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The Mid-Autumn Festival has passed, and in the autumn thoughts of "dew is white from tonight, the moon is hometown Ming", Xiaobian took advantage of the holiday to pick up the history of Chinese and foreign education.
I still remember the excitement of hearing the educational ideas of Comenius, Hurlbut, Rousseau, Kong Meng, etc. in the classroom of educational history during my undergraduate studies. The ideas of the sages of the ancients are useful today. Of course, the various views put forward by all of you above are inevitably limited by the times. We need to analyze these ideas dialectically.
Today I would like to share with you All of Wang Shouren's educational ideas. He was also a great thinker and educator who inspired me a lot. I will share with you the selected points that inspire me, and I hope to bring you new educational inspiration.
Wang Shouren was an outstanding thinker, writer, military and educator of the Ming Dynasty. He had a great influence on the intellectual history of China and even in the history of Japanese thought. More than 90 years ago in Japan, on the train you can even see someone holding the "Transmission book" and meditating. The Great Masters of the Restoration were also intoxicated by his theory of 'unity of knowledge and action'.
He was a theoretician whose theoretical thought inherited the Southern Song Dynasty theoretician Lu Jiuyuan's proposition of "mind science" and developed it, proposing the theories of "mind is reason", "to conscience", and "unity of knowledge and action", which also became the theoretical basis of his educational thought.
Wang Morihito Images
1, "the heart is the reason" - he believes that everyone is their own authority, reason exists in everyone's heart, he does not think that there is reason in all things, he believes that "there is nothing outside the heart, nothing outside the heart, no reason outside the heart, no righteousness outside the heart, no good outside the heart". Wang Shouren does not talk about sex, only about reason: unlike Zhu Xi, who talks about reason and sex.
2. "To conscience" - Wang Shouren believes that conscience has always existed, but it is like a layer of dust. The process of conscience is the process of education.
3. The idea of "unity of knowledge and action" - he believes that the process of knowing is the process of doing, knowledge and action cannot be disconnected, knowing and acting is a process, and he believes that the beginning of action is knowledge. "Knowing" mainly refers to people's moral consciousness and ideological ideas. "Action" mainly refers to people's moral practice and practical actions. Therefore, the relationship between knowledge and action, that is, the relationship between moral consciousness and moral practice, also includes the relationship between some thoughts and ideas and practical actions.
However, Wang Shouren's theory of the unity of knowledge and action deepened the relationship between the consciousness and practice of moral consciousness, and overcame the drawbacks of knowing before acting proposed by Zhu Xi, but at the same time erased the epistemological component of Zhu Xi's theory of knowledge and action.
Wang Shouren's view is conducive to moral cultivation, but ignores the study of objective knowledge.
However, this was already a very leading educational idea in the context of the times. Break the social atmosphere prevailing in Cheng Zhu Lixue at that time. The pioneering nature of his thinking, Zeng Guofan commented: Wang Yangming corrected the old atmosphere, opened up a new atmosphere, and the merit was not under Yu.
Zeng Guofan, who was known as a great sage, compared Wang Yangming with Dayu, which showed that Wang Yangming's thought was leading, and Zeng Guofan also fell under Wang Yangming's altar.
Portrait of Zeng Guofan Image source Baidu Encyclopedia
Wang Shouren's exposition on children's education is the essence of his entire educational thinking. Not only was it of obvious positive significance in opposing traditional education at that time, but it was also in line with the laws of children's education to a large extent.
1. Guide temperament and encourage interest
Regarding children's education, Wang Shouren's basic idea is: Education of children should be based on children's physical and psychological characteristics, starting from the positive aspect, following children's disposition, and promoting their natural development. He said: "The love of a child, happy to swim and afraid of detention, like the beginning of grass and trees, comfortable is the reach, destroyed is decayed." This means that the child is active, likes to play and play, and is afraid of being restrained and imprisoned, just as the grass has just sprouted, and if it is allowed to grow, it will grow richly, and if it is destroyed, it will soon decay and wither. Therefore, in educating children, we must pay attention to conforming to their disposition, and it is not appropriate to restrain and restrict them.
The most important thing in guiding children's temperament education is to stimulate children's interest in learning, and interest plays a very important and positive role in improving the quality of children's education. He said: "Now the children of the teachings will be encouraged, and the center will be joyful, and they will not be able to advance themselves; for example, when the rain and spring wind are wet, they will not sprout and develop, and the natural day will grow and the moon will grow." This means that if children are interested in learning, they must be in a happy mood when learning, and they can learn vividly and lively, so that progress will naturally not stop. Just like the rain and spring wind moisturize the grass, trees and flowers, there is no lifelessness, naturally growing day by day. On the contrary, if the cultivation of children's interests is ignored, it will suppress children's enthusiasm for learning, making it difficult for children to make progress in learning, just like flowers and trees that encounter frost, "business is depressed, and the day will wither." ”
2. Step by step, according to the ability
Wang Shouren believes that the education of children must pay attention to "exerting force from the original and gradually advancing into the family." In his view, anyone's level of understanding has a development process from infant to adult, such as "The infant is only pure qi in the mother's womb, what knowledge does it have?" After birth, you can cry, you can laugh later, and then you can recognize your parents and brothers, and you can stand up and act, you can hold on to your responsibilities, and it is impossible to die. Educators must carry out education step by step according to the child's growth process of "growing up with vigor, strength, and intelligence", and must not be weeded.
3. Teach according to the aptitude and make each of them their own materials
"Give according to man, teach it, and each of them will become his own material, and the same will return to the good." He believed that every child had his strengths and that educators could develop their talents in one area if they could develop them. "People's qualifications are different, and they cannot be taught, etc., and those who are below the middle age will talk to him about sex and fate, and he will not be able to save it, and he must be cursed and pondered." Therefore, educators should not only consider the common characteristics of children's cognitive development level, but also pay attention to the differences in individual development levels, target each person's personality differences, and teach according to their aptitudes, just like the treatment of good doctors and the right medicine. "The cure of a good doctor depends on the reality, strength, cold and heat, inside and outside of his illness, and he considers, adds or subtracts, regulates, and replenishes the discharge, but only to get rid of the disease." There is no definite formula in the beginning, and it is not asked what the symptoms are, but it will be obeyed by everyone. ”
"Give according to man, teach it, and each of them will become his own material, and the same will return to the good." He believed that every child had his strengths and that educators could develop their talents in one area if they could develop them. In view of the differences in children's personalities, he also requires teachers to adopt different methods according to the characteristics of children, and to give them appropriate cultivation and their own strengths. He said, "The saint teaches man not to bind him to do everything, but only as the madman accomplishes him from madness, and the cunning man accomplishes him from his madness." How can people get the same talent? ”
Wang Shouren's idea of teaching according to one's aptitude and each becoming its own material acknowledges the necessity of developing individuality, and effectively criticizes the educational method of traditional education to erase children's personality and cultivate children in a model, which has obvious positive significance in opposing traditional education. It embodies the progressive significance of his ideas.
His "theory of natural education" is to a large extent in line with the law of children's education, and it is more than 200 years earlier than the publication time (1762) of Rousseau's "Emile" of France, the earliest western expression of natural education ideas.