In the last years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, a brutal slaughter led by the warlord Erzhu Rong, who killed more than 2,000 people of the imperial family, ministers, and scholars, was called the "Change of Heyin" in the history books, which was the same as the "White Horse Disaster" of the warlord Zhu Wen who killed the courtiers at the end of the Tang Dynasty, and was recognized by the history books of the past as the scourge of the two major warlords and warriors.
The cause of this disaster is not only the personal ferocity of Erzhu Rong, a Hu warlord, but also a more profound social reason, which must start from the Sinicization reform of Emperor Yuanhong of the Northern Wei Dynasty thirty years ago.
The biggest negative effect of Emperor Xiaowen's reform was to directly copy the decaying scholar gate valve system in the Wei and Jin dynasties, and even intensified it. According to the Tang Dynasty genealogist Liu Fang's "Theory of Clans", according to the regulations of the Northern Wei government, someone in the third dynasty who had served as a bureaucrat could be counted as a low-level scholar. At the same time, the Northern Wei imperial family and the Xianbei heavy subjects also quickly mixed with the Han Gaomen and became part of the Shi clan gate valve.
[Shandong is the "county surname", Wang, Cui, Lu, Li, and Zheng are the big; Guanzhong is also called "county surname", Wei, Pei, Liu, Xue, Yang, And Du Shouzhi; Daibei is "Yu surname", Yuan, Changsun, Yuwen, Yu, Lu, Yuan, Dou Shouzhi.] The "surname of Yu", Emperor Xiaowen of Wei Qianluo, had eight clans and ten surnames, and thirty-six clans and ninety-two surnames. Eight clans and ten surnames, from the imperial family, or the kingdoms from Wei; thirty-six tribes and ninety-two surnames, the clan lord; and the name Luoyang, Henan. Those with the surname of "County" are based on the System of Chinese Scholars' Cha Di Valve Reading, and those who have three dukes in the third dynasty are known as "Anointing Liang", those who have Orders and Servants are known as "Hua Fu", those who are Shang Shu, Collar, and Protector are "A surnames", those who are Jiuqing Ruofang Bo are "B surnames", those who ride Chang Shi and Taizhong Dafu are "C surnames", and those who are officials are "Ding surnames". Whoever enters is called "four surnames". He also decreed that the people of the people, who had no clan surnames in the beginning, did not have the surnames of Mu, Lu, Xi, and Yu, and the subordinate officials should not be indecent officials, and they should be regarded as "four surnames". ——New Book of Tang, Biography of Liu Chong, Liu Fang's "Theory of Clans"
Therefore, in just over twenty years, the candidate officials who were qualified for the service were flooded in the empire, and they even reached the point where "ten people have one official, and there is no official to be awarded." When Empress Dowager Hu came to power, the official Shangshu Cui Liang simply invented a method of "not asking the wise and foolish, but looking at seniority". Although this kind of drinking and quenching thirst was opposed by many people, including his nephew Liu Jing'an, because no one could come up with a better countermeasure, it was actually implemented.
Since then, "the wise and the foolish are consistent, and there is no difference between the jing and the wei", the officialdom is full of mediocre talents who rely on their ancestors to mix up their lives, and most of the real talents can only sink into the subordinates, and the various drawbacks of the Gaomen clan's Xuan talk about clear discussion, contempt for practice, and corpse vegetarian food have been fully demonstrated.
[Liang Isong is a system of rules, does not ask the wise and foolish of the scholars, and only stops the sun and the moon.] Although the reinstated official requires this person, the latter is finally not allowed to stop the day; the mediocre is the next product, and the one who has been for a long time is used first. Those who are stagnant are called able to do it. Liang Replied to the Book: If you set up ten people to have one official, there is no official to grant, and if one person looks forward to one official, why should there be no complaints? I am close to the face, it is not appropriate to make the warriors selected, please give them knighthood, thick Qilu. Neither does it follow, but it is based on the right to establish this character, and it is limited to the ear of the year. Later Zhen Chen, Yuan Xiuyi, and Wang Hui of Chengyang successively became the official Shangshu, and they took advantage of themselves and acted in a hurry. Self-righteousness and foolishness are the same, and there is no difference between jingwei and Wei. Wei Zhi's loss of talent, from the beginning of the light also. ——"The Biography of Beishi Cui Liang"
Even the famous Southern Liang general Chen Qingzhi lamented their "rich etiquette" after going north, even surpassing Jiang Zuo, who has always been considered to be The Chinese Zhengshuo.
[Chen Qingzhi: Since the Jin and Song dynasties, Luoyang has been a wasteland, which is called north of the Yangtze River, and it is all Yidi. Yesterday to Luoyang, the first to know the Yiguan Shi clan, and in the Central Plains. The etiquette is rich, the characters are rich, the eyes are illiterate, and the mouth cannot be passed on. ——"Luoyang Jialan"
At the same time, the Taihe reform system, the separation of officials, the emphasis on literature and light on the military, and the ranking of the military and the ranks of the warriors meant that even the children and grandchildren could only sink into the ranks of the subordinates in their lifetime, and there was absolutely no hope of a crown. The forbidden army, which was directly subordinate to the old capital Pingcheng, was reduced to a border army, and its political status and economic treatment declined even more sharply.
It was because of this that the Northern Wei's six-town border army would be led by Ge Rong and these town generals to rebel, and they represented the angry cries of the excluded and damaged warriors and lower-class soldiers, and it was the Northern Wei imperial families and Xianbei nobles who abandoned the original pillar army of the empire as wild dogs.
[Since he has offended the world, Moken is with him.] Zheng and Zhen drove, but for Yu Hou and Bai Zhi; all his life, he was moved, but he was a military lord. However, those who lived in Beijing were able to pass the ranks of officials; those who were in the town were separated by the qing road. Or throw yourself into the north, to the imperial charm, more than to escape huxiang. It is the character of the border soldiers, and the townspeople float outside, and they all listen to the soldiers to catch them. Therefore, young people are not allowed to follow the teacher, the elderly are not allowed to travel to eunuchs, they are bandits alone, and those who speak are drooling. ---"Wei Shu Guangyang Wang Yuanshen Biography" on the six towns.
[Born in the military, separated from the eunuch stream, in the period of no entry into the dynasty, in the birth of the crown of the hope.] -----------------
And even the central forbidden army generals in the new capital Luoyang were also dissatisfied with the monopoly of the imperial officials by the gate valve and the low treatment of their own future.
At one point, there were even thousands of Yulin Tiger soldiers, first breaking into Shangshu Province, then attacking the government gates, and then burning the residence of Zhang Yi, the general of Zhengxi and Guanglu, and beating and burning him and his son Zhang Shijun to death. And the imperial court did not dare to pursue poor governance. History says that "up and down centrifugal, civil and military disintegration, chaos in the place, and rotten fish."
[The second son, Zhongyu, was enfeoffed, begging Quan not to choose a qualification, to suppress the warriors, and not to pre-empt qingpin.] By the clamor of the crowd, slandering Yinglu, libbing the alley, meeting at the time of the meeting, slaughtering his home. In February of the second year of the Divine Turtle, Yulin Huben, a few thousand generals, went to Shangshu Province to scold him, begging his eldest son Shangshu Lang Shijun, but did not get it, and hit the public gate with tile stones. Fear up and down, do not dare to beg. So he took the fire, plundered the middle of the road, used the staff stone as a weapon, built it directly, dragged the Yi Hall down, insulted the extreme, sang and screamed, and burned his house. Shi Jun and Zhongyu passed over the Northern Wall at that time. He returned to his father and prayed to him to ask for his father's life. Yu Lin and the others beat him up and threw them into the fireworks. And the corpse is no longer recognizable, but only the small noodles in the bun are examined. Zhongyu was seriously injured and walked away. Yi only had a spare life, and Shamen Temple was adjacent to it, and the public opinion was given to the temple. I heard it from near and far, and I was horrified. Yi died at the age of fifty-nine. In order to conceal the eight fierce men of Yulin, the officials should behead them, and they should not be punished by the masses, that is, they would be amnesty, so as to reassure the hearts of the people. ——The Biography of Wei Shu and Zhang Yi
After Erzhu Rong, as the leader of the Beizhen Wu people, entered Luo, he was combining with the forbidden forces in the capital, and at the suggestion of the Wuwei general Fei Mu and others, he complied with the voices of the Beizhen generals under his command, and reached an agreement to clean up the court and "punish the emperor in a big way".
The Wei Xiaozhuang Emperor Yuan Ziyou, who had just been supported by Erzhu Rong, probably believed that Erzhu Rong only followed the past practice of the empire and expelled Empress Dowager Hu's party officials after the coup d'état, so as to smoothly control the government, and also took a tacit attitude toward this.
Their wishful thinking is that the Erzhu army has only 10,000 people entering Beijing, and sooner or later it will return to the north. Treat Erzhu Rong as a knife to let them exterminate dissidents.
[Mu Qian said of Rong Yue: "The gongshi horse does not produce ten thousand people, and now the chief drives to Luo, and there is no one who has crossed the chen before, and he is pushing the Lord and following the people's hearts and ears." There is no power to defeat, and the crowd is not tired of it. Now with the multitude of the Kyoshi, the grandeur of a hundred officials, and the knowledge of the false reality of the public, there will be a heart of frivolity. If we do not punish those who are not punished, but who are more pro-party, and return to the north, I am afraid that we will not be able to do too much and it will be difficult to do it internally. 'Glory is in the heart. So there was the matter of Heyin. - The Biography of Wei Shu Fei Mu
And Erzhu Rong's appetite is obviously far greater than they imagined, on the one hand, he and Yuan Ziyou, Fei Mu and other hypocritical snakes, let them mistakenly think that this is just a limited party to cut down differences, eliminate the old and renew the action, spare no effort to provide all kinds of convenience;
However, the real plan was to gather hundreds of officials in the name of the false sacrifice of heaven, quickly slash and chaos and completely purge the entire court, so as to remove in one fell swoop the many accumulated shortcomings of the empire since Emperor Xiaowen's Taihe reform; and then use the life of thousands of princes to establish a threat, intimidate the empire, and achieve a change of dynasty in one fell swoop, and after achieving a fait accompli, then suppress the four sides in the name of the center, control the entire empire, and become a new emperor who deserves the name.
It has to be said that this is a bold and decisive plan, just like the Xuanwumen Revolution hundreds of years later, and the same genius general used the art of war in political disputes.
Erzhu Rong took special care of officials such as Wang Yuanji of Jiangyang, Yuanshun, Shanshi Changshi, and Xinxiong of Langzhong, who did not have to go to participate in the heavenly sacrifice, or who were from the past or who had once stood on the side of the warriors, and it was the people he planned to reuse in the new dynasty, after all, the court also needed some civilian officials to decorate.
On the day of the Heyin Rebellion, Erzhu Rong first killed Empress Dowager Hu and deposed the emperor, and then suddenly announced that Xiang Xiang and Yuanyong, the king of Gaoyang, were plotting rebellion, so he killed all the princes of Northern Wei; and then announced to the secretaries of state surrounded by iron horses: "The great chaos in the world and the collapse of the former emperor are all caused by your greedy people and inability to mislead the country." kill! kill! Kill!" Then things began to proceed according to Erzhu Rong's own plan,
Even the henchmen of the new emperor Yuan Ziyou, such as his cousin Wang Zunye of Huangmenlang, the brother of Wang Yanye of Zuolang, zheng Jiming, the young secretary of Guanglu who had secretly communicated with him before, and Li Li, the Taishou of Hanoi, who opened the door to meet him, were all killed together.
On the other hand, Erzhu Rong also sent special soldiers to break into the palace, imprison Yuan Ziyou, and kill his brother Yuan Shao of Pengcheng and his younger brother Yuan Zizheng of Bacheng.
Then, at the behest of Erzhu Rong, a large group of soldiers surrounded more than a hundred of the imperial officials who arrived later, and forced them to immediately draft a Zen text for Emperor Wei to give to Erzhu Rong, so that they could survive. Under the persecution of the butcher's knife, Yushi Zhao Yuan made this Zen text. Seeing that the goal was achieved, the slaughter ended here, and the remaining pilgrims were able to survive. Erzhu Rong then ordered the generals to shout, "The Yuan clan is destroyed, and the Erzhu clan is prosperous!" The Yuan clan is extinguished, and the Erzhu clan is prosperous!"
[The courtiers gathered, the columns rode around, blamed the world for the chaos, the reason for the ming emperor's death, and the clouds were all caused by such greed and abuse, and they were not caused by KuangBi.] Because of the indiscriminate destruction of the arsonists, the princes and secretaries of state were killed with their hands, and more than 300 people died. The Imperial Brother and the Imperial Brother also saw harm, and the Empress Ling and the Young Lord collapsed violently. ——The Biography of Wei Shu Erzhu Rong
[He also ordered twenty or thirty men to draw their swords and walk to the palace.] Emperor Zhuang and the King of Pengcheng and the King of Bacheng all came out of the account. Rong xian sent and guo Luocha of the prefecture to kill ghosts in the western high car column around the emperor, and responded to each other. And when he saw the incident, he pretended to be defensive, and held the emperor into the account, and the rest of the people harmed Pengcheng and the second king of Bacheng. It ordered forty or fifty people to move the emperor to the river bridge. 】
[At that time, more than 100 pilgrims arrived, but they were still besieged in the east of the causeway.] Then he came with a white blade and sang the clouds: "He who can do zen is the one who is the original destiny." At times, There were Li Shenjun of Longxi, Li Huan of Dunqiu, Wen Zisheng of Taiyuan, and the people who resigned from the world, all of whom were in the siege, and they were ashamed to obey their orders, and they should not bow down. Those who have the imperial history Zhao Yuanze are afraid of death and write Zen texts. Rong ren admonished the soldiers, yan yuan clan was destroyed, Erzhu clan xing. ——The Biography of Beishi Erzhu Rong
Erzhu Rong then followed the consistent tradition of the Northern Wei Dynasty and cast a statue of jin as himself to show his destiny. His trusted teacher Liu Lingzhu said that this matter was contrary to the Mandate of Heaven. The subordinate generals Gao Huan, He Bayue, and his confidant Sima Ziru saw this opportunity and expressed their strength to persuade him, while his other confidant Murong Shaozong did not even approve of the slaughter of the courtiers.
Erzhu Rongbu General, former General: He Bayue
Obviously, allowing Erzhu Rong to obtain a new empire so easily is by no means in line with the ambitions and ambitions of these chaotic tyrants themselves. At the critical moment of this decision, Erzhu Rong, who was seriously depleted and overdrawn, could not avoid being in a trance, finally retreated under the revelation of Providence and the persuasion of the generals. After all, if he wanted to forcibly claim the title of emperor, it meant that he would have to fight with the Luoyang Forbidden Army, who was expecting him to return to Jinyang in the north afterwards, but at this time, even the generals in his own army were not united, and this gamble was too risky.
[Rong has a different map, so he casts gold as his own image, and the number of four is not successful.] Liu Ling, a native of Shiyouzhou, helped to be good at divination, and was believed by Rong, and said that when the heavens were born, personnel would not be errable. Rong Yi was in a trance, did not support himself, and after a long time, he realized that he regretted it. Therefore, King Xianwu and Rong Waibing joined the army of Sima Ziru and other advice, and Chen could not be reasonable. ——The Biography of Wei Shu Erzhu Rong
[To Heyin, Rong killed the courtiers, because he wanted to claim the title of emperor, and doubted that he could not decide.] Yue Nai calmly advised, Rong Xun also realized himself, and honored Filial Piety. ——《北史·河巴岳傳》
At this time, the basic goal of Erzhu Rong had been achieved: the imperial center was in full power, there was no longer any constraint in the court, the strength of the Yuan Ziyou was greatly damaged, and it was easier to control as a puppet.
Before the greatest temptation in the world and the throne seems to be within reach, being able to decisively give in temporarily according to the situation and choose to manage his own strength solidly shows that Erzhu Rong is not a reckless person who is eager to achieve success.
As in the case of the "Change of Heyin", the massacre of civilian officials and doctors by the warriors is, of course, a tragedy of civilization and a great political regression.
However, the inevitable degeneration caused by the monopoly politics of the Shi clan at that time has completely lost its historical advanced nature for Chinese civilization.
Therefore, the fierce practices of Erzhu Rong, including his old hou jing, who acted tyrannically and violently, were just like a tiger and wolf medicine, a knife that slashed bones, erased the decaying rotten flesh of Chinese civilization, and dealt a heavy blow to the forces of the southern and northern gate valve clans.
The decadent theory of mendi and the theory of descent has also declined since then, and the new scholar clans that still have the ability to emphasize practice, such as the Guanlong clique, have gradually occupied the center of the historical stage. Therefore, it was able to welcome the rebirth of the later three kingdoms (Northern Zhou, Northern Qi, and Southern Chen), which was relatively clean and simple, and then merged into the new Sui and Tang Empires. This may also be a positive historical significance under the unintentional willow.