Emperor Ming Shi's escape from the throne, Zhu Yunjiao

Emperor Huizong of Ming, Zhu Yunjiao, was the second emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang. Because Zhu Yuanzhang's eldest son Zhu Biao died early, Zhu Biao's second son Zhu Yunjiao was very filial to his father Zhu Biao, and his grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang saw it in his eyes and established himself as the emperor's grandson with the inheritance system of the eldest son. Hongwu reigned as emperor in the thirty-first year (1398) in Nanjing, with the era name "Jianwen", and the next year was the first year of Jianwen.

Zhu Yunjiao was familiar with the Confucian scriptures since childhood, gentle and elegant, and in the twenty-ninth year of Hongwu (1396), Zhu Yunxiu requested Zhu Yuanzhang to revise the "Daming Law", and he referred to the "Book of Rites" and the criminal law of the previous dynasties to revise the seventy-three overly harsh provisions in the "Daming Law", which won the hearts of the people.

Zhu Yunjiao is as gentle, thoughtful, and shy as his father, Zhu Biao. Unlike his grandfather, who was good at fighting, diligent in state administration, and had great talent. Nor did his uncles have ambitions to become emperors. Zhu Yunjiao wanted to implement the ideal benevolent government, and he tried to implement some major changes in the government's speech and deeds, but these changes had disastrous consequences. Zhu Yunjiao appointed three Confucian masters, Huang Zicheng, Qi Qin, and Fang Xiaoru, as Hanlin scholars and participated in state affairs. The three Confucian masters were idealistic, nerdy, lacking a sense of practice and experience in public affairs, nor leadership, and their advice was often limited to paper and unrealistic.

Zhu Di, the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, the Prince of Yan, was created King of Yan in May 1370 and given the fief of Beiping, guarding the northern border against the Mongols. Zhu Di received the best generalist education at the court as a child and showed outstanding military leadership skills under the guidance of the ming dynasty's first-class generals. In the war with the Mongols, there were many battles and victories. In 1398, Zhu Yuanzhang did not consider Zhu Di when he was establishing the imperial heir, and it is conceivable that Zhu Di was disappointed. After Zhu Yunxiong was made a monarch, he encouraged Zhu Di, the King of Yan, to realize his ambitions. Zhu Di, instigated by Yao Guangxiao, began to prepare for rebellion. In the early years of Jianwen, in order to sit firmly on the throne, Zhu Yunjiao began to purge the king of the domain, and the king of Zhou, Zhu Xu, the acting king, and other princes of the domain were deposed one after another. Zhu Di, the King of Yan, felt dangerous and decided to confront the imperial court. At the end of the first year of Jianwen (1399), Zhu Di first took several neighboring states in Nanjing, and finally Zhu Di rebelled under the banner of "Qing Junfang", a war that lasted for three years and was known as the "Battle of Jingnan".

In June of the fourth year of Jianwen (1403), Zhu Di attacked Nanjing, and Zhu Yunjiao did not know where he was.