"History of the Ancient Han Peoples" series
93 The Rebellion of the Thieves
Text/Photo/Series| The Cold Mountains Remember the Snow
Then again, in order to control the Bohai salt field in the Ziwei River Valley, the Shang Kingdom colonized Daibei and launched a war against Laiyi, only to be defeated by Laiyi and led to the rupture of the Yi-Shang alliance, and fang guo, headed by the State of Yi, raised an army against the Shang.
The rebellion of Dongyi plunged the Eastern Shang Kingdom into crisis, and the Yiren army marched west along jishui from the southwestern region of Lu and soon approached the Shang Wangdu (Zhengzhou Shangcheng), although the Shang may have temporarily repelled the Yiren army, but the heart of the Shang Kingdom had been exposed to the threat of the Yiren army.
Under these circumstances, the newly enthroned Shang king He Qijia moved the capital of the kingdom to Xiangdi, north of Jishui, in the area of puyang and neihuang in northeastern Henan to avoid the Yi army.
Northeast Henan was the base of the Shang people before the extinction of xia. After the destruction of Xia, the Shang state moved most of their people from southern Hebei and northeastern Henan to the Zhengluo region of the Central Plains to consolidate their rule over the newly occupied "Xia Tu". Southern Hebei and northeastern Henan were left with only a small number of ethnic groups, so that around 3550 years ago, the Zhanghe-type pre-shang culture almost disappeared from here, and there was a cultural vacancy period of nearly a hundred years. It was not until the Tai Peng era that the early Shang culture of the Central Plains was re-covered here.
This process has similarities with the Entry into the Qing Empire more than 3,000 years later, when the Qing Empire came to power. After the Qing Dynasty destroyed the Ming Dynasty (Hongguang Dynasty), most of the ethnic groups migrated from Liaodong and Jilin to the northern part of yanjing, leaving only a small number of ethnic groups to guard Liaodong. The northeast of Henan for the Shang people is like the Liaodong of the Manchus of the Qing Dynasty.
After moving the capital to Xiangdi, the Shang Kingdom began to counterattack Dongyi.
Fortunately for the Shang Kingdom, the Dongyi countries did not form a whole. First of all, Fengyi and Laiyi fought separately and did not form an alliance to fight together. Secondly, not all yi people in the Sishang region and the land of Khlong Sang, where Fengyi is located, are involved in anti-shang. For example, the Dongyi states that are not surnamed Feng, the Feiguo of the Yanguo who are surnamed Ying, and the Pengguo of their own surname did not participate in the anti-Shang.
Beginning more than 5,000 years ago, the State of Fang became the most powerful tribe among the ancient Dongyi tribes, and around 4600-4500 years ago, it led the Eastern Yi tribes to resist the invasion of the Eastern Qiang, becoming the hegemon of the earliest Yiqiang Alliance.
In the following five or six hundred years, despite the hegemonic dispute, the Yin surname Fang Guo was still a first-class tribe in the Central Plains, and even after the emergence of the "Great Flood", it and the Xianxia tribe became two powerful tribes, one east and one west.
However, the change of climate, coupled with the pre-Xia state's water control, made the river channel in the Huangpan area stable again, and the Yi tribes such as the wind surname and the self surname became the allies of the pre-Xia state. Yixia jointly defeated the State of Fang, forcing Jiang and Huangnan to move to Huaixi, and the State of Xu to move east to northern Jiangsu, greatly weakening the strength of the State of Fang. In the following six or seven hundred years, in addition to the Ge state, the Fang state with the surname of Yin almost disappeared from the historical stage of the Central Plains and was replaced by the Feng clan.
The powerful Feng clan broke with the Shang Kingdom, giving the Ying clan hope for revival. They chose to side with the Shang State and jointly deal with Fengyi.
Those who have read the previous article should know that the war between the Yin clan and the Xianxia clan was the dispute between the "Xia Houqi" and the "Fei Boyi" around 3950. As a result, we all know that Faber was ultimately defeated.
Bo Yi's defeat was most likely his eldest son, Ge Bo Da Lian, who sided with the Xianxia Kingdom. In addition to the eldest son, Wakagi, the younger son of Boyi, inherited Boyi's estate and became the monarch of the Philadelphia Kingdom.
Since then, the two descendants of Boyi have continued the entire Xia Kingdom era, and the genealogical inheritance between them cannot be verified.
Around 3560, on the eve of the fall of the Shang kingdom, the Ge state was attacked by the Shang state, and the descendants of the Dalian family lost their positions as princes and became low-level nobles dependent on the Shang kingdom.
Between 1447 BC and 1393 BC, during the Tai Peng era, the descendants of Da Lian, Meng Xi and Zhongyan, were appreciated by Tai Peng and became the royal drivers (coachmen) of Tai Peng, thus promoting them to high nobles and obtaining certain fiefs.
In the Wakamu clan of the State of Fei, when the Shang Dynasty destroyed Xia, the reigning monarch was "Fei Bochang", referred to as "Fei Chang". Fei Chang chose to defect from the Xia Kingdom and ally with the Shang State. After the establishment of the Shang Dynasty, the State of Fei became a prince of the Shang.
In the first year of the Outer Dynasty (around 1383 BC), fengyi rebelled against the merchants led by Xin (姺) and Pi, And Meng Xi and Zhongyan sided with the Shang state, and the Fei state in the Sishang region did not join the anti-Shang army.
In addition to the surname Fang Guo, his surname Peng Guo also sided with the Shang Kingdom.
Peng Guo was originally on the north bank of Jishui, in the area of present-day southern Puyang in northeastern Henan. Around 3600 years ago, the Shang state attacked southeastern Henan from the Zhanghe River Valley (see "Kunwu Southward Migration" and "Shangguo Unification of Hebei" sections), and Pengguo was defeated and moved to Surabaya, around present-day Xuzhou. Before and after the fall of the Shang state, Peng Guo chose to defect to the Shang state and became a prince of the Shang.
In addition to the descendants of Ge Guo and the fei state headed by the surname Fang Guo and the surname Peng Guo, there is also a fang guo with his own surname also on the side of the Shang Kingdom. This Fang Guo is Wei Guo.
Like Peng Guo, Wei Guo was defeated in the Battle of the Four Kingdoms of Kunwu by the Shang around 3600 years ago, and then moved south to the Zhengzhou area, and around 3550, it was defeated by the Shang State and the capital was also captured.
However, the Shang state did not let the Wei state destroy the country, in order to win the alliance between the other Fang states in the Hanoi region and destroy the Xia, the Shang kingdom still retained the three kingdoms of Kunwu, Wei and Gu, but moved wei and Gu back to the Ha Ji Plain.
After that, Wei, Gu, and Kunwu also became the princes of the Shang, but Gu and Kunwu declined and became small states, while the Wei state still maintained a certain strength. After Fengyi rebelled against Shang, Wei Guo sided with Shang Guo.
Therefore, after the Shang king Hejia moved the capital to Xiangdi, he relied on the State of Fei to contain Fengyi from the east, and the State of Wei and the State of Peng to counterattack Fengyi from the north and south, while at the same time, the main army of the Shang Kingdom was stationed in Xiang (present-day Puyang Neihuang) and Pugu (present-day Jinan) to prevent Laiyi from invading the Longxing land of the Shang Kingdom.
This strategy was successful in lifting the Shang Kingdom out of crisis.
In the third year of Heqijia, Peng Guo's army defeated the State of Pi in Fengyi and captured the capital of the State of Pi, known in history as "Pengboke Pi", and Fengyi's anti-Shang war changed from offensive to defensive.
After confirming that the situation on the southern front was stable, the following year, the Shang army once again set out from Pugu and marched east along the Jishui River to the Ziwei River Valley to conquer Laiyi.
In the third year, the fifth year of Heqijia (about 1369 BC), Fengyi suffered repeated setbacks in the war, leaving only a few Fang states such as xin guo to continue to resist, but still could not withstand the siege of the Fei, Peng, Wei and Central Plains Shang armies on all sides, and the xin monarch led the rest to flee to The Ban side.
In the end, Peng and Wei pursued to banfang, defeated the remnants of banfang and Xinguo, and forced Xin to surrender.
Due to the protracted rebellion of the Xin state (fifteen years), the threat to the Shang kingdom was very large (forcing the Shang king's capital to move the capital), the Xin state was not allowed to restore the country after the surrender, and the Gu Xin state, which lasted for more than 1200 years, was destroyed.
In comparison, Pi Guo's luck is better. Since the state of Pi was on the southeastern edge of Fengyi and did not fall under siege on all sides by the Shang princes, after being defeated by the State of Peng, he led some of his people to leave their homeland (around present-day Tengzhou) and migrate south to Surabaya, where the area of present-day Northern Jiangsu xia Pi continued to the Spring and Autumn Period.
As the "suzerain" of the princes, the Shang Kingdom only destroyed the Xin Kingdom for political needs, and retained the other Fang Kingdoms. For the state of Pi, which fled south, the merchants selected the nobles who had descended to stay in their homeland and were crowned as princes, known in history as the State of Xue.
At the same time as the great victory in the counterinsurgency war in the southeast, the pioneering battle in the east also achieved good results. The Shang army defeated Laiyi, forcing Laiyi to abandon the western part of the Ziwei River Valley and migrate east to the eastern part of the Ziwei River Basin and the Jiaodong Peninsula east of the Jiaolai Swamp.
After entering the Jiaodong Peninsula, Laiyi, who mastered advanced technology and had a higher social organization, gradually conquered the Shengyi tribe, which was still in the tribal stage and had no cities and fangguo.
After that, the term "Shengyi" disappeared from the historical stage, and the Jiaodong Peninsula will be displayed in front of the Central Plains people with the appearance of Laiyi.
After this war, and the migration of the ethnic groups that arose, the Daibei Shang culture (Erligang culture Daxinzhuang type) expanded from the Daibei region to the Ziwei River Valley. The Shang royals appointed nobles to guard the area and began to continuously transport the sea salt boiled from clay pots to the Central Plains.
Among the nobles who guarded the town, there were the Uchiha, Ji (己) and 鬲 (Rong) clans, and the excavated bronzes were marked with their clan emblems. The Yu clan may be a member of the Shang royal clan, the Ji clan is a member of their own surname Fang Guo, and the Mane clan may also be a member of their own surname Fang Guo, and the 鬲 character has a certain relationship with their ancestor "Zhu Rong".
Three noble families held the town for more than 300 years, until the Western Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Merchants and replaced them with the State of Qi, which had been divided into territories. More than 300 years of town guarding, resulting in their noble tombs remaining in the local area, and more than 3,000 years later, they are excavated by archaeologists, archaeologically known as the "Qingzhou Subutun Site".
At the same time, after the eastward migration of Laiyi, the internal collision of Yueshi culture was triggered, and the Haojiazhuang type of Yueshi culture of the Laiyi tribe and the Yueshi culture zhaogezhuang type of Jiaodong Shengyi were integrated with each other and evolved into a new bronze culture - Pearl Gate culture.
Since then, the Pearl Gate culture in the central and eastern parts of the Jiaolai Basin and the Jiaodong Peninsula has spread southward, covering the Yishu River Valley in southeastern Lu and the lower reaches of Surabaya in northern Jiangsu.
In the Sishang region and the Khlong Sang land in southwest Lu, the distribution areas of the original Yueshi culture Yinjiacheng type and The Anqiu Kuidui type did not evolve into the "Pearl Gate Culture". After the end of the war between the Shang and Fengyi, the Chinese Shang culture (Erligang upper culture) expanded into this area.
Compared with the solid roots of Shang culture in the Daibei and Ziwei River valleys, the presence of Shang culture in southwest Lu is not stable, which means that the Shang people's control or occupation of the Sishang region is not stable.
So, what kind of process did the Shang Kingdom's rule here go through, and how did the Shang people respond?
Let's continue in the next section.
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