opposition. This time, the main war faction Wang Hui and the main and Han Anguo again engaged in a fierce war of words, this time through storytelling, the two used stories to illustrate people; talk about reality, convince people with reason; and talk about strategy to seduce people.
Wang Hui gave full play to his three-inch tongue and expounded his strategy of subjugating soldiers without fighting, which can be summed up in sixteen words: to wait for hunger with fullness, to lure with profit, to wait for labor, and to ambush them.
This is the historical Ma Yi conspiracy.
Wang Hui's words were reasonable, orderly, and orderly, and there were causes and effects, and Emperor Wu of Han was greatly pleased to hear them. He did not allow the debate to continue, but in his capacity as "chief magistrate" announced his agreement with Wang Hui's opinion and agreed to go to war against the Xiongnu.
In this way, Ma staged the world-famous "Ma Yi Conspiracy".
In this way, the "pseudo-intimate relationship" between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu, which had been maintained for many years by the policy of peace and pro-pro-xiongnu, was completely broken, and the superficial peace was torn apart, and a forty-four-year-long offensive and defensive war began.