<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="1" > Battle of Yangenth-Dressdale</h1>
01 Blockade on the shores of Chosin Lake
On October 15, 1950, Yang Gensi gave a report to officers and soldiers in Yao Village, Yanzhou, Shandong Province, after returning from the First National Conference of Representatives of Combat Heroes and Model Workers—this should be the last photograph of him before his death.
That year, Yang Gensi was 28 years old, and a few weeks later, the commander of the 3rd Company of the 1st Battalion, 172nd Regiment, 58th Division of the 20th Army of the Volunteer Army, was martyred and died heroically on the 1071.1 plateau on the shore of Chosin Lake.
After Yang Gensi's sacrifice, he became the first "special hero" of the Chinese Volunteer Army. This honorary title was awarded to him in recognition of his heroic and tenacious spirit in battle and his fearless sacrifice, and the resistance and sacrifice of Yang Gensi and his comrades in the 1071.1 highlands was like a key card of dominoes for the Battle of Chosin Lake, which can be said to have the significance of influencing the entire battle situation.
Although the war situation was confusing at that time, the gains and losses of the 1071.1 heights were highly valued by both the enemy and us - judging from the development of the war situation since then, this emphasis is undoubtedly correct.
In this battle, Yang Gensi and his comrades-in-arms fought with the enemy with bayonets. When we find out why the 1071.1 Highlands affected the entire Chosin Lake Campaign, it is also clear to us as the opponent of this white-knife war.
The movie "Chosin Lake" shows a hand-to-hand combat between a volunteer assault company and a narrow road of the US army. This was a rare sight in actual combat, where many volunteer veterans said they had been fighting for several years and had no chance to fight the Americans for bayonets.
This is certainly due to the higher military law of combat reliance on firepower during the Korean War than in World War II, and it is also related to the views of both sides on hand-to-hand combat.
The US military does not advocate that the troops engage in hand-to-hand combat, they believe that the volunteer army is very good as a light infantry, and that the white-knife warfare cannot give full play to the advantages of the US military's long-range firepower, and it belongs to the strength of attacking the enemy with its own shortness. In the entire Korean War, it was rare for US troops to take the initiative to fight with our army, and fighting with rifles has become a model of "close combat" for US troops.
The volunteer army is more steely and less steel, and it is said that hand-to-hand combat should be encouraged, but the actual situation provided by the veterans I interviewed is not the case. Front-line commanders mentally advocate that everyone dare to fight hand-to-hand, but they are not highly respected in actual combat. This is because the country has been weak for a long time, the physical quality of officers and men is very different from that of the US military, and it is naturally not recommended to use a knife to solve the problems that can be solved with guns.
However, the battlefield of Chosin Lake did have a white-knife battle - a white-knife battle provoked by the enemy on its own initiative. According to the recollections of Yang Desheng, a surviving veteran of Yang Gensi's company, on the 1071.1 high ground where they were located, when they counterattacked the enemy's sixth charge, there was a hand-to-hand combat, and the enemy who rushed up got on the bayonet and fought with us. Yang Desheng was seriously wounded by one against three, but the position was not lost, and their opponent was the British Marines.
In interviewing Yang Lao, he was convinced of this — the captured prisoners, admitting that they were British Marines, not American soldiers.
British Marines.
The British Marine Corps, founded in 1664, is different from the Army that once cut off the king's head and became a so-called "rebel", the Marine Corps has always been known for its loyalty in the British army, the full name is "Royal Marine".
They were the elite of the British dynasty, having made many achievements in the landings in Normandy, the capture of Port Said, the Battle of The Island of Anglo-Armagh and even the Gulf War. At the same time, they were also the vanguard of the expansion of the British Empire, in the Opium War, the British Marines participated in the capture of wusong baoshan fort, Jiangnan Admiral Chen Huacheng was killed in battle; in the Eight-Power Alliance, there were more than 2,000 British Marines.
Perhaps because of its maritime origin and the sense of honor of the British Royal Navy, this force has shown strong combat effectiveness in previous battles, especially in World War II, which has been praised by the Allies for completing difficult tasks many times.
The appearance of a British Marine corps at Chosin Lake is quite strange. World War II consumed the last vitality of the old lion, the "Sun Never Sets Empire" in the post-war rapid decline, can send the army as a vassal of the U.S. army to Korea is already very reluctant, where to find a Marine who dares to fight with Chinese bayonet to participate in the war?
In fact, the British did have one Marine Corps that fought in the Battle of Chosin Lake, and there was only one. This British Marine Corps was the "Royal Marine Corps 41 Commando" (41 Commando), nominally part of the 3rd Marine Brigade, and was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Dresdale.
Lieutenant Colonel Douglas Dresdale is a veteran of the Royal Marine Corps since 1934. He was the marine commander of the famous British battleship Prestige, then fought in various theaters from the Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean, and served as a liaison officer for the British Royal Navy in Washington, D.C., at the time of the Battle of Chosin Lake, when he was 34 years old.
Dresdale's 41st Commando had just over 200 men, and they were supposed to be a symbolic occupation force stationed in Yokosuka, Japan, on behalf of the British Imperial Navy. Being able to come to Japan to carry out the honor of being an occupying army, many of the British troops, including Dresdale, had made contributions in World War II, which also made them somewhat arrogant and conceited.
When the Korean War broke out, in order to show British support for the United States, the Dressdales also volunteered to go to Korea to fight the war — in their eyes, all Asian armies were soft persimmons.
I don't know how many officers and men of the 41 Commando Corps regretted this view later.
Comparing the history of the two sides, it was the British army commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Dresdale who fought with the bayonet with Yang Gensi. The confrontation between these 200 British Marines and Yang Gensi Company is equivalent to the confrontation of two company-level units, and how did it become a battle that affected the war situation in the Chosin Lake battlefield where hundreds of thousands of troops fought?
Just as a butterfly in the Amazon will bring a storm to the United States by stirring its wings, if you stand in the clouds and watch the battle between the two sides, you will understand the significance of this fight.
Lieutenant Colonel Dresdale (first from right) and his officers, who had carried out several landing raids on U.S. submarines, mostly of a showmanship nature.
Lieutenant Colonel Dressdale and his Marines had just reached Tuguri at the time of the Battle of Chosin Lake. It is located between the main bases of the 1st Marine Division, Hagaru-ri and The Ham Nam Harbor, where Colonel Chasey Poole, commander of the 1st Regiment of the 1st Marine Division, is located.
Lieutenant Colonel Dressdale commented in the ancient tulle that Lieutenant Colonel Dresdale was "the most elegant and gentlemanly officer here.". Because the 41 Commando had only about 200 men, it was impossible to stand alone, so when MacArthur launched the "Christmas Offensive" and fell into the encirclement set by Commander-in-Chief Peng Dehuai, the lieutenant colonel's troops were not given any specific task, in other words, they followed the American army to fight soy sauce all the way to the ancient soil.
The problem is that Lake Chosin is not elegant at all.
After the Battle of Chosin Lake began on November 27, the 1st Marine Division of the United States Marine Corps, which was advancing north along the west bank of Lake Chosin from Hagaru-ri along the west bank of Lake Chosin, was beaten into a mess by the units of the Volunteer 20th Army, especially the 5th and 7th Regiments of the Marines in Liutan, which were cut and surrounded, and when the division commander in Hagaru-ri, Rear Admiral Smith, was busy organizing rescue, he received orders from his superior, General Almond, commander of the 10th Army, to rescue the 31st Infantry Regiment of the US Army at the same time.
This regiment was the vanguard of the American army marching north along the east bank of Chosin Lake, and as soon as the battle began, its main force and the 1st Battalion of the 32nd Infantry Regiment were surrounded by the 27th Army of the Volunteer Army, and the commander of the 31st Regiment, Colonel McLean, cried out for help, and the closest to it was the 1st Marine Division.
This 31st Regiment is the famous "Polar Bear Regiment" - known as the most adept at cold zone combat in the US Army.
However, Maj. Gen. Smith could do nothing about the order. The main force of the First Marine Division was also under fierce siege on the west bank of Chosin Lake and in Hagaru-ri, and the situation was so critical that even the road between the lower Saku-ri Division headquarters and the Xiannan harbor was cut off by the volunteers -- at this time, he did not know that among the volunteer troops blocking this road, there was a great threat, and yanggensilian, which controlled the 1071.1 heights...
02 Fight bayonets with British Marines
Major General Smith has long been unable to take care of himself, where is the spare energy to rescue the 31st Regiment on the east bank?
In a hurry, Major General Smith remembered that Colonel Poole's 1st Regiment headquarters was still in Gutuli between Hagaru-ri and Xiannan, which had not yet been surrounded by volunteers, so he urgently contacted Colonel Poole there, and ordered him to quickly organize troops outside the encirclement to break through in the direction of Hagaru-ri, first open the connection between the two, and then continue to advance to rescue the 31st Regiment and other troops on the east bank.
The problem was that at this time, Poole's men had no battalion-level or above formations, and the volunteer army was also attacking in the direction of Gutuli, which was not safe at all. When Colonel Poole received this order, he did not know whether he would express his admiration for Smith's madness or his dissatisfaction with his shirking of responsibility.
At this time, Colonel Poole was also unable to protect himself, the troops of the 60th Division of the 20th Army of the Volunteer Army had occupied the high ground southeast of Gutuli, and his 180th Regiment had launched an attack on Gutuli, and on the 28th, his main energy had to be focused on defense for a whole day, fortunately, it was close to the Xiannan Harbor, and the rear support of the American army could come up at any time, plus the volunteer interspersed troops could not carry heavy weapons, and they could not take Gutuli for a while.
It was not until the 29th, under Smith's stern supervision, that Poole began to organize reinforcements for Hagaru-ri – their ultimate goal was not only to fight hagaru-ri, but also to continue to rescue the "Polar Bear Regiment".
After all, Poole was a 52-year-old veteran soldier who responsibly gathered the miscellaneous troops at hand and organized a rather decent task force.
The task force consisted, first of all, of Dresdale, the 41st Royal Marine Commando, which had been playing soy sauce and was fully formed, as well as a company of the 1st Marine Division, a company of the 31st Infantry Regiment of the United States Army that was not encircled, a tank company, an anti-tank company, some rear crew, and some South Korean troops. In the end, the total strength of the force reached 922 people, with 171 combat vehicles, at least on paper, it seemed to be powerful. And their task, as long as they advanced 23 miles along the road from The Ancient Turi, could reach the confluence with Major General Smith in Hagaru-ri, which did not seem to be remarkable.
Since the Volunteer 180th Regiment was still attacking and was going to sit in Guturi, Poole gave command of the task force to the highest-ranking officer in the miscellaneous army, Lieutenant Colonel Dressdale of the British Marine Corps, so the task force was also called "Dresdale Task Force".
However, since his family knew his own affairs and was a veteran officer who had fought throughout World War II, Dresdale understood exactly what his honorable unit had become between the geisha and sakura in Japan, and how difficult it was for a British officer to command such an unrivaled multinational force, the main force or the overbearing American soldiers who were now in front of Britain. So on November 29, the lieutenant colonel gave a note with a bitter smile: "Guys, we're not going for a walk. ”
Dresdale Contingent in English and American literature.
Dresdale thought too lightly, a veteran officer of the British Empire who had been fighting in Europe for a long time, and was undoubtedly too unfamiliar with the Chinese Volunteer Army. When the convoy set off, he understood what the 23 miles meant.
The advancing convoy entered the frozen valley and was soon met with intense fire from the positions occupied by the volunteers on the right front, and barricades and mines were constantly appearing ahead. It was a rugged road in the middle of a mountain range with a frozen river (the Chosin River) in the middle — which later the survivors of The Dresdale Task Force later called "Hell's Creek Valley."
After three hours of fierce fighting, they advanced only two miles and then made no progress, lieutenant colonel Dresdale described as "encountering far more Chinese than expected", he realized that it was impossible to take out each of the volunteer positions and then advance, so he asked for air support, fought and walked under the cover of aircraft, and tried to "smuggle" successfully while the volunteer fire was suppressed.
Dresdale Contingent in actual combat.
However, the troops of the 60th and 58th Divisions of the Volunteer Army were very stubborn, a few artillery pieces hit very accurately, vehicles in the convoy were constantly hit and caught fire, and tanks were also stopped. In the end, after a day of fighting, the task force still failed to travel the 23 miles, but the team was pulled into a strange two-mile-long formation, and they barely passed the blockade positions of the 178th and 179th Regiments of the 60th Division of the Volunteer Army after fierce fighting, and it was in this situation that the Dresdale Task Force encountered the heroic blockade of Yang Gensi's company at the 1071.1 heights.
Highland 1071.1 was the "bone" stuck in the nearest road between Hagaru-ri and Gutori, and the Seven Attacks of the Dresdale Task Force were suppressed, and the Eighth British Marines had to go out in person — although the good years in Japan greatly reduced their combat effectiveness, the British fought harder than the Americans in World War II, and the old base of fighting bayonets was still there.
One can imagine how helpless Lieutenant Colonel Dresdale had to let his Marines fight the vanguard, and his capital was too small to withstand setbacks.
As a result, the eighth attack, despite the bayonet, was still beaten.
If it were not for the fact that there was only one British Marine in the Dresdale Contingent on the entire Chosin Lake front, and that they were attacking Hagaru-ri on the day of Yangensi's death on the 29th, the history of the war between the two sides was not necessarily correct, and now we can say with certainty that it was Younggensle who blocked Dresdale's convoy outside of Hagaru-ri.
During the battle, Lieutenant Colonel Dressdale was wounded in the right arm (it is not certain whether it was at Heights 1071.1 or in other battles) and suffered heavy casualties, but by this time the "Polar Bear Regiment" on the east bank of Lake Chosin was already in danger, and the telegrams rushed over one after another, and Dressdale had to grit his teeth and continue to advance in the direction of Hagauri.
After repelling the enemy's eighth attack, Yang Desheng was seriously injured in hand-to-hand combat, and Yang Desheng, who had lost a lot of blood, was groggy. But he remembered that it was already 5 o'clock in the afternoon, it was dark, and there were still lights in the distance to see the American troops (actually including the British) on the mountain road below, and he guessed that it was the tent of the American commander or the wounded soldier, but the distance was too far for our weapons to hit him.
At this time, he saw Yang Gensi for the last time.
Yang Gensi once again inspected the position, his expression was still the same as usual, he saw that Yang Desheng was injured, and specially comforted him twice. He saw the company commander talk to the instructor for a few words, and later learned that Yang Gensi had asked the instructor Chen Wenbao to work hard to remove the wounded—and later Chen Wenbao really did it.
Just over an hour later, Yang Gensi was killed by the swarming enemy troops on the Small Gaoling sub-position on the 1071.1 heights.
"At that time, the company commander was collecting explosive packages on the position, not one, all collected to him, I thought he was preparing to blow up the tank, and I didn't think he would die..." Yang Desheng touched Yang Gensi's photo.
The scene of Yang Gensi's sacrifice in the oil painting.
According to official records, Yang Gensi picked up a 10-kilogram explosive package and plunged into the enemy group to die heroically when the enemy pounced on the position - in the movie "Chosin Lake", his death is also portrayed in this way. However, because Yang Gensi did not have a close witness to our side at the time of his sacrifice, this should only be a speculation, what was his real sacrifice?
As one of the closest comrades-in-arms to the scene, Yang Desheng may have a more accurate speculation.
03 The last moments of hero Yang Gensi
Yang Gensi, the photo of him is quite different from his sculpture, only as if the eyes condensed in the air are exactly the same.
Yang Desheng believed that Yang Gensi should not have died in this way.
He first recounted what he knew about Yang Gensi's sacrifice: "At about 7 o'clock, the 3 rows of defensive small High Ridge positions sounded again, and it should be the ninth attack of the enemy. Suddenly, there was a loud 'bang' - louder than any previous explosion, and even the lights of the US troops under the mountain were extinguished. ”
Yang Desheng was less than 200 meters away from the explosion point and felt a strong vibration. After that, the battlefield calmed down. He crawled toward the position of The 3rd Platoon and encountered a wounded man from the 9th Platoon of the 3rd Platoon. The wounded man said: "There is no one in our 3rd platoon, the company commander is gone, the division commander is also gone, and the explosive pack just now was blown up by Yang Gensi's company commander." ”
Instructor Chen Wenbao searched for personnel on the position, and only 5 people were left in total, all of whom were injured, and everyone began to retreat. He was sent to the ambulance center, where Yang Desheng died of pain because the wound was frozen, but as soon as he heard that the company commander had indeed died, he still gritted his teeth to see.
At this time, the battle had been fought, and what they saw was a large pit with a radius of 40 square meters, and the broken limbs and guns of the SURROUNDING US troops were flying everywhere, and it was impossible to tell how many enemies had been killed by Yang Gensi.
Yang Desheng speculated that Yang Gensi, the "demolition king" of the East China Field Army, should finally pack all the explosives around himself into a deep ring, and when the enemy mistakenly thought that the volunteers on the Xiaogaoling Had already sacrificed and rushed up, he used himself as a fuse and detonated all the explosives. This explosion almost swept away the enemy troops who rushed up the small high ridge, and completely destroyed the enemy's ninth charge.
Yang Gensi took the highest price for his life.
Yang Gensi was not sacrificed alone, and the commander accompanied his company commander to the last moment. Afterwards, a comrade-in-arms told Yang Desheng that Yang Gensi's body could not be searched, and only a shoe that had been blown up in the tree was found in the tree, which was of our army, and it was speculated that it was Yang Gensi's. Yang Desheng asked, "How big is it?" If it is The No. 42, it is the company commander, if it is the No. 38, it is the commander's..." The comrade-in-arms said, there is no way to see, it has been blown up...
In his ears, it seemed as if the mighty roar of Yang Gensilian's warriors came from his ears: "I don't believe that there are tasks that can't be completed, I don't believe that there are difficulties that can't be overcome, and I don't believe that there are enemies that can't be defeated!" ”
This was the slogan that Yang Gensi shouted at the mobilization meeting before going to fight in North Korea, and it was with his own life that he set an example for the 7,000 Chinese soldiers who later served in Yang Gensi Company.
Later, Yang Desheng was transferred back to China for treatment, the wound was stitched up more than ten stitches, and finally stubbornly survived, becoming a witness to the victory of Chosin Lake and returning to the battlefield.
Some say that the ninth attack on Yang Gensilian was launched by the Dresdale task force, while others believe that it was launched by the U.S. forces in Hagaru-ri to join this task force. Since Hill 1071.1 happened to be in between, we could not yet determine which statement was more accurate, but instead of continuing to attack or take Hill 1071.1, the Task Force of Dresdale changed directions and tried to go down the corner from another road— and Yang Gensi's death blow may have caused them great fear that the road was too dangerous.
Since Lieutenant Colonel Dresdale had been wounded, the company commander, Captain Sitel, took command, and they opened the way ahead with their tanks, a new road that was opened, but it passed through a place that Western soldiers still remembered- Qianci Kai.
Although the U.S. military awarded Lieutenant Colonel Dresdale (who by this time had been promoted to colonel) and his Royal Marine Corps a certificate of honor a few years later, thanking them for fighting alongside them, the U.S. military did not have a high opinion of the personable British officer during the battle of Chosin Lake.
They said the lieutenant colonel finally arrived in Hagaru-ri at midnight on November 29 and, despite his wounds, gave him a standard salute to the first American officer he met, informing the contingent to report and wait for the next mission. This apparently gave some boost to american morale, but he brought with him only about 300 men and half a company of tanks—including a group of wounded men including Dresdale himself. What else could Maj. Gen. Smith say about the lieutenant colonel who lost two-thirds of his troops along the way?
Lieutenant Colonel Dressdale's troops lost two-thirds of their men, and his own explanation was that an ammunition truck had been hit during the battle, cutting the task force in two pieces, and since Major General Smith had given him the order to rush to Hagaru "at all costs," he had to rush over with the "head" of the task force, and the "body" of the task force was left behind, and the place was dry and magnetic.
Located in the Chosin Lake area in the north of HamgyongNam-do Province in eastern Korea, Ganjikai can be seen in the south and has a road leading directly to Hagaru-ri in the north. The altitude is between 1000 and 2000 meters, the forest is dense, and the roads are narrow. When the Dresdale task force circled here, the officers and men of the 179th Regiment of the 60th Division of the 20th Army of the Volunteer Army also rushed over, and the task force was cut into two pieces with just one charge.
Lieutenant Colonel Dressdale and Captain Sitel rushed to the lower corner of the river, and the half tank company behind them turned around and fled back to the ancient soil, while the hundreds of American and British troops in the middle were surrounded by regiments, but no one came to rescue them -- they were rescue teams themselves, who else could they expect?
At the Dry Rest House in Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, we contacted Ye Chunrong, a veteran soldier who participated in the Battle of Changjin Lake. Ye Chunrong, 92 years old, was a full battalion officer of the 20th Army of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army during the Battle of Chosin Lake, and a compatriot of the battle hero Yang Gensi. He gave an account of the collective surrender of 240 US troops in the qiancikai area.
At that time, the officers and men of the 1st Battalion of the 179th Regiment of the 60th Division of the 20th Army of the Volunteer Army were responsible for quickly inserting dry magnetic openings, constructing fortifications, and blocking and annihilating the enemy reinforcements from south to north, and the enemy launched an attack on the volunteer army from south to north. The officers and men of the 1st Battalion fought with the enemy until 2 a.m., and the encircled enemy was in a dilemma.
At this time, a platoon commander of the 2nd Company carried an enemy wounded man from the side of the road, and later learned that he was Ijesda McLaughlin, the lieutenant colonel of the press office of the 1st Marine Division. Instructor Shen Can asked the military doctor to bandage his wounds, and McLaughlin expressed his gratitude. Shen Can and his comrades-in-arms persuaded more American troops to lay down their weapons through him.
In the end, there were 240 enemy troops, including 1 lieutenant colonel of the US First Marine Division, 2 majors, 179 Officers and Men of the United States and Britain, 53 Lee Pseudo-Jun (Syngman Rhee's troops), 3 Japanese, and 2 agents of chiang kai-shek's army, and a total of 6 tanks, more than 50 cars, and 3 cars of Christmas gifts were captured.
This battle was praised by the Political Department of the Volunteer Army as "the first example of the enemy in the Korean battlefield", which is the "Battle of Qiancikai", and it was also the battle in which the enemy collectively laid down their weapons in the second battle.
The Dresdale contingent during the Battle of Chosin Lake in British art clearly painted their situation too lightly.
According to the recollections of his comrades-in-arms, the platoon leader who captured Lieutenant Colonel McLaughlin was Zhu Darong, the platoon commander of the 2nd Company of the 1st Battalion, who used the light of the flares to find 3 Americans lying on the ground under a car, and shouted the slogan he had just learned when he entered the DPRK: "There is one glucose!" According to Zhu Darong, this is the meaning of the English "Put down your weapon", and a U.S. soldier really understood, stood up, raised his hands, and shouted: "Surrender!" surrender! "This man is Lieutenant Colonel McLaughlin.
At first, it was difficult for the author to associate the pronunciation of "glucose has one" and "Put down your weapon", but a southern journalist friend reacted and said "glucose has one" in Shanghainese.
I didn't expect dialects to have such a wonderful point.
In addition to the 240 captured, task force Drexdale suffered 321 casualties and 75 vehicles — and if every unit in North Korea had accomplished its mission "victoriously" in this way, MacArthur would have been in danger of jumping from the First Life Building in Tokyo, home to the U.S. Governor's Office in Japan.
Maj. Gen. Smith reluctantly terminated his scheduled support for the Polar Bear Regiment. It was supposed to be the task of the second phase of the Dresdale Task Force, but in the first phase it lost two-thirds of the personnel, and if it was fought again, it was estimated that only ghosts would be left.
The division of U.S. forces in the Chosin Lake area was irreparable, and on November 30, just after Dresdale arrived in Hagaru-ri, MacArthur, the so-called commander of the "United Nations Army," and Almond, commander of the 10th Army, met in Tokyo and together made a wise but somewhat too late decision to retreat.
The death of The Younggens Company seriously frustrates the attempt of the Dresdale Contingent to join the enemy forces in Hagaru- Thir, which was forced to turn around and suffer heavy losses under the four-sided blows of the various units of the 20th Army, and they reached Hagaru-ri too late and with too few troops, which led to the complete failure of General Almond's final attempt to rescue the Polar Bear Regiment. The main force and subordinate units of the isolated "Polar Bear Regiment" formed the Feith Detachment to break through with all their might, but they were attacked by the front and rear of the 27th Army of the Volunteer Army, and finally collapsed on December 1, basically destroying the entire army.
In the face of the fierce battle situation in which the "Polar Bear Regiment" was about to collapse and was powerless, MacArthur and other UPPER LEVELS of the US military finally woke up - the Christmas offensive had come to naught, and the US troops in the Chosin Lake area, including the 1st Marine Division, were ordered to begin a full retreat.
That's how the storm was flapped by the wings of the Amazon butterfly.
【End】
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