Xinjiang Turpan Pollet viticulture technology
Wang Chunyan, Liu Liyuandi
According to the growth and management of Pollet grapes in Turpan City, the technical points such as production management and harvesting of Pollet grapes are summarized in the in-depth production line, which are summarized as follows.
1 Garden selection
The garden should choose loose, pollution-free sand loam, light sand loam or light clay, with sufficient light, convenient transportation, irrigation conditions, flat ground, and shelterbelt around the plot. It should also be kept away from pollution sources such as living areas, livestock breeding areas, and industrial and mining areas.
2 Colonization
(1) Colonization density. Colonize 1800 to 2000 plants per hectare, leave 5440 to 6000 main vines per hectare, and leave 8 to 10 fruit spikes per main vine.
(2) Seedling selection. Choose a thick, well-stretched root system with a height of ≥30 cm and a thickness of ≥0. 5 cm, healthy seedlings free of damage and pests and diseases.
(3) Colonization period. The 20 cm soil layer can be colonized when the temperature is stable through 7 to 10 °C.
(4) Trenching and fertilization. Trellis line spacing 4. 5 ～ 5. 0 meters, general ditch width 0. 6~0.8 m,Depth 0.0.0 6 to 0.8 meters. The topsoil is separated from the subsoil when the pit is dug. Then, after mixing the well-decomposed organic fertilizer with the topsoil, it is backfilled into the colonization ditch. 45 to 60 tons of organic fertilizer per hectare.
(5) Digging and colonization. Colonization line by plant spacing 1. 0 ～ 1. 2 m digging hole colonization. Colonization cave specifications 0. 4 m ×0. 4m ×0. 4 meters.
3 Racking
(1) Bury cement columns. (1) Column specifications. The root column of the middle column uses a column of 10 cm × 10 cm × 220 cm; The peristome uses a 10 cm × 10 cm × 240 cm column. The root column of the side column uses a column of 12 cm × 12 cm × 260 cm; The peristome uses a 12 cm × 12 cm × 280 cm column. (2) Determination of the column planting line. The distance between the root and the pillar is determined according to the row spacing of the vine planting row. Plant rows less than 450 cm apart and move both the roots and the pillars into or on both sides of the grapevine (fig. 1); Plant rows greater than 450 cm apart, move the root column to the edge of the planting ditch and the top column more than 180 cm inline (Figure 2). Set the column buried point: First determine the position of the two ends of each row, and then pull the line with 2 side bars per row as the endpoint, and hit 1 point every 400 cm, that is, the position of the middle column. (3) Digging pits. The pit is dug according to the location, and the pit is 50 cm deep. (4) Bury the column. The column is buried 50 cm deep, the above ground part of the root column is 170 cm high, and the above ground part of the pillar is 190 cm high. When burying a column, make sure the column is at the same straight and horizontal height. The side columns are tilted outward by 15 to 35°, which is 10 cm higher than the middle column in vertical height.
Fig. 1 Original planting mode with row spacing less than 450 cm (top) and planting mode after building (bottom)
Note: ※Represents the grape, V represents the grape planting ditch, the width of the ditch is 80~120 cm.
Fig. 2 Row spacing greater than 450 cm original planting mode (top) and built planting mode (bottom)
(2) Build beams. The side columns are tied to the outside of the root and poles and plated with 8#
Zinc wire fixation. The thicker end of the middle column is placed at the top of the root column, and the other end is placed on the top of the pole, and is fixed with 8# galvanized wire to form the skeleton of the modified scaffold.
(3) Buried anchors. The ground anchor burial point is 80 to 120 cm from the side column and the depth is 80 to 120 cm. The ground anchor pull line is aligned with the column.
(4) Laying the frame. The spacing of each galvanized wire on the beam is not more than 50 cm, and the intersection of the wire and the beam is fixed with 14# galvanized wire.
4 Trimming
4.1 Shaping
(1) Multi-master vine fan shape. In the first year, after the seedlings are colonized and germinated, 3 to 4 buds are left short. In the second year, from the budding new shoots, select 3 to 4 strong shoots, the rest are all erased, and in the winter shear, 2 to 3 sub-shoots are selected on each new shoot, so as to form a fan-shaped canopy that combines the main vine and the side vine. In the 3rd year, 2 to 3 strong branches are selected as side vines on the main vine, and 2 to 3 strong branches are selected as fruiting mother branches on the side vines, and the fruiting mother branches are updated and pruned every year thereafter.
(2) Dragon stem shaping. In the first year, after the seedlings are colonized and sprouted, 2 to 3 strong shoots are selected to grow vertically upwards, the main shoots are plucked in mid-August, and the mature parts of the main shoots are cut in the winter, and the thickness of the cut is 0. 6 cm or more. In the second year, after the buds are unearthed, all tillers under 50 cm of the main vine are erased. Leave 2 to 3 main vines per plant, the main vine leaves 1 fruiting branch group every 20 to 30 cm on the shelf surface, and each fruiting branch group leaves 3 to 4 fruiting branches and preparatory branches to replace each other. As a result, the branches alternately distributed on the main vine in the form of "non". In year 3, the budding and fruiting branches are evenly distributed on the shelf surface, growing vertically upwards and binding along the shelf surface. Extend the branches to exceed the shelf surface by 20 to 30 cm, and beat the top.
4. 2 Summer pruning
(1) De-cute. The tillers at the base of the main vine, with the exception of a few that are used as renewal vines, are removed from late April to early May.
(2) Spread the buds. When the inflorescence is visible, erase the headless buds, three buds, weak buds, double buds, dense short branches, and leave 1 robust vine as a culture vine, and erase the rest.
(3) Reasonable selection of fruiting branches. Strictly control the load of the tree, correctly select the preparatory branches, and select and stay near the main vine to ensure that the resulting part is not moved outward.
(4) Topping. Hearting is performed 4 to 7 days before flowering, leaving 4 to 6 leaves from the inflorescence upwards. Prepare 8 to 12 knots of plucking, and extend the branches to stay 15 to 20 knots of heartbreaking.
(5) Secondary tip treatment. All the sub-shoots below the inflorescence are erased, leaving 1 to 2 sub-shoots above the inflorescence, leaving 3 to 4 leaf hearts, and leaving 1 leaf heart in the secondary sub-shoots. Leave 3 to 4 leaves on the secondary shoots and extension branches, and remove all secondary shoots.
4. 3 Autumn pruning
Reasonably select the fruiting mother branches to ensure that there are 6 to 8 per square meter. Trim with the middle and short tips, leaving 6 to 8 knots in the middle and less than 5 knots in the short tip. 35 buds per square meter.
(1) Pruning of young trees. Trim with short and medium tips.
(2) Pruning of the resulting tree. It is mainly based on mid-tip pruning, combined with long-cap pruning. Leave 8 to 10 buds per square meter. Cut off the stump of immature branches, weak branches, diseased branches, and old vines.
5 Fertilizer water management
5.1 Fertilizer management
Adhere to the principle of sustainable development, safety and quality, fertilizer reduction and control, and organic. Organic fertilizer per hectare is applied to generally mature vineyards 45. 0 ～ 52. 5 tons. The base fertilizer should be applied in autumn, and the fertilization pit is 0. More than 5 meters.
Topdressing is carried out in the budding stage, before flowering and berries expansion stage, and the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are mainly applied in the early stage of growth, and the phosphorus fertilizer and potassium fertilizers are mainly applied in the later stage. Foliar fertilizer is sprayed according to the needs of plant growth, and sprayed on the back of the leaves as much as possible to avoid spraying when it is hot. After grape flowering, the plant growth regulator gibberellin is sprayed once when the fruit grains are grown to mung bean size, at a concentration of 80 to 100 mg/kg. Plant growth regulators should be used with them, avoid spraying at noon, and if they encounter temperatures above 32°C, stop spraying during the day and can be sprayed in the evening.
5. 2 Moisture management
(1) After the grapes are unearthed, they are sprouted once in water. The amount of irrigation per hectare is 1050 to 1200 meters3.
(2) Before and after the flowering period, irrigate 1 to 2 times according to the soil moisture content, and the amount of irrigation per hectare is 1200 ~ 1500 meters3. After flowering to the expansion of the berries, there should be sufficient water supply, irrigation every 7 to 15 days, and the amount of irrigation per hectare is about 900 meters3.
(3) During the ripening period of berries, irrigation should be controlled to improve fruit quality and vine ripening and aging.
(4) Before overwintering and burying the soil, it is necessary to water enough winter water to protect the moisture from the cold, and the irrigation amount per hectare is more than 1500 meters3.
(5) The total amount of irrigation water during the whole growth period is 12,000 m3/ha.
6 Pest control
(1) After the spring grapes are unearthed, before the buds germinate and before the grapes are laid off the shelf in the autumn and buried, use 3 to 5 Baumedo stone sulfur spray (29% stone sulfur compound 3 to 5 times liquid), which can treat a variety of diseases and insect pests.
The hanging yellow plate begins with the grape excavation and is suitable for booby-trapping of adult leafhoppers of all generations. Hang the first pull line of the grape rack with a special booby trap board, parallel to the wire, and hang 20 to 30 pieces per acre, 20 pieces of contiguous vineyards, and 30 pieces of individual vineyards. Generally, when the temperature is high, the stickiness on the yellow board is good, and the booby trap effect is good, and it can be replaced once in 7 to 10 days according to the insect trap.
(2) For flying insects, yellow plate traps can be used to artificially kill larvae and eggs. Most of the larvae of pests are concentrated in uncorried manure piles, and overturning the manure piles during spring application and picking up larvae and pupae in farm manure can eliminate most of the larvae and eggs and reduce the damage base of adult insects. In areas where the hazards are severe, farm manure is sprayed with pesticides and manure piles are closed and smothered. Some adult insects have suspended death and cluster hazards, and can be used to cover the fruit of the victim to catch the adult insect to kill it.
(3) Promote biological control and the use of biological pesticides to control various diseases and insect pests. In the production process, for pests and diseases, grass, rodent and other harmful organisms, we should adhere to the principle of prevention first and comprehensive prevention, advocate the use of biological control, and strictly control the use of chemical pesticides.
7 Harvesting and packaging
7.1 Fruit harvesting
When the grape grains turn from green to red, and the soluble solids content is more than 16%, it can be harvested, and it should be gently picked to remove diseased fruits and rotten fruits.
7.2 Grading, packaging, storage and transport
(1) Grading. Grade according to the senses such as fruit characteristics, grain size, color uniformity, etc.
(2) Packaging. Packaging containers or materials should be strong, clean, hygienic, with ventilation holes, not deformed, the upper and lower bedding in the box should have sufficient protection, and the packaging should be isolated and squeezed between the ears and the ears to prevent the fruit spikes from rubbing each other during transportation and causing threshing. Common packaging weights of 3, 5, 10 kg, etc., encourage the use of lightweight, environmentally friendly materials for single spike or boutique packaging.
(3) Storage. Refrigerated or modified atmosphere storage should be used. Storage places should be clean, products should be stacked in grades, and must not be mixed with toxic and harmful substances. The refrigeration temperature is generally 2 ~ 6 °C.
(4) Transportation. It should be transported by refrigerated truck or refrigerated container. The refrigeration temperature is generally 2 ~ 6 °C. Means of transport should be clean and should not be mixed with toxic and harmful substances.