First, the introduction of cold water fish
Cold-water fish is a species of fish, mainly according to the requirements of fish for the living environment, especially the water temperature, above 20 degrees water temperature can not survive, so called cold water fish. China's cold-water fish is formed by two regions, one is the high-latitude northeast, northwest, Inner Mongolia region; the other is the high-altitude Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Mongolian Plateau area, most of them due to the proximity to the Arctic and the temperature is cold, or the alpine snow melts to form cold-water rivers, lakes, etc. The fish grown here adapt to the local environment, so it is called cold-water fish. Cold-water fish are mostly carnivorous fish.
China is one of the countries with the largest number of cold-water fish species, the widest distribution and the most abundant resources. The distribution systems of wild cold-water fish in China include Heilongjiang, Songhua River, Ussuri River, Tumen River, Yalu River, Jinsha River, Irtysh River, Brento Sea, Bosten Lake, Irtysh River, Ulungu River and other water systems. The family consists of anise family, salmonidae, pike, river cod and dubuta, plateau loach and so on.
Characteristics of cold-water fish:
1. Cold-water fish are short-day fish. In the autumn and winter when the natural light time is getting shorter and the water temperature is decreasing day by day, the gonads mature. The main factors restricting its sexual maturity are light time and intensity, followed by temperature.
2. The breeding season is from October to February of the following year, and the peak breeding period of most species is from December to January. In areas with long ice freezes, the reproduction of some species is postponed until early spring when streams begin to thaw and feed organisms begin to multiply in April. Cold-water fish breed in the wild, and the water temperature is mostly below 8 °C.
3. The upper limit of gonadal development, maturation, fertilization, embryonic development and hatching of juvenile fish is 13 °C, and the gonadal dysplasia above 13 °C is high, and the malformation rate of juvenile fish is high.
4, the appropriate water temperature for growth is 8 ~ 20 °C, higher or lower than this range the more slow growth. 22 °C metabolic strength, feed efficiency, disease resistance is reduced, more than 25 °C will soon die.
5, there is no obvious growth lower limit water temperature, as long as the water does not freeze can be ingested, grow.
6. It inhabits the environment of high transparency, high dissolved oxygen and clear flowing water for life.
The suitable temperature and distribution area of cold-water fish
Yaluo fish: 7 ~ 20 °C live in Heilongjiang, NenJiang, Songhua River, the most suitable water temperature is 13 ~ 18 °C.
Faro fish: 7 ~ 20 °C living in Heilongjiang, NenJiang, Songhua River, the most suitable water temperature is 13 ~ 18 °C.
Fine scaled fish: 7 ~ 20 °C live in Heilongjiang, Nenjiang, Songhua River, the most suitable water temperature is 13 ~ 18 °C.
Zheluo fish: 7 ~ 20 °C live in Heilongjiang, NenJiang, Songhua River, the most suitable water temperature is 13 ~ 18 °C.
Copper luo fish: 7 ~ 20 °C living in Heilongjiang, NenJiang, Songhua River, the most suitable water temperature is 13 ~ 18 °C.
Huluo: 7 ~ 20 °C Living in Heilongjiang, Nenjiang, Songhua River, the most suitable water temperature is 13 ~ 18 °C.
Pike: 7 ~ 20 °C live in Heilongjiang, NenJiang, Songhua River, the most suitable water temperature is 13 ~ 18 °C.
Rainbow trout: 10 to 18 °C water temperature exceeds 25 °C when the death.
Second, cold-water fish with ornamental value
Cold-water fish with good body color and certain ornamental value mainly include some fish of the loach family, flatfin loach family, bass family, carp family and bass subfamily. Such as stone climbing fish, plateau loach, etc., not only delicious and delicious, but also ornamental.
Loach family
The loach family is a family of ray-finned fish in the order Cyprinidae. It is a small, freshwater benthic fish, omnivorous. It is divided into three subfamily: loach, sand loach and loach. Ornamental fish of the cold-water loach family are mainly concentrated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau region.
Sand loach
Loach is a species endemic to China, commonly known as loach and loach. It is mainly distributed in the main tributaries of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River and its auxiliary waters, and generally inhabits the bottom of the river. It is the fastest growing and largest individual of loach fish, generally weighing 1.0-1.5 kg, and the largest individual can reach about 3 kg, which is the king of loach
Loach long
Baculidae
It is a cold-water fish species endemic to the middle reaches of the Brahmaputra And is the only bass fish in the middle reaches of the 8 species of bass in the Brahmaputra. The striated-breasted catfish are the most diverse and widely distributed taxa of the bass family, and about 80 species have been found in various water systems in the Central Indian Mountains. Among them, China is an important distribution area of the genus Striated-breasted catfish, and more than 20 species have been recorded so far.
Tattooed chest
Black spotted protobacera
Cyprinidae
Northeast huluo, also known as Heilongjiang salmon, also known as Si's salmon, commonly known as gourd seed, cyprinid family carp genus. It can be raised as a small cold-water ornamental fish.
Heilongjiang salmon
Third, cold-water fish with high aquaculture value
Big silver fish
The large silverfish is a cold and warm species of silver fish, feeding on zooplankton and small fish. The southern limit of distribution is the Mouth of the Qiantang River and the nearby coast. The distribution of lakes in the mouth of the Yangtze River and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is more common, and it is also distributed in the estuary and Bohai Sea of the North Yellow Sea and the Yalu River. This fish is the largest of the silver fish, spawning from December to March of the following year, the peak season water temperature of 2 to 4 °C. In recent years, a large number of reservoirs and lakes in the north have been transplanted, and good benefits have been achieved. The big silver fish in Chagan Lake is white and translucent, and the frozen one is white, thornless, and it is convenient for the elderly and children to eat. It has achieved good economic benefits.
West Taigong fish
It is mainly an eater of zooplankton. It is suitable for high water temperature not to exceed 30 °C. The Northern Western Taigong fish was introduced from Korea and flooded in the 1970s and 1980s due to the neglect of interspecies relations.
Tall white salmon
Native to rivers and lakes in Russia and North America. It is a salmon species of the salmon family, White salmon genus, which is a high-oxygen-consuming cold-water fish that feeds on zooplankton and does not stop eating under ice in winter. Breeds in autumn, laying eggs in a gravelly-bottomed channel and hatching at water temperatures of 3°C. Tall white salmon can be divided into three types, namely river type, lake type, river and lake type. In 1998, the introduction of cold-water fish breeding such as high white salmon and concave white salmon from Russia, the first catch of finished fish in 2000, ending the history of no fish production in Sailim Lake, after ten years of development, it has become an important cold-water fish production base in Xinjiang.
Rainbow trout
Among the salmon trout, rainbow trout is the most adaptable to higher water temperatures and is one of the most cultured species of salmon trout in the world. Rainbow trout live in a temperature range below 24 °C, the most suitable temperature of 10 ~ 18 °C, and 14 ~ 18 °C grow the fastest, above 20 °C life vitality, food utilization and disease resistance is reduced. Usually, death occurs quickly at 25 ° C; When dissolved oxygen is sufficient, it can withstand high temperatures of 26 °C for a short time. There is no obvious temperature limit, as long as it does not freeze, it can be ingested and grown. Mature at 4 to 13 °C, spawning.
Fourth, the introduction of cold-water fish species in various provinces
Species of cold-water fish in Sichuan Province
The cold-water fish distributed in Sichuan are mainly tiger chickfish in the salmon family, split-bellied fish in the cyprinid family, plateau loach fish in the loach family, and some species and subspecies of the bass family, flatfin loach family, and the fish sentence subfamily of the cyprinid family.
Cold-water fish species in Shaanxi Province
Shaanxi is located on the Loess Plateau, and the cold-water fish produced include rainbow trout, golden trout, colorful salmon (American red spot salmon), sturgeon and so on. The Qinling salmon is endemic to China and is only distributed in the upper reaches of the Wei River and its tributaries and the upper reaches of the Xiangshui River and the Meridian River, a tributary of the north side of the Han River.
Sichuan-Shaanxi Zheluo salmon is a large indigenous salmon, mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Qinghai also has a small number of survivors, in Shaanxi mainly living in the Taibai and Liuba area, is the only Zheluo salmon in the edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau mountainous areas.
Cold-water fish species in Qinghai Province
The cold-water fish in Qinghai Province are huangyu, and at the end of June and the beginning of July every year, it is the migratory season of the Huangyu in Qinghai Lake, and thousands of huangyu fish swim upstream along the rivers entering the lake to spawn in the upper freshwater river.
Cold-water fish species in Xinjiang Autonomous Region
There are nearly 10 wild indigenous fish in Xinjiang. Joltai and Wudaohei are two large species of wild fish, Fuhai in Xinjiang is the second largest freshwater lake, with the largest number of fish produced in the large and small Auspicious Lake; Urungu Lake, rich in cold-water fish such as pikes, there are many exotic fish from the Arctic Ocean; the main fish species in Kanas Lake are Zheluo salmon, Arctic fennel, river cod, fine scale salmon, quasi-carp, year fish, etc.; the Irtysh River is rich in white spotted pike; Tarim River produces bighead fish, also known as flatnose fish, Tarim bowfish. In addition, Xinjiang also has cold water fish such as Xinjiang silver crucian carp, Ili bowfish, and silver bowfish.
Commonly known as the Xinjiang bighead fish, the flatnose fish originated 300 million years ago and is known as a living fossil of ancient fish. Flatnose fish is a specialty fish in Xinjiang, but also a precious species in the world's split-bellied fish, is a national first-class protected animal, and the giant panda is a level, known as the "giant panda in the water".
Cold-water fish species in the Northeast region
In the northeast region, there is a saying in Heilongjiang "three flowers, five luos, eighteen sons and seventy-two miscellaneous fish", and the Songhua River has the saying of "three flowers and one island". The most precious of the cold-water fish in the northeast is the sturgeon, which are Shi's sturgeon and Dashi's sturgeon. There are also salmonids such as rainbow trout and salmon. The so-called Wuluo is the category of cold-water fish, that is to say, there are Zheluo salmon, Faro fish, Yaluo fish, Huluo fish, copper luo fish in the northeast region. The first two luos are large cold-water fish, and the last three are small cold-water fish. In addition, there are pike, chinese carp, wicker and so on.
Cold-water fish species in Yunnan Province
The species of cold-water fish in Yunnan are mainly concentrated in the Jinsha River, Lancang River and Nu River water systems. There are mainly more than 10 kinds of slit-bellied fish (Yayu), Sand Perch, Round-mouth copperfish, Slender-scaled Split-bellied Fish, long loach and so on.
Species of cold-water fish in the Tibet Autonomous Region
Tibet is the source of many rivers in Asia, with many lakes and an extremely rich number of fish, among which there are more than 70 species, including split-bellied fish, heavy-lipped fish, nudibranch, soft-spined naked carp, black-spotted original bass, Lhasa naked-spotted carp, double-whiskered leaf-whiskered fish, heterodonted split-bellied fish, giant-whiskered split-bellied fish and Lhasa split-bellied fish.
Fifth, the type and name of cold-water fish
Cold-water fish are divided into salmon family, anise family, pike family, sturgeon, loach family, cod family, perch family, carp family, Dufu family and so on. Common cold-water fish species are rainbow trout, brown trout, sturgeon, Russian sturgeon, white spotted pike, river cod, loach, etc., these are cold water fish. When cold-water fish survive in the wild, they mainly feed on aquatic insects, small trash fish, microorganisms, etc.
Fine-scaled salmon
It is named after its small scales. It belongs to the order Salmonididae, Salmonidae, genus Slender-scaled fish. It is a remnant of the glacial period that moved from the north to the south. It is commonly known as mountain fine scale fish, river fine scale fish, Lu fish, Lu flower fish, gold plate fish, flower fish, plum blossom fish, small red fish and so on. It is a cold-water foothill fish. It is found in the Heilongjiang River Basin, Yalu River, Qinling Mountains, North Korea, and Russia. The Shaanxi salmon live in mountain streams at an altitude of 900 to 2300 meters in the Qinling mountains, and are rarely seen in plain advection except during flood periods. Mostly in the rapid flow, clear water, large gravel bottom of the river.
Xinjiang silver crucian carp
Mainly distributed in the Irtysh And Ulengu River basin, this fish reproduces, grows fast, has a large individual, up to 5 kg, the meat is tender and delicious, and it is most suitable for fish stew soup.
Bowfish
Ili bowfish, also known as Ili split-bellied fish, is a fish of the genus Bowfish in the family Cyprinidae. It is distributed in Balhash Lake, xinjiang Ili River system and Karashar River. The type locality of this species is in the Karashar, Ili and Liepsa rivers. The body is long, flattened, and has fine scales all over the body, and the Ili people call it the arm scale fish, the Ili split-jiri fish, and the Ili split-belly fish. Because of its large head, the Ili people are also known as big-headed fish. Silver bowfish are also produced in the Ili River Basin. Also known as silver arm scale fish, silver split-ribbed fish, silver split-bellied fish. The Ili people call it white fish, small white stripe, and yellow fish. The whole body is covered with scales, the body scales are small, and the body length of the fish is less than 25 cm.
Xinjiang bowfish
Huang fish
The scientific name of Huangyu is Qinghai Lake Naked Carp, which is only distributed in Qinghai Lake and its tributaries around the lake in China, and is an economic fish in the low-temperature saline alkaline waters of the plateau. It prefers to inhabit beaches, slow flowing water between large rock piles, deep pools or rock crevices. It is adaptable and can be lived in either brackish or fresh water. Omnivorous, feeding mainly on algae, rotifers, crustaceans, aquatic insects and small fish. Huangyu is a national second-level protected wild animal, which has only grown by one pound in ten years. From May to August, the Fish in Qinghai Lake migrate to give birth, forming a spectacle. Their multiplication journey takes more than a month, up to more than 60 kilometers, and they have to swim against the current and jump the river.
Loach
The scientific name is Dassoni. Produced in the waters of Heilongjiang, the hometown is Heilongjiang, with a large body, generally weighing 50 to 100 kilograms, and the large ones can reach 1000 kilograms, which is a large carnivorous fish. Known for its long life span, large body, large food intake and strong strength, it is known as the "giant panda in the water" and the beautiful name of the freshwater fish king. It is distributed in the Heilongjiang, Ussuri and Songhua River basins.
Faro fish
The scientific name triangular bream is named because of its high apex fin, long head and tail, and its nearly triangular shape from the side. It belongs to the carp family, bream subfamily, bream fish. It is distributed in Heilongjiang, Songhuajiang, Ussuri, Nenjiang, Xingkai Lake, Jingpo Lake and other waters, but it is rarely caught at present.
Yaro (Huazi fish)
Yaros, also known as Northeast Yaro, commonly known as Huazi fish, slippery fish, Dari Lake slippery fish, slippery fish, white fish. The lips are thin, without edges, and are not bearded. The eyes are larger, the scales are medium-sized, the lateral line is complete, slightly curved towards the ventral surface, and extended backwards to the mid-axis of the tail stalk. The dorsal fin has no hard spines. It should be distributed in the various river systems of the Heilongjiang River Basin, of which Darinol Lake is the majority. In addition, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the Luan River, the Daihai River, and the Darinol Lake are also produced but in small quantities, and are also distributed in the upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River in Russia.
Huazi fish
Jarro fish
White-kissed pike bass
Commonly known as drum eye fish, pike perch, tooth fish. The fish of the genus Perciformes are distributed in Eurasia, mainly in the Aral Sea, Caspian Sea, Black Sea, Baltic Sea system and elbe River, and were once moved to the Balkhash Lake system and distributed in Xinjiang in China. It is a high-economic value edible fish, suitable for various cooking methods, and can also be used as ornamental fish. It inhabits large rivers, lakes and estuaries of large rivers, lakes and estuaries with relatively turbid water and high nutrients, swimming in groups and moving in upper-middle waters. The breeding season is from April to May, and migration takes place. Carnivorous, mainly preying on small fish.
Pike perch
Split-bellied fish
Also known as the mouthfish, the small turtle. It belongs to the order Teleostidae, Cyprinids, Cyprinids, and the subfamily Schizothorax. It is a small and medium-sized fish specialty of the Asian highland region. Common economic species are Qinghai Lake naked carp, Dali split-bellied fish, soft-spined naked split-bellied fish, flat-nosed fish, short-whiskered split-bellied fish, filament-bellied fish, heavy-mouth split-bellied fish, homo-mouth split-bellied fish, Dali split-bellied fish and so on.
Fennel
Also known as spotted trout. The body is long and flattened laterally. The snout is blunt and short, with 1 row of fine teeth on each upper and lower jaws. Big eyes. The scales are small and densely arranged. Heilongjiang fennel is produced in china in the upper reaches of the Heilongjiang River, the upper reaches of the Nen River, the Mudanjiang River, the Ussuri River, the Songhua River and the Suifen River
sturgeon
A freshwater economic fish, with the advantages of fast growth, large individuals, few diseases, easy to solve feed, simple breeding technology and so on. Sturgeon caviar is known as "black pearl" and "black gold", and sturgeon cartilage and spinal cord enjoy the reputation of "shark fin, sturgeon bone". Sturgeon skin is a superior raw material for the manufacture of high-grade leather products, and its softness, abrasion resistance and tear resistance are comparable to crocodile leather.
The species of cold-water sturgeon are Spoon's cold-water sturgeon and Dashi cold-water sturgeon in the Ussuri River Basin; Sakhalin Island cold-water sturgeon; Chinese sturgeon, Dashi cold-water sturgeon and white-cold-water sturgeon in the Jinsha River Basin; naked-bellied sturgeon in the waters of Yining, Suiding and Mibuchar in Xinjiang; Siberian sturgeon and Bei's sturgeon in Xinjiang's Irtysh River, Brento Sea and Bosten Lake.
Pointed naked carp
The scientific name is Tibetan naked carp, belongs to the order Cyprinid, cyprinid family, split-bellied fish subfamily, pointed naked carp genus, commonly known as Si's naked carp. The body is slender and slightly flattened. The head is long and tapered. The snout is pointed and long. The mouth is large, terminal, and deeply curved. The upper lip is more developed; the lower lip is narrow and underdeveloped, divided into left and right lobes. There is a mucus cavity on the chin and cheeks. Without. The eyes are smaller. The body is bare and scaleless, with only a few irregular scales and longitudinal rump scales at the shoulder straps.
Ya fish
Yayu is a precious cold-water fish grown in Ya'an, with a body shape like a carp, scales as thin as trout, smooth taste, tender meat, rich nutrition, long-term eating is not greasy, for the past tribute. Yayu, Yanu, Yayu, folk collectively known as "Ya'an Three Absolute".
Heavy lip fish
A special kind of split-bellied fish. The mandibular horn is finely narrowed and slightly curved, and its leading edge forms sharp horn. The lower lip is divided into narrow left and right lobes with papillae on the surface. It has only 1 pair of horn whiskers, which are about equal to the diameter of the eye. The last root of the dorsal fin is soft and smooth. The body scales are slightly larger, and the chest and abdomen are bare. The body is long, slightly flattened laterally, and the tail stalk is slightly rounded. The head is tapered and the snout is blunt. Lower mouth, horseshoe-shaped. There is no sharp margin in the lower jaw. The lips are slightly thinner, the lateral lobes of the lower lip are narrow, and the posterior lip groove is interrupted. The corners of the mouth have 1 pair of short whiskers, and the end does not exceed the posterior edge of the eye. The body is thinly scaled , the thorax and abdomen are bare , the lateral line is about 30 scales , and it has gluteal scales. The dorsal fin is a smooth, soft spine, and the ventral fin starts opposite the posterior half of the dorsal fin base. It is distributed in the inland water body of the Zhongdian Basin in Yunnan and the Xiaozhongdian River in the Jinsha River system, and is the main economic fish in the area.
Xinjiang naked heavy lip fish commonly known as heavy lip fish, stone flower fish, flower fish, cucumber fish, distributed in Central Asia and parts of Xinjiang waters, for cold water fish, living in the rapids of large rivers and rivers, delicious meat, rich in fat content, dried or smoked, can be stored for a long time and transported, for a valuable economic fish.
Jero salmon
Salmon is a cold-water freshwater carnivorous fish found mainly in northern Asia, west to the Volga River Basin, east to the Pejra River Basin, south to the Heilongjiang River Basin, and north to the Lena River Basin. Fierce, large, more than 1 meter long, preying on fish and frogs, snakes, rodents, birds and so on living by the water. Salmon meat is delicious and is a precious fish.
pike
Pike is also a cold-water fish, and in China, there are two main species of pike, namely pike and pike. The meat quality of pike is excellent, and its market value is relatively high. Pike is a carnivorous fish that is ferocious in nature, feeding not only on small fish in the water, but also on some birds. Pike is also a target fish for Lua fishing enthusiasts.
Five shades of black
The scientific name is red perch, also known as river perch, commonly known as the five black. It is named after the 5 broad bands on the side of the body that span the dorsal back of the body. The red perch is a cold temperate river and lake fish that lives in northern Xinjiang. Growth is relatively slow, reaching sexual maturity at 3 winter ages, and the largest individual body length can reach about 50 cm.
Willow root fish
The willow root fish is a collective name for the lyre, lake tuna and the real tuna, and is a small economic fish in the wild of the river, with a high value. The cold-water fish native to the northeast only live streams and rivers, mostly inhabit small rivers and mountain streams with low water temperature and clear water quality. The roots of the willow trees along the creek are often washed into holes by the water, and the roots are in the shape of a coat, dancing slowly with the flow of water, which is the favorite hiding place of the willow roots, and the reason why the willow root fish is called willow roots should be derived from this.
Willow root fish is a small economic fish indigenous to the Northeast region, and its flesh is extremely tender and delicious. It can be fried, fried, sauce stewed and other cooking processing, with the advantages of delicious meat, tender meat, no intermuscular spines, high protein and unsaturated fatty acid content, unique flavor and other advantages, quite popular with consumers.