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Leeks, also known as sloth's cabbage, flat cabbage, long-lived vegetables, yang grass, etc., are perennial herbaceous plants of the lily family Allium. As a vegetable native to China, leeks have been loved by my Sons and Daughters of China since ancient times. In ancient times, due to the relatively backward planting technology, the yield of leeks was low and the seasonality was particularly strong, although in the Han Dynasty there were already anti-seasonal leeks produced, but only the dignitaries and nobles could eat, and the common people could only eat delicious leeks every spring, which is why leeks were particularly precious in ancient times. In fact, in ancient times, there were also leeks produced in summer, but because the quality of summer leeks was far inferior to that of spring leeks, and ancient times were known as "fragrant in spring, smelly in summer food", the ancients were still more fond of spring leeks. Nowadays, with the advancement of agricultural planting technology and the development of facility agriculture, leek menu production has been significantly improved and can be produced annually, although the spring leeks are still beautiful, but the quality of leeks produced in summer, autumn and winter is not inferior, we can enjoy the delicious dishes cooked with leeks throughout the year.
Because leeks have the characteristics of large market demand, high yield per mu, annual production, and good price market, the farmers who engaged in leek planting in the early years have a considerable income, and there is a saying that "the southern pepper and the northern pomegranate should be rich and planted with leeks". Theoretically, leeks, vegetables that eaters like and cultivators like to grow, will definitely have a bright future. However, since 2010, it has fallen into the embarrassing situation of a fear of eaters and careful cultivation, the reason for which must be well known, hanging the title of "King of Hundred Vegetables", because after many "poisonous leek" incidents were exposed, leek sales and leek planting have been hit more seriously. From the perspective of planting and production, the reason why the "king of hundreds of vegetables" has been planted as "poisonous leeks" is inseparable from the high incidence of diseases and insect pests under the extensive management model. Among the many diseases and insect pests of leeks, leeks are the most harmful to them, the most difficult to prevent and treat, ordinary drugs have little effect on their prevention, some farmers and friends engaged in the cultivation and production of leeks in order to prevent the harm of leeks, abandon the safety of agricultural products, the use of methyl phosphorus, furandan and other countries banned and restricted high-toxicity and high pesticide residue agents, these agents are difficult to be degraded after use of pesticide residues, people and animals after eating light nausea and vomiting, heavy may endanger life.
The successive exposure of the "poisonous leek" incident and the difficulty of preventing and treating leeks have made leeks "solid" in the minds of consumers and are prone to the identity of pesticide residues, and most growers mistakenly believe that only highly toxic, highly pesticide chemicals can cure leeks, and if they do not change, the leek industry is in danger. It is not difficult for us to find that the key to solving the problem of "poisonous leeks" lies in the prevention and control of leeks, if we can carry out pollution-free prevention and control of leeks, whether it is the market end or the planting end, the problem can be solved, which can allow eaters to eliminate concerns and allow cultivators to increase production and income. Today, Yinong will introduce several effective pollution-free measures to farmers and friends engaged in leek cultivation for your reference. (Note: It is necessary to state here that although the current use of highly toxic pesticides to control leeks exists, but a small number, most of the leeks that can enter the market for sale are strictly inspected, consumers do not have to worry too much, this article aims to introduce pollution-free control measures for leeks for planters)
1. Introduction to leek maggots
Leek maggots are the larvae of The late-eyed mushroom mosquito, which is a pest of the family Mushroom mosquitoes, which is widely distributed in the north and south of China and mainly in the northern region, which is one of the reasons why the leek-producing areas in the north are more serious than in the south. There are four morphologies in the lifetime of The late-eyed mushroom, namely eggs, larvae, pupae and adults, of which the leek maggots, which are only larvae, cause substantial harm to leeks. The spawning volume of Late-eyed Mushroom Mosquitoes is large, a female mosquito can lay nearly 300 eggs at a time, and multiple generations can occur within a year, so it is difficult to control the large pest base. Because we are going to talk about control, Inon mainly tells you about the weakness of the late-eyed mushroom mosquito in removing adults and larvae.
Larval weaknesses: First of all, leek maggots are extremely photophobic and not tolerant to high temperatures, so their survival time on the surface is shorter, mainly living in the soil; secondly, when the soil temperature exceeds 30 °C and the soil moisture is above 70% or when it is relatively dry, the activity and harm of leek maggots will be reduced.
Adult weaknesses: First, the late-eyed mushroom is not good at flying and has a limited area of activity; secondly, it is not tolerant to high temperatures and has a short survival time in high humidity or drought environments.
Second, the harm of leek maggots
Leek maggots mainly live in the soil, so it mainly harms the bulbs of leeks, and the moths of leeks will cause the leek bulbs to rot, and the aerial parts of the leek plant in the early stage are basically disease-free, and the progress of time will lead to the death of the whole leek plant. Due to the rapid reproduction and large base of leek maggots, when leek maggots occur in the field, the yield reduction rate of leeks is as high as 30%-80%.
Third, the easy occurrence of leek maggots
1. In spring and autumn, when the temperature is in the range of 20 °C-25 °C, leek maggots are more likely to occur and the harm is more serious.
2. After the leeks are harvested, they emit the taste of attracting adult insects, and the harm of leek maggots is easy to occur at this time.
3, in addition to harming leeks, leek maggots can also harm other crops of the lily family, so the fields that have been planted with onions and garlic or the fields with heavy stubble are prone to leek damage.
4. The unreleased and decomposed organic fertilizer is a place where leek maggots inhabit, so when planting leeks, the application of unleavened and decomposed organic fertilizer is prone to the harm of leek maggots.
5. Leek plants are prone to leek maggot hazards when the growth is weak and the field is unclean.
After a simple understanding of leek maggots, friends who have not grown leeks may not have yet realized the degree of harm it is to leeks, but Inong believes that friends who are engaged in leek cultivation must have a deep understanding, but even if it is harmful, it cannot abuse highly toxic pesticides. Even if you can put your conscience aside, Inon still hopes that the few growers who are still using highly toxic pesticides will look at the next three points.
First of all, highly toxic pesticides can not completely control leeks: before the "poisonous leek" incident was exposed, the use of highly toxic pesticides such as phosphorus and furandan in the prevention and control of leeks was more common, and I believe that farmers who have used these agents know that with the use of these agents, leeks appear resistant, and the anti-effect of highly toxic agents on leeks is not as good as imagined. Highly toxic agents are harmful, and they cannot effectively control leeks, so why use them?
Secondly, in the current agricultural product market environment, planting "pesticide residue vegetables" means cutting off the financial road: at present, both relevant departments and consumers are paying more and more attention to the safety of agricultural products, and the traceability system of agricultural products is becoming more and more perfect, and I believe that in the near future, highly toxic pesticide residues will not enter the market at all. There may be some farmer friends do not understand the traceability of agricultural products, according to the farmer only for pesticide residues this simple to tell you, farmer friends output leeks before the market in the place of origin will have a sampling inspection, before entering the wholesale market will be sampled again, from the wholesale market into the supermarket will also be a sampling inspection, which inspection found problems, leeks will be destroyed back, and trace the source of responsibility. Continuing to use highly toxic pesticides in such an environment is equivalent to cutting off one's own financial path.
Finally, the abuse of highly toxic pesticides harms others and harms themselves: you can understand the Food Safety Law, the use of highly toxic pesticides to produce pesticide residues is legally responsible, and there are precedents for being sentenced to prison for using highly toxic agents such as medophosphorus and furandan to produce pesticide residue leeks. Therefore, do not use such pesticides again, how can you do things that harm others and harm yourself.
1. Agricultural prevention and control measures
The so-called agricultural prevention and control is to carry out the fine management of the whole process in the process of leek planting and production, and we must do the following.
When planting new leeks, avoid cultivating them on the fields where the lily family crops are planted with onions and garlic.
In the growth cycle of leeks, it is necessary to clear the garden in time, especially after the harvest of each stubble of leeks, and be sure to remove the dead branches and leaves in time.
It is necessary to cultivate leek plants through reasonable fertilizer ratio, water management, temperature control, etc., and improve their own insect resistance.
Organic fertilizer has greater benefits for the growth of leeks, but remember that the organic fertilizer applied must be thoroughly fermented and decomposed, otherwise it is better not to apply.
For fields where leek maggots occur seriously, crop rotation and stubble planting should be carried out.
2. Physical prevention and control measures
Blocking adult insects: When planting leeks in the facility, we can use more than 30 mesh insect nets to block the door and air outlet of the shed before the feathering of leeks in the spring, isolate the adult insects from the leeks, prevent the adults from laying eggs in the leek field, and thus reduce the incidence of leek maggots.
Booby-trap adults: Late-eyed mushrooms are sensitive to light, yellow, blue, and tend to irritate odors, and we can use these characteristics to trap adult insects. For example, insect trap lamps are installed in leek fields, yellow and blue sticky insect boards are hung in the shed, yellow and blue sticky insect boards are placed in the open air, and measures such as sweet and sour liquid are configured to trap adult insects.
Use larval weaknesses to kill larvae: The weaknesses of leek maggots mentioned earlier are afraid of drought, light, and moisture, and we can prevent them through these weaknesses. Can be turned in the early spring, the leeks exposed to the soil environment, so that the dry, low temperature, light environment can kill most of the leeks; you can also improve the soil moisture through water irrigation to prevent the killing of leeks, but irrigation should take into account the growth of leeks in a timely manner, the best irrigation period is in the spring and autumn before the high incidence of leeks, in addition to the winter before irrigation of a large water on leeks also has a good anti-killing effect.
3. Biological control measures
Pay attention to the use of microbial bacterial fertilizer: In the actual planting and production process, we found that the incidence and degree of harm of leek maggots using microbial fertilizer are much smaller than those that attach importance to microbial fertilizer. Therefore, during the base fertilizer application period of leeks, an appropriate amount of solid microbial bacterial fertilizer can be applied, and during the growth period of leeks, especially in spring and autumn, liquid microbial bacterial fertilizers can be applied with water to reduce the incidence and degree of harm of leek maggots.
The use of biocontrol control: There are currently two kinds of biocontrol bacteria to inhibit the maggots have a good imitation, one is Thuringienbacterium; the other is coccidioides albicans; the use of biocontrol bacteria to control leeks should pay attention to, first of all, the premise of use is fine planting management, otherwise the effect is poor; secondly, when using biocontrol bacteria, consider the ambient temperature, when the temperature is too low, the activity of biocontrol bacteria is low, the anti-efficacy of leek maggots is poor, and in general, when the temperature is above 17 °C, the two biocontrol bacteria have better control effect In addition, when using bio-control anti-killing leek maggots, whether it is root irrigation or spraying, it cannot be used with fungicides; finally, the price of these two biocontrol bacteria is relatively high, don't listen to fooling, don't rely too much, they can reduce the occurrence but can not be eliminated.
Fourth, small-scale planting of "soil methods" for the prevention and control of leek maggots
When planting leeks on a small scale, you can use some of the "soil methods" summarized by old farmers, and the prevention effect on leek maggots is also very good, for example, before the spring budding of open-air leeks, sprinkle grass and wood ash and turn them into the soil, or sprinkle after the leeks are harvested can greatly reduce the incidence of leeks; there are also people and animal urine or ammonia watering in the leek growth period or after harvesting, which can also reduce the incidence of leeks; in addition, copper sulfate, quicklime, etc. also have a certain control effect on leeks, which can be reasonably applied to prevent killing according to soil conditions and plant conditions.
Fifth, scientific drug use
Planting pollution-free leeks can use chemical agents, but in the selection of drugs must choose high efficiency and low toxicity agents; when using, must be in the pest before the high incidence, with low concentration of agents for prevention; in addition, it should also be noted that do not use a single drug, to compound and cross-medication, to prevent leek maggots from developing resistance. There are also 15-20 days before the harvest of each stubble leek, even low-toxic chemicals can not be used.
The above is the pollution-free measures and methods for the prevention and control of leeks summarized by Yinong, hoping to help farmers and friends engaged in leek cultivation. Yinong believes that as long as the prevention and control methods combined with multiple measures are adopted through fine planting management, there will be a higher control effect on leek maggots. Finally, I hope that those few growers who are still using highly toxic pesticides to control leeks will stop the cliff for others in time for themselves, and we will work together to make leeks the reputation of "king of hundreds of vegetables" well-deserved.
Detailed, welcome to discuss!