In people's impressions, many Buddhist temples are surrounded by mountains and rivers, taking advantage of the beautiful scenery of nature. However, Wuwei Kumarosh Temple is located in the bustling city center of Wuwei City - Wuwei North Street. This makes this thousand-year-old temple suddenly become a pure land in the downtown area. Mr. Wu Shenghua, a director of the Wuwei Tibetan Studies Research Association, said in a saying that the sky was broken: "If there is mountain and forest qi in the chest, why bother the traffic and horses in front of the door."
The reason why Wuwei Kumarosh Monastery is famous is because of Master Kumarosh, a great propagator of Buddhist ideas with extraordinary talent, profound willingness, and a life of ups and downs, who came all the way from the Western Regions and stayed in Wuwei, opening a brilliant page in the history of Chinese Buddhism.
Foreign monks?
In Wuwei, Gansu, people in cultural circles and religious circles often hear about Master Kumarosh. It is said that Kumarosh was a legendary figure and a great man. In this regard, the reporter is full of curiosity. But what made the reporter even more curious was that Kumarosh was a foreign monk, and his biography was also placed in the category of "foreign translators". Whether Master Kumarosh was a Chinese monk or a foreign monk, why did he come to China and live in Wuwei for a long time?
The Wuwei Tongzhi records that "Kumarosh (344-413), a native of Tianzhu (present-day India). In the eighth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (383), former Qin Jianjian ordered the general Lü Guang to expedition to Guizi and was awarded the western high monk Kumarosh. In March of the tenth year of the Taiyuan Dynasty (385), Lü Guang returned from Guizi to the east. In September of the same year, Lü Guang took the history of Liangzhou from himself, and Kumarosh stayed in Liangzhou for 17 years. ”
It is also recorded in the Liangzhou Literature and History Materials that the Tianzhu monk Kumarosh was in Liangzhou for 17 years and widely spread the seeds of Mahayana Buddhism. At that time, the Chang'an Shi monk Zhao, who had traveled thousands of miles to Liangzhou, was employed under the Gate of Kumarosh. Monks from all over Hexi came to Houliang and worshiped Kumarosh as their teacher to teach Mahayana Buddhism. The monks of the Western Regions and the Central Plains also came to Houliang in an endless stream to exchange and study Buddhism with Kumarosh, which made the name of Liangzhou Buddhism spread far and wide at home and abroad.
As can be seen from the above information, Kumarosh was a monk from India.
Legendary
One day in October last year, this reporter walked into the Kumarosh Monastery for verification.
Kumarosh Monastery is the place where Guru Kumarosh was stationed in Wu to promote the Dharma, with a history of 1600 years. The temple faces four streets, east of North Avenue, west of Pingping Lane, south of Wangfu Street, north of West Alley, covering an area of 32.8 acres. The temple was first built in Houliang (386-400 AD), and was extensively restored during the Tang, Ming and Qing dynasties. At present, the temple is once again under renovation.
Under the guidance of the current abbot and theorist, the reporter once again enjoyed the whole picture of Kumarosh Monastery. The original building of Kumarosh Monastery was built on a central axis from east to west. Facing the street are three wooden archways with rosh plaques. The archway is a small door, three bays, a large ridge, and a four-corner cornice. Entering the small gate is the Hall of the Heavenly Kings, flanked by the golden bodies of the four heavenly kings, and in the middle of the sculptures are the Bodhisattvas of Veda and Maitreya. Widdhi Bodhisattva held a sword and surrendered to the golems. Maitreya Bodhisattva faced the door, smiling and always showing joy. Passing through the Hall of the Heavenly King is the Great Treasure Hall, a total of five rooms, sculpting the Three Treasure Buddhas and the Eighteen Arhats. Bypassing the Great Treasure Hall, behind it is the Kumarosh Tower.
According to the theorist, according to the "Records of You" and the "Biography of Liang", Kumarosh was born in Tianzhu and was the prime minister of state for generations. Grandfather Data was not a gentleman, and his father Hatsuma yan was clever and had a good temperament, and he became a monk to avoid phase. King Guizi admired him and personally went out to the countryside to welcome him as a national teacher. His mother, Qi Bo, was the sister of King Guizi, who was of noble birth and was knowledgeable and sensitive. It is said that one day when the elderly woman went out of the city to see the dry bones running across the wilderness, she had some realizations, and despite her husband's obstruction and commitment to becoming a monk, she finally received the zen method of ordination. In 350 A.D., Rosh was seven years old and became a monk with his mother. At that time, the Popular Buddhist Multi-Hinayana School of Kamezi, the teacher of Kumarosh's study, Buddha Tuyumi, was a famous monk who studied the Ahanbe classics very deeply. Ran Rosh "received a thousand chants from the teacher. There are thirty-two words, thirty-two thousand words. The recitation of the bitan is passed, and the teacher teaches its righteousness. That is, self-access, no snormal. ”
"Three inches of uncorrupted tongue"
According to the theorist, Kumarosh was born in India and was born in the western region of "Guizi". During the Wei and Jin dynasties, people believed that the "Guizi" in the Western Regions was "foreign". For this reason, Kumarosh has always been called a "foreign monk".
At the Kumarosh Monastery, the reporter saw the legendary Rosh Pagoda, which is the burial place of the "three-inch tongue of the uncorrupted tongue" of Master Kumarosh.
According to the Wuwei Tongzhi, "Kumarosh led more than 800 disciples to translate 74 sutras and 384 volumes, and was later called one of the three major translators of Chinese Buddhism." "Kumarosh's translation of the sutra attaches great importance to the innovation of the original sutra and style. Kumarosh once said that the Tianzhu Kingdom attached great importance to the words of the Buddhist scriptures, emphasizing the tone of the voice and rhyme, so as to be able to enter the strings as superior. If the translator only seeks to be similar, losing the literary algae of the song and chanting is like chewing rice to feed people, which is not only tasteless, but also disgusting. Therefore, the Buddhist scriptures translated by Kumarosh can be regarded as perfect in both meaning and sound, pure fire, not only not bending their teeth, but also preserving the characteristics of "Western Quintile", which has been loved by monks for thousands of years. Guru Kumarosh once made a vow: "May all that is proclaimed be passed on to future generations, and that all the translations will be passed on to future generations." If what is preached is infallible, when the body is burned, the tongue will not burn. "The History of Buddhism in China records that in the fifteenth year of the reign (413), Kumarosh died at the Great Temple of Chang'an. When the body was burned according to the teachings, "the salary was destroyed and broken, but the tongue was not broken." In order to commemorate Kumarosh, the people of Wuwei built the "Tongue Stupa".
The reporter saw that at noon, due to the sunlight, the Tibetan Scripture Building was diagonally opposite the Rosh Tower, and through the gap in the door of the building, the tower became a reflection. The tower is hollow, octagonal twelve-storey, 32 meters high, the tower seat octagonal, circumference of 25 meters, height of 2 meters, all bricks stacked. The base of the tower is surrounded by a brick wall with flower railings. The bottom floor of the tower is higher than the other floors, and the doors open to the east. On the uppermost level of the pagoda, there is a small niche on the east side, and the niche is dedicated to the Buddha statue. The top of the tower is shaped like a gourd vase, and each floor has a flat brick waist eaves, the corner is upturned, and the wind chimes are crisp, giving people a sense of dazzling and clear mind.
He lived in Wuwei for 17 years
During his long 17 years in Wuwei, Kumarosh studied and studied Chinese, came into contact with a large number of Chinese scriptures and historical texts other than Buddhism, and taught Buddhist scriptures and Hongfa preaching on the other hand, laying a solid foundation for him to engage in a large number of translation activities in the future.
Kumarosh's influence on The Buddhist schools and sects in China was mainly manifested in the translation or retranslation of the sutras he presided over, and the Dapin Prajnaparamita Sutra, the Xiaopin Prajnaparamita Sutra, and the Great Wisdom Theory directly contributed to the spread of the Prajnaparamita doctrine of Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. The Theory of Chengshi is the main classic of the Chengshi Sect, the Treatise on the Middle Passage, the Hundred Treatises, and the Twelve Treatises are the main texts of the Three Treatises, the Lotus Sutra is the main classic of the Tendai Sect, the Amitabha Sutra is the main classic of the Pure Land Sect, and the Vajrapani Prajnaparamita Sutra is the main classic of Zen Buddhism. In terms of Zen and precepts, the Zazen Samadhi Sutra is the first Mahayana Zen classic, the Ten Recitations is the first complete Chinese translation of the Hinayana precepts, and the Brahma Sutra is the first Mahayana precept, which was translated by The Buddha Yeshe under the influence of Kumarosh, and is still the precepts used in Han China since the Tang Dynasty. In addition, the Maitreya Sutra and the Maitreya Sutra are the classics of folk Maitreya beliefs.
In the process of translating the scriptures and preaching, Kumarosh trained a large number of Buddhist disciples, and his disciples were called three thousand. The outstanding ones are the "Four Saints of Shimen" (Monk Zhao, Daosheng, Daorong, Dao Monk), "Shimen Eight Juns" and "Shimen Ten Philosophies". His disciple, Monk Zhao, after the death of Kumarosh, also studied Buddhism and established his own Buddhist thought, and was called "Chinese Metaphysical Master" by later generations.
In the course of the reporter's pursuit of Guru Kumarosh, one day in February this year, he suddenly received a phone call from the abbot of the Rosh Monastery, and then received an e-mail from him. Originally, after many inquiries and the latest investigation by religious circles: Guizi is in Xinjiang, that is, Xinjiang Aksu Kucha. This is the location of the ancient country of Guizi in the western region of the Silk Road. The Western Regions Protectorate of the Han Dynasty, the Anxi Capital Protectorate of the Tang Dynasty, and the Guizi Governor's Mansion were all built here. Thus it turns out that Kumarosh is in fact Chinese. Nowadays, in the Kucha Kyzyl Grottoes in Xinjiang, there is a bronze statue of Kumarosh.
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