More than 3,000 acres of oil tea industry base corner.
Chongqing Hanting Oil Tea Co., Ltd. is a collection of oil tea planting, processing, sales as one of the agricultural comprehensive development enterprises, with a sound and standardized management system and efficient management team, the existing fixed staff of 12 people, including 2 technical full-time personnel, 3 senior management personnel.
Zhang Anmo, the person in charge of The Hanting Oil Tea Base, is inspecting the growth of Oil Tea.
The company was founded in 2012 (is a commitment to help the local poor groups get rid of poverty and get rich through migrant workers, farmers land rental dividends and other ways), registered in Chongqing Youyang, is a key enterprise in Youyang County, is a municipal forestry leading enterprise, the company registered capital of 5 million yuan, total assets of more than 20 million yuan, legal representative Zhang Ting. Companies adhering to the quality, health, integrity of the business philosophy, is committed to high-end healthy edible oil production and marketing integration industry. The company has cooperated with the National Oleifera Engineering Technology Research Center, the National Forestry and Grassland Administration Oil Tea Research and Development Center, Hunan Linzhishen Oil Tea Science and Technology Development Co., Ltd. and Southwest Agricultural University, making full use of their respective advantages in production, learning and research, integrating the resources of the industrial chain, using the best and most mature technology to provide consumers with the best quality tea oil products, and creating a corporate integrity and reliable brand image.
Migrant workers at the base weed the saplings of camellia oleifera trees.
The migrant workers of the base are cultivating soil at the base.
It is understood that the Hanting Oil Tea Industrial Base in Bibai Township began to prepare in 2012, through the company + base + farmer model to drive the local people to increase income and get rich, the villagers through land circulation, base work, sales dividends, interest linkage and other ways to achieve labor income, the base currently drives 720 township farmers (including 368 poor households in Jianka) to increase their income and become rich.
Second, product introduction
In order to ensure the quality of the raw material source of tea oil, the company uses the Wuling Mountains in Youyang County, Chongqing, and the geographical climate is suitable for the characteristics of Camellia oleifera cultivation, and invests millions to drive local farmers to build a base of more than 3,000 mu of Camellia oleifera. The company's brand and product features are introduced as follows:
1. A single bottle of 500ml hardcover gift box, the product is the best choice for gifting health.
2, 1.6 liters of tin cans for home, the product is affordable for home consumption.
3. 150ml hardcover gift box.
3. Chongqing Hanting Oil Tea Co., Ltd. Oil Tea Planting Regulations
Chapter 1 Scope of Cultivation Specifications for Camellia Oleifera
First, this regulation stipulates the environmental conditions of the origin of green food oil tea seed oil, planting technology, care management, disease and pest control. This standard applies to the cultivation of the company's green food oil tea seed oil.
2. The provisions of the following normative documents shall become the provisions of this standard through the reference of this standard. All subsequent amendments (excluding errata) or revisions of dated cited documents do not apply to this Standard, however, parties to an agreement under this Standard are encouraged to study whether the latest version of these documents may be used. The latest version of any undated reference document applies to this Standard.
NY/T391 Green food environmental technical conditions of the place of origin
NY/T393 Guidelines for the use of pesticides in green food
NY/T394 Green Food Fertilizer Usage Guidelines
NY/T658 General Guidelines for Green Food Packaging
NY/T751 Green food Edible vegetable oil
Chapter II: Cultivation Procedures for Camellia Oleifera
First, the biological characteristics of camellia oleifera
Camellia oleifera belongs to the camellia genus of the camellia family, which is an evergreen large shrub or small tree, the height of the tree is generally 2 to 8m, and the age of the tree can reach more than 100 years. Capsules are spherical, orange, ovate, olive-shaped, etc.; Fruit color is cyan, red, bluish yellow, reddish yellow and so on. The young age of Camellia oleifera generally goes through 3-5 years, 7-8 years gradually enters the harvest period, and camellia oleifera grows to 70-80 years later, and gradually enters the aging period. Camellia oleifera begins to grow from the germination of new shoots, and according to the different germination seasons, it can be divided into spring shoots, summer shoots, autumn shoots and winter shoots. Usually, camellia oleifera is dominated by 100 summer shoots, and winter shoots are common in young plants with vigorous growth, and spring shoots begin to germinate in early or mid-March, and basically end in early to mid-May. Summer shoots usually begin to germinate in mid-to-late May and end in late July. The second summer begins in mid-July and ends in late August. Autumn shoots generally germinate in early September and end in mid-October. Camellia oleifera is mostly born on the well-grown spring shoots of the year, and a small number of well-developed summer shoots can also differentiate the flower buds. Flower bud differentiation begins to form after the new shoots stop growing, and generally takes shape in mid-to-late May and basically takes shape by late June. Camellia oleifera blooms mostly in late October, with its peak in November, and a small number of spring flower species blooming from February to April. Camellia oleifera is an insect-mediated amphoteric flower, and when the flowers are pollinated and fertilized, the ovary gradually expands by mid-March, forming young fruits. From late March to late August, the fruit is mainly grown in volume, and by early or late October, the fruit of camellia oleifera ripens.
Second, the environmental conditions of the place of origin
Youyang County is located in the subtropical humid monsoon climate zone, the climate is mild throughout the year, the rainfall is abundant, the sunshine is sufficient, the four seasons are distinct, and the mountain climate characteristics are obvious, which is an ideal treasure for the cultivation of camellia oleifera. With an area of 5,173 square kilometers, Youyang County is the largest district in Chongqing and has a wide area of Yilin. Although the terrain in the territory is complex, the hilly area is large, the terrain is relatively gentle, and the soil is mainly red soil developed by slate and limestone, and the soil layer is relatively deep, which is conducive to the growth of camellia oleifera. Convenient transportation and smooth logistics provide extremely favorable conditions for the development of the oil tea industry.
1. Choose a good planting land: Camellia oleifera does not have high requirements for planting land, and any hill or mountainous land where there are plants such as Yingshan red, fir, masson pine and so on can be used as a planting place for camellia oleifera. In order to grow camellia oleifera with high yield, stable yield and high quality, it is advisable to choose a sandy loam soil or light clay loam soil with a deep, fertile, loose, well-drained, slightly acidic soil.
2. Careful preparation: in the autumn and winter of the year before planting, refining, removing miscellaneous preparations, with surface opening holes, width of 2m, planting hole specifications to 4cm x 40cm x 40cm is appropriate. Dig holes at 2mx4m or 2mx3m.
Third, planting technology
The cultivation of camellia oleifera must strictly implement the "Seed Law of the People's Republic of China", "Camellia oleifera Harvest Forest", the State Forestry Administration's "Measures for the Management of Forest Seed Quality" and "Regulations on the Quality Management of Camellia Oleifera Seedlings". As well as some local standards and regulations, improve the awareness of good seeds in forests, put an end to the use of non-fine seedlings for the construction of oil tea industry base, and adhere to the fine seeds, standardization and scientificization of oil tea production.
1. Selection of afforestation land: Red soil, yellow soil and red yellow loam should be selected for camellia oleifera forest land, soil depth of more than 60cm, loose, fertile, moist and well-drained acidic soil, groundwater level below 1m, pH value of 4.5~ 6.5. In the low hilly areas with an altitude of less than 800m, the sunny slope and semi-sunny slope should be selected, and the slope should be south, east or southeast, and the selected woodland should be open and windless, and the middle and lower slopes with a slope of less than 25 degrees should be appropriate.
2. Woodland planning: Before creating an oil tea forest, a comprehensive planning and design should be carried out on the mountain forest area. It is necessary to concentrate as many contiguous pieces as possible, divide forest classes and small classes according to the terrain, terrain, and landform, and plan roads, forest roads, and operation areas. Where conditions permit, irrigation and water storage and drought-resistant facilities should also be considered.
3, land preparation and fertilization: land preparation should be carried out one year or half a year before afforestation, preferably in the summer and autumn of the first year to open up and plough the land. At the beginning of the land preparation, weeds, shrubs and tree pockets must be removed from the woodland. This can be done with manual cleaning, mechanical treatment or chemical herbicide treatment. Land preparation methods include full reclamation, belt reclamation and cave reclamation. It is necessary to select and carry out according to local conditions according to the conditions of forest land, terrain, slope and mode of operation, as well as capital and labor. Apply 10 to 20 kg of farm manure or 1 kg of cake fertilizer or 0.3 to 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer per hole, and then backfill the topsoil. The cover should be 10 to 15 cm above the surface, filling the holes so that they are steamed.
4, good seeds and strong seedlings: good seeds are the basis of abundant yield, is the premise of high yield, high quality and high efficiency. Afforestation seedlings are required to be fine varieties of camellia oleifera that have passed the examination and approval committee of forest trees at or above the national and provincial levels, and the seedling specifications reach grade II seedlings or above. According to the "Selection and Breeding of Fine Varieties of Camellia Oleifera and Quality Grading of Seedlings" (LY1730.3-2008), annual grafting container cup seedlings, seedling height 7cm, ground diameter of 0.20cm or more; The biennial grafted seedlings are 30 cm tall and have a diameter of more than 0.30 cm.
5, timely planting: whether camellia oleifera can survive after planting is closely related to the planting season, with the local climatic conditions of Youyang Bibai Township, it should be selected from early February to early March or October to November afforestation or replanting, planting generally choose rainy or sunny afternoon.
6. Density control: The yield of each plant of excellent strains of Camellia oleifera is high, and there is a reasonable number of plants to effectively form a group yield. According to the environmental conditions of Partial Cypress Township, there are generally 74-90 plants per mu, with a row spacing of 3mx3m or 2.5mx3m, and a left plant row spacing of 3mx4m per mu of 56 plants per mu on a particularly fertile flat slope.
7, planting method: planting depth should be appropriate, in general, the depth of planting should be greater than or equal to the depth of burial of seedlings in the nursery, deep planting affects the survival rate and later growth, can not bury the interface, can not bury leaves or roots. When planting, the seedlings are implanted in the hole, as far as possible to stretch the root system, the trunk is upright, backfill the topsoil, layered steadily, and covered with loose soil. Poor standing conditions can be used to cut dry afforestation or prune and leaf picking afforestation, cutting is to retain 3-5 leaves, do not hurt the bud head.
4. Nursing management
1. Young forest management:
(1) Timely replanting and cultivation: When missing and diseased plants are found, they should be replanted with strong seedlings of the same age, and strengthen management so that the replanted seedlings and the growth of woodland seedlings are basically consistent. At the same time, the seedlings that have not been planted or have exposed roots should be straightened and cultivated in time.
(2) Time and frequency of care: Generally for three consecutive years, two times a year, mainly weeding, loosening, cultivating, cultivating soil and expanding holes. The first time was in May-June and the second time in August-September. Newly made oil tea woodland, crops can be planted in the forest to cultivate instead of care.
(3) Proper fertilization: Fertilization can be done without fertilization in the year of colonization, and where conditions permit, after the saplings resume growth in June and July, appropriately water some thin human feces and urine, or apply 25 to 50 grams of urea or special fertilizer per plant. From the second year onwards, about half a month before the new germination in March every year, each plant is applied 50 to 100g of compound fertilizer; in early November, soil miscellaneous fertilizer or organic fertilizer is applied as overwintering fertilizer, each plant is 5 to 10 kg. With the increase of tree age, the amount of fertilizer should be small to large, increasing year by year.
(4) Intercropping and intercropping: There are many crops suitable for planting in the young forest of Camellia oleifera, but it is necessary to choose reasonably. To choose the aboveground plants are short, the branches and leaves are sparse, the underground part of the root plate range is small, the growth is not strong, and the fertility absorption is small; Crops with strong adaptability, acid tolerance, barrenness tolerance, drought tolerance, and no common pests and diseases with camellia oleifera, vine crops are avoided. For example, spring crops have potatoes, summer crops have soybeans and peanuts, and winter crops have rapeseed, peas and broad beans. The intercropping should be about 60 cm from the Camellia oleifera plant.
(5) Fixed dry shaping: In the camellia oleifera grows to about 1m, the trunk should be shortened at 0.5 to 0 .8m from the ground, and when it germinates new branches, 4-5 strong branches with different orientations and 10 to 15cm spacing are selected as backbone branches. Young forests are pruned and shaped, mainly with light pruning, controlling the long branches, promoting the growth of the main side branches, and cultivating to form a natural round-headed and happy-shaped canopy. When the spacing between the main branches is too large, it is advisable to leave the branch with a promising culture as the secondary main branch, and the spacing between the main branch and the sub-main branch should be maintained at 60 to 70 cm, so that the side branches that are divided can be fully exposed to the sun. Useless branches and over-dense branches germinated at the base of the main branch or on the main trunk should be removed early or cut in time.
2. Forest management
(1) Soil improvement: Reclamation has a variety of types, such as full reclamation, reclamation with reclamation, cave reclamation, and stepped reclamation and trench fertilization and care. Among them, the step-by-step reclamation is simple and easy, and the effect of increasing production is remarkable. Stepped reclamation is based on comprehensive deep excavation and reclamation, cutting down shrubs and weeds, and building a contour-height terrace with high outside and low outside, outer embankment, and inner ditch. The width of the terrace depends on the slope, and the gradient of about 15 degrees can be repaired into a 3 to 4 m wide terrace, and more than 15 degrees can be repaired into a 1 to 2 m terrace. Drainage ditches and sediment ponds should be dug on both sides of the terrace. Reclamation includes both winter and summer reclamation. The depth of winter reclamation is generally 20 to 25 cm, and the soil block is turned over, and the grass roots are facing the sky. The depth of summer reclamation is generally 10 to 15 cm, and a shallow shovel is required. Dig deep in three years, and hoe shallow every year.
(2) Reasonable fertilization: spring compound fertilizer, 0.2~0.3kg per plant; In winter, after applying 20 to 30 kg of tea oil and 2 to 3 kg of commercial organic fertilizer after decomposition, spray fast-acting fertilizer or foliar fertilizer as appropriate. The fertilization method digs a circular or rectangular trench at the projection edge of the canopy, the width and depth of the ditch are 30 to 40 cm, and the fertilizer is applied and covered with soil. It is best to fertilize camellia oleifera in combination with mountain digging in winter and mid-tillage in summer. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer should be applied more in the big year to promote fruit preservation, long oil and pumping; Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer should be applied more in small years to preserve fruit and promote flower bud differentiation.
(3) Water management: In years with severe drought, especially soil with poor water retention capacity and the first and second years after afforestation, 1-2 artificial drought resistance should be carried out in June and August, preferably in the morning or evening.
(4) Scientific pruning: The pruning time is from after the harvest to before the germination of spring shoots (between November and February of the following year). The objects of pruning are dead branches, diseased branches, long branches and crossed branches. The pruning principle is light shearing of young trees and re-shearing of old trees; Big year re-cut, small young cut. The method should be adapted to the phase, first cut the lower part, and then cut the middle and upper part; Cut the inside of the crown first, and then cut the outside of the crown. Trim evenly, not too overlapping up and down, not crowded left and right, and not too high a pile. The cutout should be smooth, slightly inclined, and the cut should be closed with wax or yellow mud. Avoid cutting branches with machetes, especially large branches, and use sawing branches to avoid damaging the trunk bark and causing pests and diseases.
5. Pest control
1. Major diseases and their prevention and control measures
(1) Camellia oleifera anthrax
Disease characteristics: the main harm site of the fruit, branches and trunks, the fruit, branches and leaves appear on the reddish-brown spots, will gradually spread into a large piece of light brown spots, the later lesions will appear black-brown spots, and finally lead to fruit cracking, leaves and fruits a large number of shedding, branches and leaves withered, trunk ulceration, serious leading to the entire plant dry to death.
Prevention and control methods: When planting, it is necessary to select varieties with strong disease resistance, while strengthening management, enhancing tree potential, and improving the disease resistance of plants. At the seedling stage, Bordeaux liquid can be sprayed for prevention, and at the onset of the disease, it can be sprayed with carbendazim agent for prevention.
(2) Soft rot of camellia oleifera
Disease characteristics: mainly harmful to fruits, leaf buds, the disease will cause a large number of deciduous fruit, severe time is the bud shoots dead, plant growth nodes are damaged. The occurrence of this disease is generally related to the temperature and humidity of the environment, and its germs will be spread by wind and rain, generally in the summer and autumn is a high incidence period.
Prevention and control methods: to strengthen forest management, improve ventilation and light transmission of the field, prevention-oriented, regular spraying of Bordeaux liquid, the onset of the disease can be controlled by carbendazim.
(3) Camellia oleifera root rot
Disease characteristics: mainly harmful to the root system of the plant, generally occurs in April-May or September-10 months, the first infection of the rhizome when the disease occurs, the brown spots appear at the diseased site, and the white hair grows later, resulting in root rot, leaf wilting and shedding, and finally plant death. The disease is more severe in plots with heavy soil and poor drainage.
Prevention and control methods: After the onset of the disease, the diseased plant should be cleaned up in time, pulled out and brought out of the field, and at the same time, the disease hole should be sprinkled with lime powder, and carbendazim should be watered for prevention and control.
2. Major insect pests and their control measures
<h3 class= "pgc-h-arrow-right" > The pests of camellia oleifera trees are quite numerous, and the pests of camellia oleifera that can cause economic losses are mainly leaf-eating pests represented by camellia oleifera and tea poison moths, including stinging moths, moths, scarab beetles and leaf beetles; branch pests represented by tea tip moths and camellia oleifera, including camellia oleifera stalks and borers; dried borer pests represented by blue-winged celestial bulls; As well as planting real pest tea seeds elephant beetles and so on. </h3>
Camellia oleifera insect pests are mainly concentrated in the position of the leaves, especially when the rainy season comes, these diseases are high-incidence, so try to prevent in advance to avoid the further expansion of these diseases, and then the growth of camellia oleifera trees can become more rapid and perfect. The main insect pests are Lepidoptera and Coleoptera leaf-eating pests, which will gather in the leaf part of camellia oleifera, nibble on the leaves, and once the insect infestation breaks out, it will nibble the leaves of the plant clean in a short period of time, which is extremely harmful.
The control method is to strengthen the management of the forest, prune and remove diseased and insect branches and weak branches, eliminate overwintering pests, and can carry out biological control of Thuringiensis or white zombie bacteria.
7. Picking and processing
Camellia oleifera harvesting should be carried out when the fruit is fully ripe, too early is low oil content, too late the capsule cracks, the seeds are scattered underground, easy to mildew, but also difficult to clean.
The species and varieties of Camellia oleifera are different, and the fruit ripening period is inconsistent. The transformation and accumulation of camellia oleifera seeds begins in early August, and then rises in a straight line, reaching its peak when ripe. It generally matures from the end of September to the beginning of November, and ordinary oil tea generally matures in October. Fruit ripe appearance characteristics: the skin is shiny, the fur is gone or only a small part of the diameter of the fruit remains, the shell is slightly cracked, the seed is black or brown and shiny, these characteristics can be used as a reference for fruit mining.
1. Timely harvesting
Tea fruits should be harvested when they are ripe in drought, and different varieties of camellia oleifera fruits should be ripen first, and then picked later, and the same variety of mature camellia oleifera should be picked within the last 7 days. Be sure to avoid premature picking, harvested 10 days before maturity, the oil content of the seed kernel should be 7.12% lower, and the quality of the oil is poor. Large areas of Camellia oleifera mountains, often due to the different conditions of the site and the age of the trees and mature in succession, generally the high mountains are ripe first, the low mountains are ripe after the low mountains; the Yang slope is cooked first, the Yin slope is cooked later; the barren mountains are cooked first, the mature mountains are cooked later; the fertile water conditions are poor, and the fertile water conditions are good and the young trees are cooked later; the old trees are ripe first, and the young trees are cooked later.
In the Youyang area, there are mainly cold dew seeds and frost seed varieties, and the cold dew seeds are harvested in the cold dew festival in mid-October, and the frost seeds are harvested before and after the frost fall festival. Sometimes it is often delayed by 5-10 days due to the influence of the climate in the current year, and the maturity is delayed in the general high temperature day drought, and the low temperature rain delays the maturity.
2. Harvesting method of camellia oleifera fruit seeds
There are two main ways to pick fruit and harvest seeds. Fruit picking is the fruit is to pick fresh fruit directly on the tree when the fruit is ripe; and then concentrate on the processing of the seed, which is currently a common way of harvesting. The harvest of seeds is to wait until the fruit is fully ripe, the seeds are separated from the husks, and they fall off the tree and then collect them. This method is generally a planting area where picking and transportation are inconvenient, but due to inconsistent maturity periods, long harvesting time, and easy to mold and rot on rainy days.
3. Treatment of camellia oleifera fruit
Camellia oleifera fruit should be processed in time after picking. After the fruit is picked, mix a small amount of lime, piled on the soil for 3-5 days, complete the oil after the ripening process to increase the oil, and then grasp the sunny day to push open the sun for 2-4 days, the tea fruit naturally cracks, most of the fruit of the tea seed can be separated, the unsealed with manual peeling, and then sieved clean, continue to dry, generally dry for 1-2 days, in order to make starch and soluble sugar and other organic matter fully converted into grease, drying rapeseed to use soil or bamboo mats, generally do not use cement ping, soil and bamboo mat drying tea seeds can improve the amount of oil and quality, If it is impossible to dry on a rainy day, the tea seeds should be spread on the dry and ventilated floor slab, the thickness is about 20 cm evenly spread, turned 1-2 times a day to prevent fever and mildew, in a sunny day in time, the weight ratio of the oil tea seeds and the shell is 1:2, the sun-dried oil seeds should be stored in a ventilated and dry place, after 1-2 months, when the tea seeds reach the highest oil content, it is re-sunned for 1-2 days, so that the oil yield is high and the oil quality is good.