In October of the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu (1902), the magazine "New Novel" was founded in Yokohama, Japan. The famous scholar Liang Qichao published an article entitled "On the Relationship between Novels and Group Governance" on it, proposing the slogan that "if we want to improve group governance today, we must start from the revolution in the novel industry, and if we want new people, we must start from the new novel." It is generally believed that this was the beginning of the famous "revolution in the field of fiction" in the history of Chinese literature. In fact, the real initiator of this revolution is someone else, he is known as the "Northern Qishi" Deng Yuyi.
One
In July of the 28th year of Guangxu (1902), Deng Yuyi and his friends Chang Shuzhang and Zhi Zhongyin established the "Novel Improvement Society" in Beijing. The theoretical propositions of the Society were mainly revealed to the world through three documents, namely, he He's "Narrative of Novel Improvement" (Zai (Economic Series) No. 8 of 1902), Deng Yuyi's "Narrative of Novel Improvement Society" (published in "Economic Series" No. 29, 1903), and Liang Yi (Zhongyin) 's "Novel Improvement Society Public Revelation" (in "Economic Series" No. 30, 1903). Among them, the second "Novel Improvement Meeting Narrative" clearly signed the author Deng Yuyi, and although the first "Novel Improvement Narrative" is signed by "He Negative", according to Mr. Zhou Xinglu, who was a professor at Fudan University at the time, it is actually Deng Yuyi. His article "Examination Of the Novel Improvement Society" clearly pointed out: "'He Negative' is Deng Yuyi's pen name, Tang Shi Zi and Fu, and the harmonic pronunciation 'He Negative'. The "Economic Series" also published Articles such as He Negative's "Compilation of the Jingyi Series" and "Eight Kinds of Orders for English Studies". At the same time, the article also thinks that from a chronological point of view, Deng Yuyi's "Narrative of Novel Improvement" was published in May 1902, nearly half a year before Liang Qichao's "On the Relationship between Novels and Mass Governance", "which seems to be the precursor of Liang Qichao's initiation of the 'novel revolution'". Later, other scholars even explicitly affirmed that Liang's "On the Relationship between Novels and Group Governance" was directly inspired and influenced by Deng Yuyi's "Improved Novel Narrative".
The "Novel Reform Narrative" and the "Novel Improvement Narrative" are two important documents in the history of the development of modern literature, which have high theoretical significance and should be given sufficient attention. From the perspective of comparing the survival of the country with the cultures of the East and the West, the above article soberly realized: "In the ideological circles of our country, where is the most debilitating person?" Fiction is already. Thought: "Take the wisdom of more than forty million people, and in the scope of the novel of the absurdity, adultery, evil, and despicable, there is no knowledge, no persuasion, mourning, mourning, and the country is safe but not exhausted!" Therefore, he called for the reform of the novel, "with the ideas of the new people, to create heroic characters." The later article classifies ancient and modern Chinese and foreign novels from three aspects: structure, genre, and category, especially the six principles of "the words should be paid attention to": uniformity, unity, cheerfulness, elegance, fun, and spirit, at that time, when everyone did not pay much attention to the artistic problems of the novel, they also noticed the artistic characteristics of the novel, which was also an improvement compared with Liang Qichao's view in the same period.
Two
According to the "Chronicle of the Characters of Dacheng" edited by Yang Xinyuan, Deng Yuyi, ZiHefu, Ren Zhai, nicknamed Humble Garden, was born on December 21, 1880 (the sixth year of Guangxu) lunar calendar in a family of eunuchs in Baiyangqiao Village, Dacheng County, Hebei Province, and died of illness in Beijing on March 11, 1929.
Deng Yuyi was brilliant since childhood, studying with her father Deng Ruhuai in her own school at the age of six, writing poetry at the age of seven, and writing thousand-word essays in her teens. At the age of sixteen, he was invited to co-compile the "Chronicle of Ayutthaya County", and the articles he wrote were round and jade, super-elegant and free, and he was called "prodigy talent". Later, he was introduced to Baoding Lotus Pond Academy by a friend, and under the guidance of the famous scholar Wu Rulun, he not only made great progress in poetry, but also learned English and Japanese, and accepted many Western progressive ideas. In 1903, he studied at Waseda University in Japan. Soon after returning to China, he devoted himself to the work of opening up people's wisdom and social improvement. In 1921, the National Assembly was dissolved again, and Deng Yuyi was completely disappointed in politics and turned to painting and calligraphy. His calligraphy is not specialized in one time, but from the Tang Dynasty to the Han and Wei to the Shang and Zhou seals, each taking its own strengths and becoming a unique school, he is good at writing, and the true grass seal is also not all work. His paintings were also famous at that time, and many people asked him to paint, and a landscape painting about three feet long sold for about one hundred and fifty silver dollars at that time. After each painting, the Beijing Morning Post published one photo. Deng Yuyi is not only good at writing and painting, but also has a deep knowledge of poetry. He himself once said: "My talent, painting is not as good as books, books are not as good as poetry." As early as the time of reading at Lianchi Academy, Deng Yuyi had already lost his poetic name, at that time, he and Li Gang of Nangong were already equally famous, and they were called wumen and two talents.
In 1929, a few months after Deng Yuyi's death, Ren Qiu Zhongyin published more than 300 poems he composed during his lifetime as the "Humble Garden Poetry Collection". In the preface to the episode, Zhi Zhongyin refers to Deng Yuyi as a "Northern Qishi", believing that "his poems are more like southerners" and that northern poets cannot compete with him. The collection is divided into five parts, the first set is five and seven ancient poems, the second set is five and seven words of the law poems, the third set is five and seven words, the fourth set is the inscription of the poem, and the last part of the appendix is the conjunction. In addition to the more than 80 inscription poems in the fourth collection, the themes of the other three poems are also very rich. There are current affairs poems that are sentimental and sad, such as "Slaves of the Fallen Country", "Wen Dagu Fall", and "Mourning Tianjin"; there are lyrical poems, such as "Chongjiu Sentimental Feelings", "Self-Deprecating Paintings", and "Autumn Miscellaneous Feelings"; there are pictographic poems with body objects, such as "White Begonias", "Songzhu", and "Winter-Resistant"; as well as writing poems with regional characteristics, such as "Passing liu Ling's Tomb Again in the North of Ayutthaya City", "Looking at Lotus Flowers Through triangles", "Saibei Daozhong" and so on. These poems are unique, and Rao Yang ChangZhuang praised them: "The poems are particularly interesting, often gossiping and familiar with the hands of the king, but they are unique and elegant, and the reader's mind is refreshing." "The couplets received in the appendix are mostly gifts and celebrations, and they can come out of the machine, innovate the old, and achieve quite high, which is well received by the Fang family.
Three
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the People's Republic, when there were frequent wars and rivers, mountains and rivers were broken, Deng Yuyi, who had a full belly and great ambitions, paid more attention to the future and destiny of the country. At the beginning of the twentieth century, Deng Yuyi, who was in his prime, had already shown outstanding talents in poetry, literature, calligraphy, painting, etc., so many friends advised him to devote himself to this path, and he would surely become famous in the future and pass on to future generations. But after he heard this, he said: "Now that the whole country is a slave, I would rather bury my head in a corrupt heart for the plan of Chen Chen's death in a hundred years!" At that time, he talked to people about the world, often clasped his arms and sleeves, and took it as his duty to spin the air. When the literati in the capital read his articles, they all thought that he had the talent to save the world and were very willing to associate with him.
In 1903, in order to explore new knowledge, Deng Yuyi resolutely crossed to Japan and studied at Waseda University in Tokyo. During his studies in Japan, he was influenced by the democratic revolutionaries among the international students, had radical ideas, and had illusions about assassinating and saving the country, and in the turn of the spring and summer of 1904, he conspired with his classmates to assassinate Empress Dowager Cixi. Deng Yuyi returned to China with explosives in advance, lived in the homes of relatives and friends in Beijing, and said: "When a certain month and Day Jun heard that there was a great change in the sun, then Deng Mou's fatal ambition was also fulfilled." For the future of the country, the blood boiling has bravely embraced the determination to die. Unfortunately, due to the incident, the perpetrator was arrested, and Deng Yuyi had to return to Japan. At this time, there have been no incidents of sniper sniping with bombs in our country. A year later, the famous revolutionary warrior Wu Fan used a bomb to assassinate the five foreign ministers.
Deng Yuyi is concerned about the fate of the country, and the pace of devoting himself to social politics and development has not stopped. In the autumn of the twenty-eighth year of Guangxu (1902), Deng Yuyi and his colleagues Gu Zhongxiu, Zhi Zhongyin, Wu Dingchang, Gao Buying and other organizations of Baoding Lotus Pond Academy launched the "Hebei Non-Foot Binding Association" and formulated the "Hebei Non-Foot Binding Association Charter", calling for "taking strong seeds as the purpose and eliminating the barbaric habits", making up for the shortcomings of the non-foot binding movement in the north. In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution broke out, Deng Yuyi united comrades to form the National Association of Associations, later changed to the Republican Party, served as a direct branch officer, and the House of Representatives was elected as a member of parliament. In 1914, Yuan Shikai dissolved the National Assembly, and Deng Yuyi was invited to Suiyuan by Zhang Shaozeng (then the governor of Suiyuan) to establish the Guisui Bank and serve as its manager. In 1916, Yuan Shikai fell ill and died, Li Yuanhong was inaugurated as president and restored to the National Assembly, Deng Yuyi resigned as a bank manager and returned to Beijing to resume as a parliamentarian. Only one year later, when Zhang Xun's restoration began, the National Assembly was re-dissolved, and Deng Yuyi successively served as a counselor to the Presidential Office, a member of the State Council, a member of the Economic Investigation Commission, an adviser to the Salt Affairs Bureau, and the principal of the Salt Affairs School. In 1922, the National Assembly was revived, and Tang Yuyi was once again a member of parliament. Despite a few in and a few outs, Deng Yuyi's enthusiasm for state affairs remained undiminished. He thought that in the ten years of the founding of the People's Republic of China, "the constitution is not successful, but it is our unshirkable responsibility", so after the revival of the National Assembly, he initiated the establishment of the "Constitutional Society" and began to translate the "New Constitution of the European Post-War Preparations". The translation of this book took nearly a year and is the first translation of the constitutions of post-European countries in China. Its publication provided a reference basis for the Republic of China to formulate the Constitution and was an important cornerstone for the study of China's Constitution in later generations.
Four
Li Dazhao, a pioneer of China's communist movement and one of the main founders of the Communist Party of China, was admitted to the Tianjin Beiyang Law and Politics Special School in 1907, where Deng Yuyi was teaching and concurrently serving as the chief of the fasting department. This school is the earliest political science and law school in China, officially enrolled in August 1907, Li Dazhao should be the first class of students. This school has always pursued progress and revolution, and Li Dazhao's revolutionary career began here. As a revolutionary pioneer with a voice in learning, Deng Yuyi's acquaintance with Li Dazhao and his influence on him should also begin at this time.
In October 1910, in order to request the early convening of the National Assembly, Tianjin students actively organized groups such as the "Imperial Student Comrades Association" and the "National Academic Petition Comrades Association" to mobilize students from all schools to participate in the petition movement. The students of the Faculty of Law and Politics are particularly active due to their majors. At the student assembly held in the school's "lecture hall," a classmate broke his finger in anger and wrote more than a dozen large characters on the white cloth, such as "Constitution to Save the Country," "Quickly Open the National Assembly," and "Petition to Die," and pasted them on the wall. Another classmate stabbed his elbow with a knife, bleeding profusely. The students in the venue cried bitterly, shouted angrily, and the sound shook the hall. Many years later, when Li Dazhao recalled the scene of that year at the school's commemorative meeting, he said: "I can never forget that tragic and exciting situation!" Deng Yuyi once wrote "Li Yuyu's Elegy", saying: "It is true that the wine is a hero, and the essence still exists in Tuozhong." The hip meat is not old. The political arena has lost Its way, the embryonic constitutional government has tried to search for it, and the depths of the discussion have been touched together. Only because of the state affairs, it is not worthy of the blood and tears of that year. After the poem, there is a note and interpretation: "In the constitutional movement at the end of the Qing Dynasty, the law school was almost the center of gravity of Beiyang. The students were impassioned, cutting off their arms and fingers, and Jun and Yu gathered to comfort and weep. It can be seen that Deng Yuyi and Li Dazhao have faced the same incident together at the same time and in the same place, and they have not forgotten it for a long time. Later, when Li Dazhao was the editor-in-chief of the Morning Bell and the director of the Peking University Library, he still often visited Deng Yuyi's home (No. 24, Nian'er Hutong, Huanghuamen, Beijing) and continued to maintain close contact. In June 1922, Deng Yuyi and others initiated the establishment of the Beijing Constitutional Law Society, and Li Dazhao was listed as one of the 103 members.
In his early years in Tianjin, Deng Yuyi taught at the Beiyang Law and Politics College, but also was employed by the Beiyang Women's Normal School, where he trained many outstanding talents for the country. Deng Yuyi devoted himself to education after returning from Waseda University in 1904. The conspiracy to assassinate Cixi failed, making him realize that in order to change the backward state of the country, it is not enough to rely on the strength of a few people alone, it requires the awakening of the entire people, and the only way to open up the wisdom of the people is to establish education. Therefore, he gave up the opportunity to serve in Beijing, returned to his hometown, and together with his brother Deng Yukai, founded a new-style school, named Qi Zhi Xuetang, which was the beginning of private schools in the counties directly under his jurisdiction. The courses offered by this school include Chinese language, English, arithmetic, geography, history, self-cultivation, and style (including natural and animal, plant, mineral, physical and chemical and other basic knowledge). Since then, Deng Yuyi, with the assistance of her family, has also founded a self-improvement women's school, which is the earliest female school created in zhili province, and the "Beiyang Women's Normal School" in Tianjin is modeled on this school. The Curriculum for the Ziqiang Girls' Academy is roughly the same as that of the Kai chi Academy, and the textbooks of the academy are Japanese primary and secondary school textbooks translated by Deng Yuyi and another Japanese student, Wang Shichen (Zi Junfu). Neither school charges tuition fees, and children in the village and nearby villages and towns can attend school, rich or poor, so the two schools have a large scale before they were established.
Nearly a hundred years after deng Yuyi's death, there is still room for further understanding of his historical status and diverse contributions, and further examination and excavation of his life, family lineage, calligraphy, painting and poetry works. More attention and research on Deng Yuyi is not only of great value and significance to the secretion of Gyeonggi regional culture, but also to the examination of China's modern political history, education history, calligraphy and painting history and literary history.
(This article was originally published in the 5th edition of Langfang Daily on November 4, 2021, and the title and content have changed.) http://epaper.lfcmw.com/rbpaper/pc/layout/202111/04/node_b01.html）