The dam is as clear as oil
See the beauty's head
Shake the tabby color
Lift the fishing hook
This folk song is widely circulated in Lichuan City, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province, and the clarity, beauty, color and stickiness in the folk song are the most authentic portrayal of the characteristics of Enshiba paint.
In June this year, the dam paint making technique declared by Lichuan City, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Hubei Province was approved by the State Council to be included in the fifth batch of national intangible cultural heritage representative projects.
This issue of "Hubei Intangible Cultural Heritage Sound Museum" invites Hong Kejian, a representative inheritor of the dam lacquer production technique, to talk about the production technology of Enshi dam lacquer.
Lacquer making technology (dam lacquer making technology) is a traditional handicraft with a history of more than 300 years, which is widely distributed in Lichuan City, Enshi City, Xianfeng County, Xuan'en County, Hefeng County, Laifeng County, Badong County, Jianshi County and other neighboring counties and cities in Hubei Province. Among them, Maoba Town, Shaxi Township, Zhonglu Town, Tuanbao Town and Yuanbao Township in Lichuan City are the core areas.
It takes Lichuanba lacquer as the main raw material, and the traditional lacquer making technology formed in the process of making raw lacquer materials is closely related to the production and life of the local people and is an important part of the local traditional culture.
Raw materials for cutting dam paint
Dam lacquer is raw lacquer cut from masculine wood and masculine small wood sumac trees, and is named after the town of Maoba in Lichuan City, Hubei Province. In 1952, Premier Zhou Enlai inscribed "Dam paint famous in the world", and Lichuan became the world-famous "hometown of dam paint". The raw lacquer that has been cut down needs to be processed and modulated before it can be used. Through this technique, dam paint can be processed into more than 20 traditional raw lacquer materials, which are widely used in furniture, architecture, sacrifice, arts and crafts and many other fields.
Items made from dam paint
Dam paint making techniques are integrated into all corners of life. People who have used Lichuan Maoba dam paint know that it is a very good paint, its tungsten content is high, the degree of fat is particularly thick, the brightness is good, the dryness is good, and the concentration is large, which is incomparable to the general synthetic paint. Dam paint production technology is a traditional lacquer making technology, its unique comes from the high demand for the environment, the exquisite cutting, but also the grasp of modulation.
Teacher Hong Kejian introduced the main process of dam paint production:
1. Cutting: Extract raw lacquer raw materials from the trunk or branches of locally planted masculine lacquer trees, cut several small and large openings according to the size of the trees, and place lacquerware such as mussel shells below.
2, filtration and impurity removal: use 80 mesh filter cloth to filter the raw paint stock solution.
3. Dehydration and oxidation: Put the filter lacquer into the conical tile cylinder equipped with an anchor mixing paddle, and stir at 500 rpm until the paint is black
4. Additive addition: Add the prepared red root additive to the tile cylinder and stir at 500 rpm until the paint liquid becomes a thick paste and can be drawn for 3 inches.
5, polymerization crosslinking: the prepared dry vegetable oil is added to the tile cylinder, and stirred for about 30 minutes at 500 rpm.
Hong Kejian is carefully inspecting the lacquerware made
Lacquer making techniques (dam lacquer making techniques) have a long history. According to the "Chronicle of Tocheon City", sumac trees began to be planted during the reign of Qing Shunzhi, and the products were exported to Japan and other countries during the Guangxu period. In order to make the utensils durable and beautiful, people paint the dam paint on the surface of the objects. However, the freshly cut raw lacquer can not be used directly, need to be made according to different decorative effects, initially the lacquer maker does it for his own use, with the expansion of production, the division of labor is gradually refined, and the lacquer making technology (dam lacquer production technology) is separated from the lacquer maker industry to form a special traditional skill.
In the early years of the Guangxu Dynasty of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Jiangxi merchants came to Lichuan to operate dam paint, and there were more than 130 Maoba "lacquer villages" and more than 1,500 employees, which lasted until 1949. At that time, the famous business names were Huang Huiji and Zuo Minji, and the representative figures were Kuang Erchuan, Zuo Yimin, Li Bochen, Zhang Jingxuan, etc., mainly engaged in the production of dam lacquer "Irrigation" and Tizhuang lacquer, with an annual operation of more than 3,000 quintals.
In 1953, the former Lichuan County implemented a public-private partnership policy, all the paint numbers were redeemed by the supply and marketing cooperative, operated and managed by the former Lichuan County Native Products Company, and some inheritors became the company's employees, forming the main force of lacquer making technology (dam lacquer making technology). In 1972, the former Lichuan County Foreign Trade Bureau was established, and some inheritors were drawn from the county local products company to engage in foreign trade in dam paint.
In 1983, the former Lichuan County Machinery Factory dispatched some inheritors to form the former Lichuan County National Lacquer Factory, and 32 inheritors were engaged in lacquer making skills (dam paint production technology). In 1985, the former Lichuan County Forestry Bureau established the Lichuan County Dam Paint Factory, and 21 inheritors were engaged in lacquer making skills (dam paint making techniques).
In 1991, Maoba Township opened the Dam Lacquer Middle School, which trained a group of dam paint cultivation and production professionals. From 1949 to 2000, there were more than 3,500 inheritors. In 2001, due to the restructuring of the enterprise, the dam paint production enterprise was dissolved. Later, Lichuan Delong Raw Lacquer Technology Co., Ltd., Lichuan Dehua Lacquer Wood Craft Company and Lichuan Lijia Bamboo Craft Company were born successively.
Glittering lacquerware
A skill that has gone through a hundred years of history is still independent of the world in a "domineering" posture, its appearance is special, its experience is colorful, and its existence is pure. Intangible cultural heritage lies in the experience of time and the sweat of paying, cultural inheritance lies in the bearing of wisdom and the continuation of life, let us look forward to and witness the bloom of dam paint production skills.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="47" > the Hubei Economic Radio "Hubei Intangible Cultural Heritage Sound Museum" column, sponsored by the Hubei Provincial Department of Culture and Tourism, and jointly organized by the Hubei Provincial Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center, Hubei Voice, hubei economic and broadcasting. On June 10, the State Council announced the fifth batch of representative items of national intangible cultural heritage, and 18 projects in Hubei Province were selected, covering eight categories: folk literature, traditional dance, traditional drama, qu art, traditional art, traditional skills, traditional medicine and folklore. From June 23, 2021, this column will introduce these projects to you, so stay tuned! </h1>