Camellia oleifera is a woody oil tree species endemic to China, and is also one of the main economic tree species in China, which plays an important role in improving the ecological environment, controlling soil erosion, and improving the economic benefits of agricultural production. In the actual cultivation process, the cultivation technology of high yield should be reasonably applied in combination with the regional geological environment, climatic characteristics and the local cultivation of camellia oleifera, and the quality of camellia oleifera should be improved under the premise of ensuring the yield per mu. The following analysis and discussion are made on the research progress of camellia oleifera cultivation technology.
< h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" >, the current situation of cultivation technology of camellia oleifera</h1>
1.1 High quality germplasm resources
At present, the main cultivars of camellia oleifera are ordinary camellia oleifera, small fruit oil tea, Youxian camellia oleifera, Vietnamese camellia oleifera, camellia sinensis, Zhejiang safflower oleifera, Nanrong oleifera, Tengchong safflower oleifera, Guangning safflower oleifera, Bobai large fruit oil tea, etc. There are 32 fine varieties of Camellia oleifera that have been approved by the State Forestry Administration, and more than 120 varieties have been approved by the provincial level, including Camellia oleifera clone 22, Xianglin 67, Gan190, Cen Soft No. 2, Changlin No. 18 and so on. These fine seeds have been importantly promoted after planting experiments. Moreover, in-depth research has also been made on the high-quality planting resources and related planting technologies of Camellia oleifera throughout the country.
1.2 Asexual reproduction techniques
All parts of the country have mastered the asexual propagation technology of camellia oleifera. After many breeding experiments, Hunan Province has cultivated many cloneless varieties such as asexual 23, asexual 8, asexual 26 and many other clones, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, through the re-identification of 55 cloneless lines by universal suffrage, and screened out 6 high-yield cloneless varieties Zhejiang Province used multi-point comparison methods to screen out 17 excellent cloneless lines. In addition, the selection and breeding of some cloned varieties has achieved clear results. At this stage, there are no less than 100 cloned camellia varieties in the country, of which nearly half have been put into large-scale production, asexual seedlings have exceeded 50 million, the afforestation area has reached 10,000 hectares, and the planting area of asexual seedlings still shows an exponential growth model.
1.3 Transformation of low-yield forests
A large number of studies and practices have shown that the main factors leading to the low yield of Camellia oleifera are germplasm problems and germplasm density problems, so the low-yielding forests should be effectively transformed and converted into solid plants, thereby improving the yield and quality of Camellia oleifera. As a result, the fine seeding technology has gradually been applied to the cultivation of camellia oleifera. According to relevant data, after the transformation of low-yield forests, the average yield per mu has increased by 2.6 times the original yield.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > second, oil tea yield technology research</h1>
At present, the breeding and grafting propagation technology of asexual camellia oleifera varieties in China has achieved new breakthroughs. As a result, the cultivation technology of camellia oleifera in China has gradually tended to apply the development stage of afforestation of cloned varieties. Moreover, the application of cloned varieties to graft seedlings and afforestation can achieve early fruit and abundant yields, which has been widely recognized by the industry. Studies have shown that the rational application of camellia oleifera cultivation technology can achieve oil production of more than 450 kg per hectare.
2.1 Land selection and land preparation
Camellia oleifera is a good acidic tree species, so when selecting land, we must pay attention to monitoring the pH value of the soil to determine that it is between 5.0 and 6.5. Moreover, it is necessary to choose a sunny slope and semi-sunny slope with deep soil, loose and fertile soil, an altitude of less than 500 meters, sufficient sunshine, a slope below 25 degrees, and red or red and yellow soil. When digging holes in land preparation, it is necessary to reasonably select the methods of full reclamation, block land preparation and belt land preparation according to the actual situation of afforestation land and nursery land, and dig planting holes according to 40 cm and 40 cm 50 cm after land preparation.
2.2 Seed selection and seedling breeding
When selecting seeds, select excellent varieties with bright color, high seed yield, large oil content, strong resistance to stress and pest resistance, and preferably clone varieties. If the forest has become a low-yield forest, the high-branch grafting method is used to improve the variety. In the process of seedling raising, the nursery land is first selected in a place with flat terrain and perfect drainage facilities, and the corresponding land preparation work is done; then a suitable plastic container is selected as a culture container, and at the same time, the nutrient soil is prepared according to the scientific formula and finally the ears that have been authoritatively identified are grafted.
<h1 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > third, cultivation management</h1>
Before cultivation, according to the characteristics of regional climate change, select the appropriate cultivation time, and improve the soil, if necessary, use pollution-free chemicals to treat the soil accordingly: during the cultivation process, according to the growth and development of Camellia oleifera and climate change, formula fertilization, increase the application of organic fertilizer, reduce the application of chemical fertilizer, while detecting the leaf cell concentration, soil average water content and field water retention in the spring shoots of Camellia oleifera, irrigation in time when there is a large difference with the standard parameters, and timely drainage in the rainy season; Cooperate with the fertilizer time to carry out medium tillage and weeding, deep ploughing and soil turning, if necessary, diagonal rotation operations, and do a good job in relevant pruning and tree type cultivation work, combined with pest control to prune the main branches of the forest, prune dead branches and diseased branches, remove long branches and overlapping branches that disturb the tree shape, retain excellent main branches, form high-quality side branches, and accelerate the formation of the canopy.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" >4. Pest control</h1>
4.1 Disease prevention and control
Soft rot disease: Soft rot occurs in a lumpy manner in the forest, which is particularly harmful to camellia oleifera seedlings. During the occurrence of soft rot, within a few days, the seedlings became sick, causing a large number of leaves, and the plant disease rate reached 100% in severe cases. For example, on the basis of cleaning up diseased branches and leaves in winter, 1:1:100 Bordeaux liquid whole tree spray is used from April to October every year, and 80% Dasheng 1000 times liquid foliar spray is used at the beginning of the disease, and 2 to 3 times every 10 days or so are sprayed continuously.
Tea cake disease: usually occurs in the spring and occurs once a year. The pathogen hides in the flower buds and leaf buds that were infected in the previous year to overwinter, and the next year it is infected by wind and rain. To effectively prevent and control tea cake disease, it is necessary to clean up diseased leaves and dead leaves on a large scale from mid-March to late April every year, and at the same time use Bordeaux liquid spray foliage according to soft rot control methods.
Anthrax: mainly harmful to oil leaf leaves and fruits, fruit anthrax generally occurs in early May, August to September is the peak of the disease, causing serious fruit drop phenomenon, can continue to frost before and after. Its occurrence is closely related to temperature and the field of the site, and it is easy to occur when the temperature is 27 to 29 degrees Celsius, and the incidence of yang slope, mountain nest and oil tea is heavy. The method of anthrax control is similar to that of soft rot, and Bordeaux liquid can be added 1 to 2 times in early July. In severe cases, foliar sprays are applied 1 to 2 times every other week or so with 50% Fomei Double Wettable Powder 500 times.
4.2 Pest control
The second generation of immature adult waxhoppers overwinter in dead branches and soil crevices, and begin to lay eggs actively in early April of the following year, and lay eggs again from early July to late August. During the control, combined with its biological habits, the spawning branches with white flocculents are sheared during their spawning period, and the forest is intensively treated, and the woodland is cleared in winter.
Camellia oleifera moth: Tea moths generally lay eggs near the petiole, and the larvae overwinter on the underside of the leaves until late March to early April, when they are transferred to the new shoots, with a pupal peak in June and a feathering peak in July. Agricultural control methods are adopted in combination with their biological habits, that is, the victims are pruned before the end of June.
Camellia oleifera leaf moth: The 1st to 2nd instar larvae of the leaf moth are infested with small branches, and after 3 years, they are infested from the branches into the side branches or main trunks, and are permanently stationed near the ground. To effectively control it, it is necessary to start observing the presence of newly withered branches in early June, and once found, cut them down and burn them immediately.
In summary, in order to improve the yield and quality of Camellia oleifera, we should do a good job in land selection, land preparation, seed selection, seedling breeding, cultivation management, and pest control and other aspects of work, so as to create a suitable ecological environment for the production and development of Camellia oleifera and ensure the healthy growth of Camellia oleifera.