Those things of the Longqing Emperor Ming Muzong!

(1) Personal aspect

Emperor Mingmuzong reigned for only six years, and was awkwardly squeezed between Jiajing and Wanli, destined to be a transitional period between the two eras. Although he was keen on reform in his early years, he really could not stand up to the auxiliary ability of Xu Jie, Gao Gong, Yin Shidan, Zhang Juzheng and other cabinet leaders, rather than confronting them and arguing with them, it was better to be idle and relaxed, so most of his criticisms were in this style: "Shangyunzhi", "Shangranzhi", "Shangzhizhi", "Shangcongzhi", "Shangjianzhi", "Shangjianazhi", "Retribution", "Retribution", "Retribution", "Retribution", "Retribution", "Retribution", "Shangjue", "Shangjian zhi", "Shangjian Zhi", "Shangjia Zhi", "Shangjia Zhi", "Retribution", "Retribution", "Shangju Zhi", "Shangjian Zhi", "Shangjian Zhi", "Shangjia Zhi", "Shangjia Zhi", "Retribution", "Retribution", "Shangzhi Zhi", "Shangjian Zhi", "Shang can", "Shang Zhi

As a practitioner of Buddhist governance, Muzong was also quite tolerant of officials who accused him of stabbing. At the beginning of his reign, he issued an edict: "Those who have not yet completed the edicts of the evil government should successively investigate and discuss the reform on their own." He still allows everyone to speak out and hide from all his long-term policies, such as correcting the practice of righteousness, correcting officials and evil deeds, ensuring the people's livelihood, and using the foot in the country." The description of the "courtier who speaks and does things, although he is angry and admonished, is often released later", which coincides with the "earnest responsibility and obedience" that appears many times in the records, and indeed can see his style of generosity and generosity (except for advising him to abstain from sex.... See the "YeYou" section below for details). However, precisely because the imperial approval was so casual, and there were often situations in which the opinions of hundreds of officials were different, Muzong agreed to implement them, resulting in "orders that were not one, and the front and back were reversed", at this time, the cabinet ministers had to understand the reason, and the interests were declared, "Shang Nai Enlightenment".

In short, history did not give Muzong a big stage, and he himself was happy to give up power, and it was not too much to say that he was the king of Shoucheng. However, in view of the historical Rule of the Ming Dynasty, we can not rely on the roots of the previous dynasty, and we cannot underestimate the role of the Longqing Dynasty, which objectively cleaned up the various ills of the Jiajing Dynasty and laid a good economic foundation for the Wanli Dynasty, known in history as the "Longqing New Deal".

(2) Economic aspects

1. The crystallization of group wisdom

During the reign of Emperor Muzong, the treasury was empty and in ruins, so "for a time the ministers competed for allegiance to Bi Zhi". In addition to cabinet members Gao Gong, Xu Jie, Li Chunfang, Chen Yiqin, Zhang Juzheng, etc., who presided over the national policy, the Six Branches and the Thirteen Imperial Histories also participated in the customization of the proposal to a greater or lesser extent. According to incomplete statistics alone, the economic recovery of the Longqing Dynasty cannot be separated from the joint efforts of the government and the public.

(1) Tun Tian and Salt Introduction

Since ancient times, the field tax and the salt tax have been the focus of the state's finances, and if we want to restore national strength and improve people's livelihood, we must first start with the reform of field salt.

The Reform of the Longqing Dynasty's TianFa had roughly two directions:

(1) Restrict the clan to increase the number of people's land

Speaking of cracking down on Haoqiang, perhaps everyone is more familiar with Hai Rui, who is "futun salt in its true color to Yubian reserves, and Juntian Fu Ding cha to Su trapped". In fact, it was during the time of Muzong that Hai Rui was able to carry out important tasks (see the "Politics" chapter for details), and the official plan was always planning to eliminate the occupation and liberate the people's land. The objects of liberating the people's land include not only the interior but also the border towns; not only the people's powerful and powerful, but also the clan lords, which can be said to be a measure of both far and near and both the upper and lower levels, benefiting the country and the people.

Bing Ke gave Zhang Qi the matter, saying: "Xuanfu collects horses and grasslands and tun tian tuan seed and other places, and goes to the Xunchen Internal Officer as the chief soldier of the town guard, and each tenant species is tens of acres, and the rent is collected to charge the public use." Later, although he was ordered to return, and zhan tian was as old as before, the officials did not dare to hear it, so they closed the end of the foolish people's sacrifice and fled for the adulterer. Please clean up everything and return the official." Order: "The Inspector of the Imperial History chases after the instrument, and if there is a powerful and powerful privateer, he is famous and must not be indulged." (Volume IX)

Prime Minister Jiubian Tun Tian Yu Du Yu Shi Pang Shangpeng, on the article Ji Zhen Nine Things: "First, Tun Tian privately sold, hidden evils are difficult to audit, it is advisable to set up a number of paper, open three paragraphs, or see the seed, or desolate, or invaded, according to the nationality can be obtained." First, the wasteland is carefree, the order to summon seeds under the sun, and the bitter one who has no response. It is advisable to order the generals and officers of the nearest army to cultivate, and to see the cattle that are rewarded, and to divide the silver of the cattle in each county, and after waiting for three years, they will be requisitioned for rent. First, those who are far away from the tun land and whose original main forces cannot reach it should be recruited for reclamation, that is, given to them for the sake of employment, so as to avoid the miscellaneous differences of the army's grain head, and still measure the land and fatten it, so as to set the amount of tax, and prefer to forgive the leave and not to compete with the small people for the benefit of the rise and struggle. Its officials in charge of the tun also punished according to the score of the summons. First, there are those who have fled from the army and been concealed by the guards, those who have been buried by private pawns, those who have threatened to exchange money by usuring their anointing, those who have invaded and annexed fishing and annexation because of their proximity, those who have inherited the inheritance of the world for a long time, and those who have allegedly surrendered power in a gap. It is advisable to strictly investigate and prohibit those who surrender themselves, and those who surrender themselves are exonerated, and those who can be informed are to be punished by their fields. ..." (Book XXVIII)

Hubu overlaid Yushi Liu Shizeng, Charlie Zhuangtian Five Things: "A clear and hidden place is said to measure the past and taste it, and those who cannot be cleaned up, those who are not entrusted with their own people and do not do their duty." It is advisable to choose a clean and honest person, to be pro-check the original number, to ensure that the fat and barren are all discretionary, and the number of outsiders is established to prevent encroachment; the deserters reclaim the land to increase taxes; those who innuendo the deceit, allow the first to be not included; if they can be informed, they will be lighter than half of the regular tax. The second is to pity the poor households, that is, to find out the land, and to carever for the people with the country, and to cultivate the small households that they do not give, they will eventually return to the strong. It is advisable to deal with the poor or resettled households, and if there are impostors who are privately occupied, the incident will be severely cured. The third discussion on the collection of solutions, that is, the old Zhuangtou levy, the invasion of a lot, in the future public and private taxes, the scattered households themselves to pay for themselves. The four books of the inventory, the tian number of books, the omission of nineteen, the only surviving one is omitted and not detailed. After measuring today, it is advisable to prepare a detailed login, do not be broad and narrow, set the height and low, analyze the fat, divide the wilderness, and store a book in the Kenji Tun Tian Hu Department of the tenant county for inspection. ..." (Book XXVIII)

(2) Amend the tax law to collect money

The Longqing Dynasty explored the tax law many times, which played a dialectical reference role for Zhang Juzheng to promote and popularize the "One Whip Law" later.

Peng Shen, Hubu Shangshu Ge Shouli and others: "In recent years, it has been set as a whip law, regardless of the barn, the number of stones is not opened, the number of stones is stopped, the amount of silver is a certain amount, the official book is caused by adultery, the increase or decrease of the sprinkling faction, the drawbacks are numerous, and the law of this school has changed. As for the collection of solutions, it has become a string of bell methods, which is called the decomposition of the harvest, the receiver does not understand, the solution does not receive, the receiver receives the surplus of funds, and the solution is allowed to make up for the tiredness, is it not even!" 」 (Volume VII)

Inspector Zhili followed Yushi Gu Ting's pair, and said, "... First, the Qing national tax. There are three disadvantages to the use of tariffs: appeasers avoid slander and resentment, weak people harass fishing, and those who are close to the tired are polluted. Now that the tax department is cleared, if it is easier to be a minister, the inspector will be accepted by the imperial chancellor's rotating committee and the government, and one season and one change, then the shortcomings will be completely changed, and the regular class can be gradually increased. ..." (Book XVI)

Inspector Liang Menglong, the capital of Shandong, said three things: "First, the rules of the summer tax and autumn grain." The collection of taxes and grain is enshrined in the law, and it is very clear that a whip law is poured out, and at the same time it is levied, and the people's strength is overwhelmed, and adultery and malpractice are provoked. It is advisable to solve it in the order of the order as in the old example. First, the rules of positive division and decomposition. The speaker made up a large household to divide the warehouse mouth, close to a string of bells, total collection, decomposition and transfer, encroachment on the regular lessons. After Yiyi, the old practice was collected by the large household, and the division was handed over to the division of the class solution. ..." (Book 48)

(2) Control of water and open the sea

Waterways were both an important route for trade and grain transportation, as well as to agriculture and livelihood, and Muzong repeatedly appointed officials to clean up the waterways, which was not unrelated to the floods that flooded during the Longqing period (see "Natural Disasters" section below). Premier River Officials Zhu Heng and Weng Dali successively discussed and explored the issue of following the old road and opening up a new one.

First of all, in Heju Pei County, the deliberators asked to repair the canal old road, which was to explore the source of Xinji, Guo Guanlou and other places. At this time, Prime Minister He He Shangshu Zhu Heng said: "In ancient times, when the river was ruled, it only wanted to avoid harm, and now when it is ruled by the river, it wants to benefit it." ...... Saint Ci could not bear the floods of the people of Yutai in Pei County, and their fists wanted to open up the old way, and the ministers and others looked up to the Sacred Heart, and also had the request to investigate the source. But there are five things that cannot be considered for the terrain and the public opinion of the public opinion..." (Vol. 3)

Prime Minister River Du Yu Shi Weng said: "The success of the new river is better than the old river, and its benefits are five." The terrain is slightly uplifted, and the yellow water is difficult to rush, one also. Tsuzumi is safe, nothing to watch out for, two also. The old river was steep, and now there is none, three also. The spring land is both virtual, the millet can be arted, and the four are also. Boats are involved, do not bother to pull, five also. ...... Those who retire from the lake land will be able to obtain a thousand acres according to it, so that the people can get the art of planting, and the acres will be given to the expenses of the canals, and there is no convenience for this." (Volume XXXI)

Inspector Yushi Zhang Shou covenant, Chen Yanzhi river is slow, roughly saying: "The whole river has restored the old road, and the strategy of repairing the rule is to build an embankment to bundle the flow to prevent the collapse." ...... It is very easy for the husband to open a new river that cannot be built, and it is very easy to repair the old river that has been opened; instead of spending millions of dollars to open the river, if he builds the river with hundreds of thousands, it is a very costly province." (Volume 65)

Li Kezuo gave the matter to Luo Zun, who would impeach the River Ofe as inconvenience, but said: "... Where two hundred and sixty miles, although the road is fast, the construction is really difficult. ...... In order to open the river of the mouth, the husband will repair and defend when it is ripe, save the transport on schedule, and ensure the old way of more than a hundred and ten years." (Volume 67)

However, whether it is to repair the old road or open a new river, it is facing a huge budget gap, and the Tuntian water transport is an urgent need, so the shipping is naturally re-proposed by the officials. This also led to the further lifting of the Ming Dynasty sea ban after the "Longqing Switch". (Interestingly, there is no reference to the "Longqing Switch" in the actual record))

He wei, the prime minister Tun Yan Du Yu Shi Pang Shangpeng, on the Liaodong Tun Tian cheap eleven things: "... A wide sea ban. It is said that the sea is forbidden, stop at the disturbance of the true color of Deng Lai and the cloth flowers, so the deliberators have one after another, and they take the wind and the waves as the solution, and they do not know that the left throat of Liao, the whole Ofan Ningqian, the ningqian, if the whole town is strangled, then the whole town is even more unreliable, and there is a line of jinzhou road and the sea, why close it? ..." (Book XXXII)

Shandong Governor Yushi Liang Menglong and others, Shanghai Yun said: "There are many reasons for the Cao River today, and the speakers are vying to open the Jiaohe River, and this is not the minister who dares to do it." The first taste of the Sea Road, south from Huai'an to Jiaozhou, north from Tianjin to Haicang... Counting three thousand three hundred miles, the wind can reach for two decades, and the boats are all connected by the islands in the near ocean, and the wind can be relied upon, not as if crossing the sea and crossing the wind and waves is unpredictable, compared to the Yuanren Yin Ming slightly old road... The flood season is not pleasant, the waiting is not lost, that is, thousands of ships, to ensure that there is no other trouble, can receive the Beijing Reserve, the wings of the Cao River, the province to pull the strength, free from the pain of guarding the help. And the teeth of the anti-coast guard are staggered, and they can strictly prohibit the sea and strengthen the gods, and even more convenient." (Volume 61)

Hukedu gave Song Liangzuo and others in the matter: "The grain transportation at the beginning of the country, the rate is due to the Yuan, from the river to the river, and the sea transport begins." However, the totality of the shade of the ocean is like the meaning of the sheep. In the last years of Jiajing... It is recommended to abolish it, and the maritime will has no survivors. Now that the river is still changing frequency and the canals are repeatedly obstructed, it is advisable to take advantage of the fact that this relic has not been lost, and it is necessary to discuss the restoration of the ocean and make sure to save the will of the sea in full." (Volume 61)

The governor of Caoyun, Yushi Wang Zongmu, said: "The national plan has Cao Yun, the blood of the Jews, the bloodline of the people, and the general of cao yun, and the national plan." I have been transporting to the river for hundreds and sixty years, the law is repaired, the dredging is not delayed, there are many drawbacks in the past, and the Yellow River overflows, and several problems drift, so Kechen reconsiders shipping... Because it is wide to take its speed, and to mark the island to avoid its troubles, although the name is the same as that of the Yuanren, and the benefit is easy, the lack of river transportation, there is no convenient for this. However, it is advisable to speak of the ear at this time, if the language is full of potential, then it is said that there are three: one is the general trend of the world, the second is the special situation of The Swallow, and the third is the rapid situation of the day before. ..." (Book 68)

There is a kind of talk, "Longqing switch" is a twisted reform, the sea trade only opened a small gap; from the subsequent development of shipping, the constraints are also quite numerous, "dancing with shackles" is true.

Shandong Shouchen said: "The islands of the three provinces of Qingdenglai are inhabited by the Liao people, and the Liaodong has been taking pictures for many years, which is not available, and Shandong's virtual culture is not eternal." ...... First, check the vessels. ...... Those who dare to use their bristles to the ocean, or near Goryeo, have no forgiveness. First, flat trade. ...... It is forbidden to enter the night for personal intercourse, in order to provoke him, nor is it allowed to trade contraband. First, it is exclusively responsible. An Ji Fu Sui, when he instructed the sea road and the capital division, is the unified discipline, will be clear and decreed, and will not be appeased. ...... First, Du continued to flee. The islands are installed in a fixed way, the Liao people avoid trouble, there will be survivors, it is advisable to order the Liao town to ban jinzhou and other places, and not to cross the sea again." (Volume 61)

Liang Menglong, an official of Shandong Fu press, said: "Because of the abnormal river disaster, the temple painting is planned to transport the sea, and it is sincere to make a wish that will last for tens of millions of years." The urgency of the current manager must be four: the coastal city pool is ruined and not repaired, and it is impossible to prepare, such as the Great Song Ling Mountain and other wei should be repaired in time, with Du Portal, Du Peeping, one also. If the sea is open, it is advisable to forbid merchants and people, and it is not allowed to go to the sea privately, and it is not allowed to quickly spread across the islands. Violators allow officers and soldiers to be punished, and the second is also. Since the sea has been forbidden for a long time, there are many smugglers, and if they want to revolutionize it suddenly, then the sea road will guide it, that is, indulge it, and then lead the adultery, which will not be victorious. Now it is advisable to instruct the merchants and the people to enter the sea, and order them to return to the investigation and sale, then the inspectors have tested, and the smugglers will not tolerate their adultery. For example, the three inspection departments of Lijin and other counties have their own coastal pan-land, and there are strict escort guards for transporting ships, so it is advisable to restore the inspection department and the original quota of Fang Bing, four also." (Volume 66)

2. False savings

Muzong was known for his frugality, stating:

...... The dethronement of the untouchable, the useless work, the sign of the non-art, the unnamed offering. In addition to annoyance, frugality, poverty alleviation, and burial of grievances... When diving into the mansion, taste the donkey's intestines and be sweet, and take the position, ask left and right, left and right, please Zhao Guanglu. Shang: "Ruo'er, then Guanglu will kill a donkey every day in preparation for the claim, and I can't bear it." It's over. When the years are traveling and entertaining, all the offerings of guanglu will be promised to please the lord, and the lord will often cut the most covenanter, and the cost of the guanglu will be ten thousand, and his frugality will be so.

He also commented to himself in surprise because of the emptiness of the two libraries:

The Initiator commandment said, "The accumulation of treasure, why is it lacking in this!" In addition to all the uses, it is very provincial, and in addition to the positive offering, there is no reward for the vain expenses. Er, we should take good measures to help the country."

But is this really the case? Let's take a few examples of his luxury projects:

The jewelry and spices bought by Hubu Jin shared the Taicang Jibian silver of 16,500 odd. (Volume 59)

Hubu continued to buy jewelry, sharing 22,400 silver. Shang Yi bought it was useless, and blamed the division for pleading, And Shang Shu Zhang Shouzhi was guilty of self-incrimination, and please go through the second county of Wanda to buy it. The anger was not solved, and Yuan Sanjie and Jia Shifeng were each half a year old. (Volume 64)

He did not, Zhao Yunnan Guangdong procurement of jewelry, the annual income of 20,000 gems, 8,000 beads, three years. Hukedu gave Zhang Shu and others, Jiangxi Province Inspector Yushi Liu Shizeng, etc., and the procurement of the Beggar Festival, the worship of frugal virtue, and the people of Su were trapped. Report. (Volume 65)

Peng Shen, Shang Bao Si Qing Liu Fenyong said omitted: "... Since the emperor ascended the throne, the number of silver taken by the inner government has not less than hundreds of thousands, seeking precious treasures, making lamps of Aoshan Mountain, serving between the royal utensils, and the ornaments of gold carvings and jade, which are practical in body and mind, what is the benefit? And if it is good, it is not even rich, it is rude, and it is a pity that it is good. ..." (Book 68)

Sometimes he even gets angry because of the difficulty of filling his desires:

Yunnan Dao Yushi Zhan said, "... Before His Majesty took the silver of the household department, the courtiers in the court will say that there will be sufficient internal funds, in case of emergency, and now they will do everything possible to build the Ao Mountain, repair the palace fence, the dragon and phoenix, the swing frame, and pass on the cost of building a strong cabinet and jade basin, so that the group is so small that it is dry, and it is not small for the holy virtues. "Neglected, the upper angry rebuke of the rebellious arrogance, tired and unscrupulous, ordered the Guards to arrest a hundred rods in front of the noon gate, for the people, the ambassadors of the various supervisory bureaus and roads were all gone, as they were in the old way. (Volume XXXII)

Hukedu gave Li Ji and Chen Wude in the matter: "Near the inner transport of the treasury eunuch Cui Min and other please buy the annual case Jinbao, the ministers and others and the household department to stop playing, all are not allowed by Yu." The courtiers and others thought about it repeatedly, and could not be silenced, and saw That His Majesty dengji edict ceased to buy and remove the jiapai, and if the various yamen were to be written on the grounds of lack, the writing was added, and the department of A was allowed to do so, and the scientific and Daoist officials immediately participated in the treatment of felonies. For example, those who are close to each other, who are engaged in various requests, who buy jade and buy pearls, who have been sent down repeatedly, whose feelings are fierce, who are salty and who do not believe in His Majesty's edicts, who are at a loss for what they have done, and who have stolen and regretted..." Wu De deposed the people. (Volume 45)

But he's also not completely deaf to opinions:

The Ministry of Works was ordered to build lanterns in the temple and the lamp of Aoshan Mountain, and the Ministry of Works reported: "The treasury of the ministry stores money and grain, and there are very few survivors, that is, it is enough to increase the number of festivals, which is not enough to meet the needs of the current construction." Why is it that in addition to being lacking, the camp is not in a hurry? ...... When His Majesty withdrew from the music and reduced the meal, and was afraid of repairing Xiao, why should he have time to watch the lantern feast? That is to say, the lamps in the temple are indispensable, and because of their damage, a little repair is enough to take the money and food of the prison. Now the cost of a lamp, to more than thirty thousand gold, is not exhaustive for the holy government. ...", on the mountain of Ao, and the evil one who renews the lamp. (Volume XXXV)

Yi Wei, the Upper Household Department issued silver, bought 25,000 catties of white cotton to advance, and Shang Shu Liu Tiqian played: "Huzhou Fuyuan unraveled the white cotton and arrived, it is advisable to stop buying." Li has advised in the matter: "The subjects gather in what is born, and go to the use." Now the Beijing division is not out of the cotton place, in March when the cotton is not used, the seeker is suffering, the mane is high and straight, that is, the merchants of the day are in the city, and the 20,000 or 30,000 pounds of cotton, I am afraid that it can not be rushed. And now the people of the capital are trapped by the merchants, ten rooms and nine empty, it is advisable to add compassion, why bother the Lord!" 」 Shi Shang Jia heard that everything was hidden, and his body was dry and repeated: "The capital division is fundamentally heavy, and it is not necessary to make a husband uneasy." Now the city is closed day and night, the merchants are not good, and the crowd is screaming, which is not appropriate for ordinary people." Shang Wu, the fate to stop the hair of Taicang silver to buy 10,000 pounds, Yu Xi stopped buying. (Volume 43)

Jiazi, Viceroy Liangguang Waiter Yin Zhengmao said, "... His Majesty ordered the pearling of 8,000 taels, which must be three years and then has been spent to thirty million gold. Now that the army is still suffering from everything, how can it be done again? That is, the upper offering is indispensable, it is advisable to kill it slightly, change it to a hundred, and change it from three years to ten years, and its silver, vermilion, copper, wax and other things, and the soldiers of the counties and counties can be deposed, so that the people who are in heavy difficulty can be killed." Hubu overplay. From above. (Volume 69)

For buying beads to play, Mu Zong explained it like this:

Shang: "It is a lack of use in the inner house, and it is occasionally purchased."

Good aggrieved tone, are you really an occasional buy??

It is not difficult to see from the comparison before and after that Muzong's extravagant expenses are not many, and even until his twilight years, he is still using it in a big way, which may be related to his indulgence in the harem. If the royal family uses this way, it is bound to bring a heavy burden to the national reserve:

The Upper Commandment: "The household department takes 300,000 taels of silver from Taicang and uses it inside." Shang Shu Liu Tiqian said: "The silver treasury has seen that there are 3.7 million in existence, the nine-sided annual case should be issued 2.76 million yuan, the price of grain merchants in the Beijing army is not less than one million yuan, and the towns in Datong in Jizhou are not in harmony with each other. That is, if the treasury is fully distributed, it is still insufficient, if 300,000 yuan is recovered, what will be the funding? Begging and stopping." Not allowed... University scholars Li Chunfang, Chen Yiqin, and Zhang Juzheng also said: "... Since the beginning of the year, there have been more and more compradors and their use has become more and more widespread, and when this is lacking... It is still hoped that the day of the state reserve is scarce, the eternal plan of the dangerous virtue, the festival reward to save money, and the suspension of the comprador to broaden the people's strength..." The upper said: "The qing and others have already played a metaphor, but now the internal and external treasury are lacking, and they take 100,000 taels to use it urgently, and the secretary and others have not to play it again." (Volume XXXI)

Jia Shu, the edict to take the Guanglu Temple silver 200,000 taels into use, the temple to see the storage of silver to stop 150,000, there is no way to worship, the upper is reduced by half. Rebbe replied, "... In the first year, he was ordered to take 300,000 yuan, and the following year he took 200,000 yuan, and there was more than the original amount, which was carefully inspected by the former emperor, and the emperor added to save, accumulating this amount. Now that the old reserves have been exhausted, the new schools have not been completed, and the total reserves are not enough to support half a year, if they are proclaimed from time to time, how can they be relied upon in the future? And the inner house is insufficient, take the temple, the temple is insufficient, and it must not be punished, and the benefits are seriously solicited. Only Shangxing was able to go to bed and die." ...... There is a purpose for the report. (Volume XXXV)

Yushi Li Xueshi also said, "... In the case of the internal treasury of 800,000, the number is not small, if it is added to the thrift, strictly forbidden to invade, but also self-sufficient, why not temporarily widen for a few years, in order to borrow the side of the supply, so that the salt law is dredged? If the salt law is passed, the border reserves are enriched, and the soldiers are strong and reclusive, why should the internal security be troubled and have no wealth?" The Ministry of Households please consult from it. Not allowed. (Volume 49)

The edict took 100,000 taels of silver from the Tai warehouse, and the household department said: "Compared with the edict of the old edict, the amount of silver in the inner treasury is more than 1.1 million taels, depending on the old amount of the ancestors, which has been increased, and the hundred thousand is taken again, and it is not systematic." The ancestors of the husband and ancestors are full of treasures, but they still have not tried to do anything lightly, and they have not spent a penny lightly, and now when they look at the ancestors, how it is! Alienated, though it is his word, Judas commanded to obey the command to advance with one hundred thousand. (Volume 66)

Mu Zong's name of the festival is probably a vain name, or can such an emperor already be called frugal (?) ）

(3) Political aspects

1. Colleagues "plastic" feelings

Even if there are few narrative records, it can also glimpse the undercurrent of the Longqing Dynasty cabinet. With the exception of a few neutralists Li Chunfang, Chen Yiqin, and Zhang Juzheng (in the early stage), almost all cabinet members participated in it in a clear-cut manner and were influenced by it to varying degrees.

(1) Xu Jie, the scheming son, vs the official newcomer Gao Gong

The enmity between Xu Jie and Gao Gong was laid as early as the last year of Jiajing. Although Gao Gong was promoted by Xu Jie and had to enter the cabinet, based on Xu Jie's "suspected political speculation" behavior, the two have not been very dealt with. At the beginning of Longqing, Hu Yingjia (Xu Jie's fellow villagers) impeached Yang Bo (Gao Gong's cronies), which became the first fuse for the cabinet to fall.

In the beginning, (Hu) Yingjia used the dangerous law in the pre-dynasty theory of the university's high arch, and the arch was quite titled. And the officials inspected the officials, and Ying Jia said: "Shangshu Yang Boqu Pi township, with private anger to Zheng Qin." Yushi Hu Weixin was impeached for his negligence and impeached Bo for investigating injustice. Xu Jie, Guo Pu, and Gong Gong said: "Ying Jia Dang protects the same officials, plays in a vain manner, commits the first violation of the forbidden law, and intends to depose him." Therefore, the people of Tai admonition suspected that its intention was out of the arch, saying that the arch repaired the old grievances and threatened the steps, in order to depose Ying Jia, and to think of shaking it. Bing Ke gave Ouyang a respect for the cause of the matter to save Ying Jia, the language invaded the arch... To xin self-cultivation in the matter, to supervise the imperial history Chen Lianfang, etc., all of them are on the rescue order... And the arch is suspicious of the neglect of the lord of the order, and the gap between the two is deep. However, Ying Jia is a dangerous person, a good judge, and the discussion is also thin. The university scholar Gao Gong said: "In the past, Hu Yingjia impeached the minister Li Deng, the cloud did not last for a few days, and the minister immediately entered the cabinet to prevent it. ...... Lai XianDi Hongci did not reprimand him, but Ying Jia failed to strike a blow, and the deeper the defense, the more the subject avoided it. What is it that Should Be jia removes officials, and a respectful subject? Gai Yijing, Ying Jia's close friend, Ying Jia went, Yi Jing was afraid that he would not be able to be at ease, so he said this, and threatened his subjects to self-impose..." (Vol. 3)

At the beginning, (Qi) Kang was repeatedly impeached as a university scholar, and the Yi University scholar Xu Jiezhi was neglecting the dangerous, evil, greedy, and dictatorial state of the country, and repeated: "The former emperor wanted to build a reserve, but the order was stubborn. And the emperor ascended to the pole, suspicious and fearful, so he deceived and called the disease, in order to taste the intention, and then relied on the university scholar Li Chunfang." There is a purpose to rebuke Kang for his vain words, so that Jie and Chunfang can look at things with peace of mind. Therefore, he resigned: "Yu Shikang impeached the ministers for evil, all of which are ambiguous, and if the father and the son ask for entrustment, then the ministers concerned in each department can be summoned, and there is no need to argue." ..." (Book VIII)

Xu Jie, as the first assistant and heavy minister, after all, made a lot of efforts at the time of the Second Dynasty's change of the Yuan, and this malicious attack on Xu Jie was greatly intolerable to scholars, and for a while the DPRK and China pointed the spearhead at the high arch of the suspected initiator.

The soldiers all gave Ouyang Yijing in the matter, and then went to the impeachment: "The university scholar is highly arched, has been repeatedly discussed, does not think of leading to blame, but instead accuses the officials of being the party, wants to dominate the gentry, and specializes in the state, and it is urgent to rebuke them." (Volume VII)

Nanjing Guangdong Province Yushi Li re-employment, etc., impeached the university Sergeant Arch treacherous five things, please dismiss. (Volume VII)

The engineering department gave Li Zhenyuan in the matter, impeaching: "The university scholar Gao Gong is just anxious, there is no minister body, and the grandmother is worried about the loss of heart in order to seek retirement." Repeated impeachments and debates, repeated stays and appearances, chinese and foreign fingers, turning to non-smiling, not suitable for the prosperous world. May the removal, or the gift of special blessings, be given as a sign of perfection." (Volume VII)

Gao Gong had no choice but to plead with himself, even if he was a benefactor during the reign of King Zhu Zaiyu, he had to temporarily avoid the front in the case of the rise of the government and the opposition. After Gao Gong resigned and returned to his hometown, Guo Pu, an ally he had co-opted when he first entered the cabinet, became the second target of public criticism, and his slanderous means were used to the extreme, and later despised by those who had insight. Zhang Juzheng, who compiled the Records of Emperor Mingmuzong, faithfully and objectively summed up this dispute.

Ding Ugly, Young Fu and Crown Prince Taifu Official, Shangshu Wuyingdian University Scholar Gao Gong, pleaded to beg for hugh. Xu Zhi. Since Hu Yingjia was able to reconcile words and deeds, Ouyang Yijing and other number theories arched, arched before and after the loose debate, the words were quite exciting, and the speakers benefited the public. and Qi Kang on the impeachment of Xu Jie, and the nationality is called Gong Dizhi. Therefore, the Nine Qing Ministers, as well as the Officials of the Southern and Northern Sections, made a series of arguments, extremely ugly, and even zhang was particularly neglected by dozens, and those who held the slightly evener arguments were persuaded to give them the gong back, in the body of the whole minister, while the other words were indignant, and the eyes were as great evil. Why did the temple still ask Shang Fang sword to arch, and it was fast to go to the arch. The Imperial History Patrol followed those who were far away, and turned to imitate, that is, without saying a word, all rose up together, and most of them echoed the sound. ...... (Volume VIII)

Young Fu and Crown Prince Taifu Official, Shangshu Wuyingdian University Scholar Guo Pu, Beggar Zhishi. Xu Zhi, order to give the yi to return. First of all, Yushi Pang Shangpeng, on the park staff, made qi and had no subordinate body. Shang Yi Pu Xianchao's old courtiers, Ya called Shen Jing, Shang Peng's words were vain, and he did not listen. And Yu Shi Lingru repeated: "Park Ju's father was mourned, and he was summoned with affection, and he was despised by the scholars." He also said, "Park has an old mother, who is sick and dead, who does not want to beg for final nourishment, and who is weak and morally ill." So Park begged to go, GaiLizhang Sanshang, and first had to ask Yun. Park is an elder, and the Fang University scholars Xu Jie and Gao Gong attack each other in a row, and Park and Gong Tongqing are quite uneven. And gong go, Shang Peng and others and impeach Pu, while Confucian Zhi denigrated him as forgetting his mother, looking for ends to attack, and the real danger of the people also. (Volume XII)

(2) Out of the mountains to suppress greedy high arch vs retired local tycoon Xu Jie

After cleaning up the high arch forces, the first assistant Xu Jie entered the golden period of power, although he was still impeached from time to time for the old traces of the former dynasty and the tilt of power to the opposition, he believed that as long as he begged for daily retreat, Muzong would always try his best to retain it. As a result, on one occasion, muzong was overwhelmed with blasphemy and actually agreed to his resignation request, which he may have not expected (?) ）。 Although he had to stay away from the political center, during his administration, he had accumulated a lot of family property in Jiangnan, and it was not necessarily a good thing to retire in a hurry and spend his old age peacefully.

Jia Zi , Hu Ke Zuo gave Zhang Qi Shangshu in the matter , impeached the university scholar Xu Jie for not holding office , and his brief remarks were: "In the eighteenth year of Emperor Shizong's reign, the gods and immortals were all approved by the ranks. and Sejong Beng, is the testament of the hand grass, and the history of its passing. Jie and Yan Song were in office for fifteen years, and they had established a marriage, and they had not said a word. And the Yan clan defeated the pawns, attacked them with their backs, and the ranks were disloyal to the people, and they did not believe in people, and the great festival had been lost for a long time. For example, the emperor repeatedly pronounced edicts, the order was slightly unconscious, but he was good at raising friends and favors, and he was good at being a blessing, and the world only knew that there was a rank, and he did not know that there was his majesty. The courtiers are afraid to die." ...... Xu Jie, a scholar of the university, dismissed Zhang Qi's impeachment and begged for dismissal: "Subjects serve without a word, causing people to be spoken of, lonely and blessed, ashamed and groundless." According to Qi's argument, in addition to writing Xuanwen, although colleagues before and after, not only courtiers. However, the subject can not resign alone, why should he evade responsibility! ...... When the subject is shallow and thin, and when there is no supplement, he tastes tired and neglects to retreat, and he is at the head of the hundred officers? But it is the heart of the office, the existence of righteousness, and the inability to be white, so dare not avoid blasphemy, and put on a veil to stop playing. As for the official position of a vassal, Fu Beg Shengming stripped it of him in gratitude to the speaker." Neglect, the order is out of sight, there is no need to resign. (Volume XXII)

Bing Yin, a university scholar Xu Jie, and then went to the shu begging hugh. On the promise of the supreme, specially ordered the dispatch of pedestrians to escort them back. ...... At that time, Li Chunfang, Chen Yiqin, and Zhang Juzheng, all of whom were the first ministers of the cabinet and were familiar with the political system, urged them to stay in the ranks. The above says: "The rank is high, and the resignation is repeated, so the pawn obeys the request." Therefore, the feast of Lao Xiyu Zhilong, just like Yang Tinghe's story, is called Youlongyun." (Volume XXII)

Xu Jie did not expect that the days of enjoying the liangtian mansion were not a few days away, but the steel Qing official Hai Rui, whom he had once saved, had descended from the sky. At that time, in order to restore the economy, the reform that restricted the land of the Hao clan could not be delayed, and Hai Rui, as the executor, was even more upright and selfless, and even disregarded Li Chunfang's intercession and made Xu Jie quite embarrassed.

Bing Shen, promoted to Viceroy Huang TongZheng Envoy Division Right Tong Zheng Hai Rui, for the Metropolitan ChaYuan Right Governor YuShi, Prime Minister Grain Reserve, Admiral of Military Affairs, and Inspector Ying Tian and other places. (Volume XXXIII)

The Criminal Division gave Shu Huahua a statement to Shi Zhong: "Inspector Ying Tian's Right Governor Yushi Hairui, the first dynasty of the festival, the direct subject of the Cheng generation." However, he is not familiar with the body of things, smells that it is constrained by the Tianke article, and cuts between the pieces of paper rulers, in order to be sad for guests, I am afraid that it is inhumane. When the official does not have to be out of the ordinary, and not as a conciliator, the government and the nobles are suitable for the people and good governance, are they innovating strange methods to resist the customs of the husband? Ru Rui, Di Yi and Liang Jing Qing Rank, with the wind to stimulate the people of the world, cover so the whole place, so the whole Rui also." The will: "Hai Rui festival with lovers, diligent and complaining, stay in the place as before." (Volume 41)

Xu Jie did not expect that at the end of the same year, Gao Gong was ordered to re-enter the cabinet and take charge of the official department, which shows Muzong's trust and dependence on Gao Gong (see the section "Hanging Arch and Ruling").

Gengshen (庚申), a young fu and prince of the Imperial Household Bureau, shang shu Wu Ying Dian University, was a former official, and he might as well be in charge of cabinet affairs and concurrently in charge of the affairs of the official department. (Volume 40)

Since then, there has been no direct record of Xu Jie's content, nor has there been a detailed record of Hai Rui's land reform, but Ming shi friends who open the perspective of God should all know that the Xu family's Tian Liang was mostly cool_(:з"∠)_Gao Gong was very praised for Hai Rui's merits after his reinstatement, and even if Hai Rui was later forced to transfer, he was also given a high evaluation, so he thought that Gao Gong was a su greed (perhaps Su Xu?). Vanguard, there is no problem.

(3) The battle is overpowering and the high arch vs one blow to break away from Zhao Zhenji

After Gao Gong's comeback, he vigorously opposed Xu Jie's actions, re-evaluated Ming Shizong, stopped the unjustified rehabilitation, and changed the sentence to the crimes of Fang Shi Wang Jin and others, Shi Zai said that "anti-class government", although it created a good relationship between monarchs and courtiers and political atmosphere, but some cabinet members and courtiers did not buy it - they only felt that this was purely out of Gao Gong's pleasure and revenge. In addition, a considerable number of courtiers were still xu jie faction, such as the first assistant Li Chunfang (everything must be pushed to the rank), Zhao Zhenji (also Yang Mingxinxue), Wu Shilai (Xu Jie's fellow villagers and protégés). The beams of Gao Gong and Zhao Zhenji were gradually formed at this time, which can also be seen as an overtime match of "High Arch vs Xu Jie".

At first, the number of people in the department was fifty-nine. The official Kedu gave The Matter Guangmao and other comments: "When the times come to abuse the grace of the city, please transfer to a foreign post." The official replied: "Yes, and it is forbidden to be promoted from now on, and those who are shallow are not listed in the nomination." (Volume 45)

First...... Shangdengji edict: "It is recommended that the ministers (Tang) be reinstated, and that the transfer (wang) Junmin be given to the official Yinzi." ...... The High Arch of the University of the Imperial Household thought it was inappropriate, and shangshu said, "... At that time, the deliberative ministers did not act with loyalty and filial piety, but acted in a false edict, and whoever went to the great rites and prisons of the former emperors offended the ministers, and they were used to do so, and they were not promoted to the secretary of state, and their deceased were given a gift. ...... If the Great Prison and the Suggestions have offended all the ministers, has not a single one of them been guilty? But whether guilty or not guilty, virtuous or unworthy, but where the emperor went, and he praised it, then did he not look at the emperor with a view? ..." (Vol. 49)

Xin Jiao, the head of the Ministry of Personnel University, said: "The nearby examines the heavy prisoners, reads the prison words of Fang Shi Wang Jin, Tao Shien, Tao Fang, Shen Shiwen, Liu Wenbin, Gao Shouzhong, etc., and does not feel the hidden weeping, and the former emperor is falsely accused. ...... Fu Wang ordered the Law Division, together with many officials, to re-interrogate them from the public, and to see the truth. ...... As for jin, etc., the wickedness is heinous, and there is a sin that should be condemned, and it is only advisable to condemn it with this and other crimes, and it is a pity to die in all cases!" (Volume 49)

Subsequently, the two disagreed on the handling of Lu Bing's case (Zhenji could not bear to propose Lu Bing's felony, or to protect Xu Jie, who might be implicated), and "Li Replied to the Tribute", and the contradictions gradually became sharper. In order to promote the tribute, Gao Gong launched a scientific expedition with the intention of cleaning up dissidents, but Zhao Zhenji indignantly refused, which further aroused Gao Gong's displeasure, but only hindered Li Chunfang's face (Zhen Ji said to Li Chunfang, also had to hold the capital inspection court), and has not had a seizure.

Longqing 4 february has been Haishuo. Zhao Zhenji, a member of the Wenyuange University, was also in charge of the affairs of the Imperial Household. (Volume 42)

Zhao Zhenji, a scholar of the Imperial Academy of Governors, said: "Because of yushi Ye Mengxiong's discussion of side affairs, his words were arrogant, and his holy anger was so severe that his subjects were terrified. ...... Since ascending to the pole, there have been nearly 200 ministers in the Kodo, and among them, are there no people who are pure in retribution and loyal and dare to speak out? Now all of them are guilty of wanton deception, adultery, and incompetence, and their sins brook no death. ...... The subject is loyal to the lord, honors the saints, protects the vitality of the country, and cherishes the ears of talents for the world. And the ministers who are also in charge of the affairs of the court also have the responsibility of examining the ministers, and ask for mediation and rescue at the bottom, if they turn to loyalty and mourning to the top? Fu Wei Sheng Ming Zhi." ...... The head of the ministry of duty university Sergeant Arch said: "The six-year inspection of the Beijing officials has been accompanied by the officials of the Ministry of Inspection. However, Bing Chenchun, the university scholar Li (Chunfang) was in charge of the investigation, and the Ke Dao was instructed to go specially, and the Metropolitan Inspection Institute did not cooperate with it. The minister thought that his eyes and ears were noble, and it was advisable to work with colleagues in the Metropolitan Inspection Bureau." (Volume 50)

Soon, Zhao Zhenji was given a handle because his proposal on the camp system was inconsistent with the intention of the superior. Han Kai (Gao Arch's protégé) took the opportunity to impeach, and Zhao Zhenji had no choice but to give a letter, but before leaving, he still left a final advice, accusing Gao Gong of being a monstrous power, which can be described as "one-hit escape" is also.

First, the university scholar Zhao Zhenji and Shangshu Huo Ji discussed the disagreement with the camp system, and would give yang Rong in the matter to discuss Ji, and Ji doubted Zhen Ji' comments, which was not the same as shang shu: "The subject is a formless scholar Zhen Ji, who regrets the subject, and has no choice but to beg for a rest, unlike the one who asked for it for no reason." ...... Zhen Ji wanted to change the system, the subject said that the old rules of the ancestors, it is not appropriate to change lightly, and the courtiers have gathered to discuss, just like the courtiers, and their private regrets are in the four ministers. Zhenji and his subjects are not in the same position, and they beg to dismiss their subjects to Xie Zhenji." (Volume 42)

First, the soldiers replied to Wen Chun, "With the rare materials, please use the rogue officials to serve the military." The above said: "The matter has been decided beforehand, and it is not allowed." ...... And zhao Zhenji, a university scholar, did not repeat his words about the division of affairs. (Volume 43)

Shi Zhikedu gave han yi an impeachment: "Zhen ji is mediocre, and it is proposed to change the Beijing camp to change chaos..." It is also said: "When inspecting Ke Dao, Zhen Ji was indignant and stopped talking, and began to advocate lobbying, blaming the government, and secretly inviting people's hearts." ...... Jealousy violates chastity, repairs resentment, and does not rule the officials and re-administer the canon. Please stop." Sadayoshi argues, "... The subject wants to obstruct the revenge of the arch, and now it is said that the subject wants to be the place of revenge, can it be? The courtiers are impeached as mediocre, and the wives and courtiers cannot be transgressive, and the non-human subjects can also do it. In the past, the subject was also in charge of the affairs of the court according to special instructions, and the subject did not dare to resign, and the arch power was too heavy, so the minister pressed the division and stood side by side with it to divide his power, and this technique of the Ming Emperor's courtiers was also. Now that october is over, it is only to examine one thing to the contrary, and other bad and chaotic election methods, indulgence and evil, it is obvious that those who are in the eyes and ears of the people, shang gags can not say a word, there are negative envoys, the subjects are really mediocre ministers, if the arches, Si can be said to be horizontal. The husband is a man who betrays the public death party, and the protégé of the Yokoto is also a wing, and he is becoming a horizontal trend day by day, so that the sky crosses the sea, and it is uncontrollable, and then he is happy with his heart, and he has seen his end here. After the surrender of the ministers, they are willing to order gong to return to the cabinet without having to monopolize power for a long time, so that the party will be cultivated, so that later the traitors will want to steal authority, and those who do their own selfish deeds will not be allowed to help this as an example." The upper hand edict ordered Zhen Ji to give shi, and still gave Chi Yi gui. (Volume 51)

However, Gao Gong's protégé's wind evaluation was not good, and he was a completely speculative figure, although he helped him send Zhao Zhenji back to his hometown, but it also made him unable to argue about his motives.

At that time, (Wu) Shan and (Huang) Guangsheng were both used by the hope of the times, and Fang repeatedly resigned and waited for orders, and he was not an official. To the matter of Han Kai, etc., thinking that the delay is disrespectful, please make the mountain zhishi, and rebuke Guangsheng. ...... Shi Shuyi specifically accepted the will of the wind in order to strike at Li Wei and no longer knew the body of the imperial court's advancing and retreating ministers. (Volume 50)

Ding Hai, the head of the ministerial university, begged on the arch: "... It was shi Zhenji who also had the order of concurrently holding the capital chayuan, and the subject performed his duties, that is, he went in and out with Zhenji, and he would not have a word for a lifetime. Yesterday, the Holy Prophet rebuked the ministers of the Kodo, the orders of the ministers to investigate, Zhenji... He wanted to invite and work with him, but Bi Shichen was really afraid, did not know what he had done, shi si was serious, did not dare to act exclusively, and asked to do the same thing as the Metropolitan Inspection Bureau, and Zhen ji did not know, and said that the subject was doing this alone, so there was a request to stop the investigation. And the courtiers had to ask Zhen Jihao to join the ministry to complete the affairs, and he did not have a word. Now suddenly there is a song of Han Kai, and Zhen Ji did this as a word, Fu Examined The Way, the Holy Oracle, in the upper heart will have a unique opinion, why the false subjects take revenge on the place of Yay! ...... When the subject entered the dynasty, whenever he saw the gentry talk about Zhenji, he was afraid of many words, and he looked sideways, and the subject was every solution... The old man said less, and Zhen ji also thought that he was a subject. Now, with the music of Han Kai, he and the slanderers, and the husband makes the song of the song of the king as the subject... Nor is there any discernment between the subjects. Du Nianchen and Zhenji have been the same official Hanlin for more than thirty years, and they are in the same cabinet, the same appointment, the division of the ministry, day and night, is sincere can not feel the heart of Zhenji, once indignant, then the subject's thin virtue is not worse? ..." (Book 51)

The officials all gave a song to Han Kai: "The six sections are sealed and dismissed, and their appointment is expensive, and the examination should be strict." ......」...... Intending to be a beggar of Chen, Naito has long been in the name of Yan Nuo, and specially asks for an exception to pass the examination in order to fulfill his selfishness, and the funny of the villain is not afraid of this. (Volume 59)

(4) The high arch of the attachment to the situation vs the goodness of the people who are deceived Li Chunfang

After Zhao Zhenji sent a letter to Shi, Chen Yiqin, who had friendships with Gao, Zhao, and Zhang, really couldn't see these three people attacking each other, and also chose to return to his hometown helplessly, and the heavy responsibility of the first assistant was handed over to Li Chunfang, the peacemaker.

Peng Zi, Young Fu and Crown Prince Taifu Libu Shangshu Wu Yingdian University Scholar Chen Yiqin, Si Shu Begging Zhishi. Examine its sincerity, and give permission to it... Reinstatement of the Edict of Commendation. (Volume 47)

As early as the Jiajing Dynasty, Li Chunfang was committed to alleviating the contradiction between Gao and Xu, and after ranking first, she also euphemistically defended Xu Jieshen and tried to untie Gao Gong's heart knot, but it was always a hot face with a cold ass. In the end, even he could not stand the temper of the high arch, so he begged twice, hoping to stay away from the center of the government, but unexpectedly not only was not immediately allowed, but also was consulted by the official, and had to continue to ask for a clean house.

Gengshen and Nanjing officials gave Wang Zhen and other comments: "The university scholar Li Chunfang asked to go away with his relatives and elders, and then he neglected to stop, and because of the cause, he changed his official and risked grace and did not divide it." Moreover, it is said that his father is not at home, and Chunfang cannot resign his responsibility. Shangqie rebuked Zhen zhen and other rash words, slandered the auxiliary ministers, lost the national body, and punished them for their crimes. Chun Fangshang said, "Since the second year of Longqing, the minister has begged for four days, and he has not been allowed by Yu. And in February this year, he occasionally felt sick and re-loosened the bones. The emperor sprinkled Chenhan personally, the courtiers were loyal, and the subjects were grateful to give up their lives, and did not dare to blaspheme again, but please change their brother's position and send their mothers back to the south. If the subject is rebuked for knowing the righteousness of contentment, what will the subject say? Why can't the subjects retreat and slander the fathers! ..."" (book 56)

Peng Yin, a young master and prince taishi official Shangshu Zhongjidian University scholar Li Chunfang Zhishi. Chun Fang begged Hugh to beg for the five upper parts, and to examine his sincerity, but to promise it. (Volume 57)

Almost at the same time, the exclusion of Xu Jieyu's party occurred from time to time, and even some incidents had exceeded the law and morality. They are not completely directly instructed by the high arch, but it can also be proved that the courtiers at that time were only the heads of the high arches.

(Sun) Kehong, a former scholar of Xu Jie tongyi, sent his family sun Wu to the Beijing division, or vainly passed it on as an emissary of the order. Give the matter of Han Kai, Song Zhi Han Xiang and Ji, want to find the end of the root to take the middle order ,...... It is even more to lead others, saying that the thief of the house and other thieves have raised money and grain, each sitting on the lawlessness, and trying to capture the family members of the order to stay in the Capital Division, and miscellaneous examinations and treatment. Yushi Wang Yuanbin was accused of being poor, and was sent to the Dharma Division by the Emperor Wu and others, and was promoted and deposed because of the promotion of Shuke Hongyuan, and was extremely defamatory. So Ke Hong sat down and rebuked, and the happy thing was in the disciples, and the traces of yiwu were strange. (Volume 57)

Yi Wei, Bing Ke Right gave Zhou Yun and Guangxi Province Yushi Li Chunpu a lawsuit against Zhang Qi, who was originally in charge of the matter, and commented: "Du Yushi Wang Ting and Shangshu Mao Kai of the Punishment Department and other ah dang are more than attached to prison, please go to the Fa Si to be more informed, and it is urgent for Zhaoxue to still rule the court and other crimes." Already, Liu Ziqiang, the Shangshu of the Punishment Department, repeated: "There is absolutely no fact when Qi sits. And the Ting and Kaiqu methods are selfish, such as Yun and other words." (Volume 58)

First, Lü Zongru of Pucheng Zhi County sat on the stolen goods, suspected (Sun) Pi Yang was bribed by the township official Wang Biao, and the Yushi King rewarded him, and said to himself. To the matter of Cheng Wen with Pi Yang to try to impeach the university scholar high arch, take the opportunity to white hair, Pi Yang sat down. (Volume 59)

(5) Destroying the high arch of the Shandong Boxing Dynasty vs. Yin Shidan, the King of Shandong Boxing

Yin Shidan, Chen Yiqin, Gao Gong, and Zhang Juzheng had all spent time in the Yu King's Mansion, and they could also be regarded as colleagues. After Gao Gong was the first assistant, Yin Shidan very much hoped that he would also pull himself into the cabinet, but Gao Gong was more fond of Zhang Siwei and ignored his hints. Yin Shidan had no choice but to go through the eunuch's way into the cabinet, and from then on he formed a grudge with Gao Gong and Zhang Siwei.

Yi Wei, Hedong Inspector Yan Yushi Gao Yongchun said, "... Zhang Siwei's father, the right attendant of the official, is a great merchant, and (Wang) Chonggu and Siwei are the most important, please punish Chonggu and dismiss Siwei." Si Wei defended himself that his father was not a merchant of the Hedong Transport Division, nor did he have any other children, and Yongchun was untrue, because he was begging to avoid the position and wait for the survey to make himself clear. ...... (Volume 56)

Zhang Siwei, the left attendant of the official department, asked to go again. Xu Zhi, speaking of grace in the day, makes Chi Yi return. (Volume 61)

Gao Gong saw that Zhang Siwei had been placed like this, and he could not wait to ignore it, so the officials and officials impeached Yin Shidan one after another, mainly to make a fuss about the black history of Chen Hong.

Yushi Zhao Yinglong on impeachment: "The university scholar Yin Shidan entered the cabinet because of the eunuch Chen Hongyu's fate." Shi Danshu argued: "The courtiers have been in the grass for more than twenty years, and the emperor has been preaching for nine years, and he has been talking about the holy grace, not promoting him, and he has been worshipping the ranks, and he has not been secretly promised." In his life, he has forged a good name, scrupulously observed great leisure, molested old labor, and stained with strange numbers, if there is no other quotation, it is to see why the subject is like a person! ...... Beg for a thanks." ...... (Volume 62)

First of all, Shi Dan was unsuccessful because of Yushi Zhao's words to the dragon. Soon, Yushi Hou Jugen repeated the theory that "shi dan is not right in the beginning, and it is not courageous to retreat", roughly as Ying Long said, so shi dan asked For help. The upper consolation remains until the end, and is the first permission... (Volume 63)

Although Yin Shidan was not able to pull the high arch, as a Shandong han, he was not a vegetarian. Before leaving his post, he slammed a high arch, and he felt that he did not understand the hatred, and chased the high arch around the Wenhua Hall. This cabinet boxing championship is not recorded in the actual record, but it is recorded in the main history.

...... The matter has been solved, and his royal history has been restored. Arch, four dimensions of doubt out of the soldier's fingers, beneficial structure. Yushi Zhao Yinglong impeached Chen Hong and was not allowed to participate in major politics. The priest asked again and did not allow it. And the archmen were all threatening to give Han Kaifu a threat, and shi Dan was also suspicious of the arch finger. The story gives The Hope in the matter when entering the cabinet will be swept away. Shi Dan said, "WenJun regrets me, regrets himself, and does not do it for others." Arch: "Non-body also." Shi Dan rose up and scolded, "If you chase away Chen Gong, zhao gong, and Li Gong again, and now you drive me out of the fourth dimension, if you can always have this seat?" Fight with your arms. Ju zheng is from the side, but also right. ...... (Ming Shi Liechuan 81)

(6) Self-proclaimed nurse Zhang Juzheng vs Sheng Ji will decline high arch

At this point, the cabinet members who were sent to Shi because of the high arch (including positive and negative correlation) had Yan Song, Xu Jie, Guo Pu, Chen Yiqin, Li Chunfang, and Yin Shidan, reaching as many as six, in addition to the ally Guo Pu was formerly implicated and later reinstated, four of them were the first assistants of the cabinet, and even included two neutral factions, and Gao Gong was worthy of being the king of the political circles. At this time, the core of the cabinet, only Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng remained, one mountain could not tolerate two tigers, in order to compete for power, a fierce battle was inevitable.

In order to invite favors and seize the opportunity, in the absence of gao gong's instructions, its protégés and curtains have begun to criticize Zhang Juzheng's faction.

First, the official Ke Zuo gave Song Zhihan the matter, on the (Pan) Sheng's decline and inability to perform ceremonies, Sheng Ju was careless and self-justified, and was deposed because of begging. The Lord is comforted by its old age. Han Neiku, Yi Di and the officials Jia Zhiqing, Kuang Duo, etc. attacked it, and they wanted to go. Sheng asked again to go and did not get it, and the three requests were allowed. According to Han Qian's contempt for wolves, he is trapped in the matter to enrich himself, while the foreign affairs fight to win the victory and establish the power, not to attack Sheng alone. The scholar looked at it reflexively. (Volume 68)

Not to be outdone, Zhang Juzheng's faction directly returned fire on Gao Gong himself.

Peng Shen, Shang Bao Si Qing Liu Fenyong said omitted: "... If the chao gang is revived, and the big handle is gradually shifted; if the shilu is purged, the accumulation of habits is still there. ...... The second is to take over the power. ...... That is, if you counsel the Eastern Palace, the responsibility of this cabinet minister, and dare to be the convenience of the country; the famous instrument of the imperial court, the tool of the world, and now it is a thing of the city's grace, when the emperor was first, who dared to do so? ..." (Book 68)

Huke gave Cao Dayo the ten incidents of the university scholar Gao Gongda's disloyalty, saying: "Your Majesty Gong Meng's appointment, order the affairs of the official department, be careful to assist the bow, and obey the public to repay the truth." But it is more and more arbitrary, indulgent, and the courtiers do not have time to know, and they are careful to explain it with the great disloyalty. ..." (Book 68)

In fact, Gao Gong and Zhang Juzheng were of the same heart and mind in the early days, and their personal relations were also very good, and their men took the lead in short contact, which made both parties more embarrassed. Gao Gong conservatively ignored the arguments and transferred Cai Guoxi, who was responsible for rectifying Xu Jie's family property, hoping to reconcile with Zhang Juzheng.

Adjusting the Rao Susong Military Equipment Lake Guangguang according to Cai Guoxi, deputy envoy of the Cha Division, in Shanxi, he promoted the school. (Volume 69)

The university scholar arched and said: "The subject is of cool virtue, and he has falsely held heavy responsibilities, and has no reward for his duties, so that people will speak, and they will be guilty of guilt, and they will dare to argue!" However, among them, there are those who are righteous and famous in the lower seki, and they dare not be unclear. ...... However, the small strength of the subject is not enough to win the weight, and the light is not enough to convince the people, and since the officials have been discussed, it is reasonable to retire, and they are fortunate to be deposed." (Volume 69)

However, with the death of Muzong, Gao Gong, as the first assistant of Gu Ming, fell into the suspicion of "dictatorship and unauthorized government", and eventually had to leave the dynasty, known in history as the "Renshen Coup". Although there is no fact that Zhang Ju is the accomplice of the lieutenant Feng Bao, he also did not have any action to rescue Gao Gong, whether the friendship was broken to reunite, or the status and authority were too tempting, just looking at the actual records is impossible to know.

2. Hanging "arch" and ruling

The Jiajing Emperor was jealous by nature and indulged in Taoism, he was convinced that "the two dragons should not meet each other", and he preferred to live a long life of one hundred years, so he did not establish a prince for a long time, which also cast the fragile and gentle character of Zhu Zaiyuan, the king of Yu. As a lecturer in the Yu Dynasty, Gao Gong served for nine years, and his company made the young Zhu Zaiyuan very at ease--Gao Gong was calm, steady, keen and confident, and very loyal, and he would do everything himself. In this way, the high arch was not only strongly relied upon by Yu Wang, but even became a spiritual support. Later, Gao Gong was promoted to the position of Guozi Supervisor and temporarily left the Yu King's Mansion, but Zhu Zaiyuan would still write letters to inquire whenever he encountered difficult matters, and the deep feelings accumulated at that time were also one of the greatest resources that Gao Gong relied on during the Longqing period.

Whenever Gao Gong was besieged by his courtiers and begged for mercy, Mu Zong would speak warmly and comfort him, just as Gao Gong of the Yu Dynasty had comforted him. The edict of retention is basically like this:

"Qing Zhongqing is prudent and prudent, and he knows it well." It is advisable to assist the government with peace of mind and rely on the deputy dependents. I don't want to resign."

And whenever there was a suggestion on the high arch, Muzong always took it very seriously, and personally commented (much more than to other ministers), exaggerating the teacher of the year:

...... The answer is: "The military is of the utmost importance, and the talent is rare, and it is useful to ask for the advance of animals." The qing qing played the picture thoroughly, and it was seen as a loyal to the country, and it was as discussed." (42)

...... Shang: "The reading of the Qing song is embodied in the meaning of the country and the people." It is advisable for the Money Law Commission to obey the convenience of the people and not to be disturbed by legislation. The ministry is anxious to hear about the matter of businessmen." (Volume 44)

...... The Lord said: "The great gift is judged from the emperor's filial piety to the world, and the counselor is guilty, and the other suggestions are condemned, and are they not guilty?" But now without screening, do your best to record the record, how can you look up to the spirit in heaven! When he saw zhongwu, he begged and resigned, and the officials still passed the edict, and since then there have been those who have borrowed the grace of the city and returned to the previous emperors, and they have not been able to discuss it seriously." (Volume 49)

...... Shang said: "The ancestors were not qualified to use people, and recently they have been too heavy to make people practical and their achievements unhappy. Seeing the economic grandeur, it is of great benefit to the talents of the Taoist people. It's going to be held as agreed." (Volume 58)

Until the time when Muzong was alone, his trust and trust in the high arch did not diminish. (I stand on this pair!) x）

He was summoned to the Qianqing Palace to be ordered, and gong and so on rushed to the palace. Left and right summoned the auxiliary ministers to sit on the imperial bed, and the middle palace and the imperial concubine Xian xian were on the edge of the imperial bed. The East Palace stands on the left, and the arches kneel under the imperial bed. The fate of The Emperor Gu said: "The ancestor of the Emperor, who has been in power for six years now, occasionally suffers from this disease, and he cannot get up, and he has the entrustment of the previous emperor." The Three Ministers, such as the young Donggong and fu Zhiqing, should cooperate with each other, abide by the ancestral system, and protect the imperial map. Qing and other meritorious deeds are in the society, and all the worlds will not be lost." Arch and so on salty and weeping and prostrating their heads. At that time, the upper disease was urgent, although the mouth could not speak, but the familiarity of the courtiers, jaws, belonging to the trust, gai since the filial piety temple Gu Tuo three ministers, only goodbye also. (Volume 70)

(4) Military aspects

1. Battle and peace

During the Longqing period, the defensive counterattack was the mainstay, and there was no large-scale military operation like the "Three Great Expeditions of wanli", which was determined by the national strength at that time and relied on the strategic policy formulated by general Su:

The chieftain wanted to part ways and enter the court, and the inside and outside were strict, and the emperor knew that I was prepared, while the father and son of Li Da and Huang Taiji conspired with each other, and the righteousness was not in harmony, but they were all led away, and the Beijing master was relieved of the strictness. (Volume 49)

Fu Yang Bo, a young man in charge of the military department, and others, chen Shen Rao Jichang Erzhen autumn defense matters: "First, the battle is decided. Today's deliberators, Xian is cowardly to guard the wall, and his words are audible, but there is no less effect. Or if you want to attack outside the wall, you will harm seven and benefit three, or if you want to fight inside the wall, you will benefit one and harm nine. Gai refused to defend the wall, and the so-called first to the battlefield and waiting for the enemy to escape, although the name is to abide by the truth, the battle is also. When he was the governor of Chenbo, he refused to let dongfu call Sun 100,000 people on the side, and the former emperor mistakenly thought that he was a meritorious minister, and the minister Yi Xi Xi thought that he should guard the wall. Fighting by ordering the wall to collapse, although meritorious, but not fighting? ..." (book 59)

In this way, Liu Tao and Wang Zhihuan were appointed to defend the city in the early stage; after Liu Wang's accident, in the middle period, he relied on Tan Lun and Liu Yingjie to carry out reforms, which were effective; in the later period, Wang Chonggu and Gao Gong were trusted to plan the recruitment of security, and The Muzong dynasty won a relatively stable period of development.

Among them, especially Zhao'an Lida Khan is the most sophisticated, Mongolia and Daming forged swords as ploughs, interconnected commercial cities, known in history as "Longqing Huihe".

He was ugly, and the fengyu chieftain replied as the king of Shunyi. ...... (Volume 55)

The University Disco Arch said, "... Now that the captives are obedient and have been knighted by me, then there will be nothing to do on the border, and just when they are about to reach this leisure time, they will accumulate my money and grain, repair my dangerous passes, train my soldiers and horses, straighten out my equipment, open my tun fields, rationalize my salt law, and make a fortune from China's tithes, so as to reap the benefits of Huma, recruit the people of China, scatter the party of seduction, and even those who have a few secret paintings and cannot be clearly said, all of them will be able to do the second thing, although the rebels are rebellious and impermanent, there will be no reason for the alliance to end. However, if you do not commit a crime for a year, you will have a year of success, and if you have three or five years of leisure, you can settle down, arrange it weekly, replenish your soldiers and food, and you can fix it at all, and the opportunity for constant victory is in my hands. When the time is also, if he seeks an alliance, I still show the righteousness of bondage, and if he reneges on the covenant, I will ask the master of sin, stretch and retreat, have my own room, be crazy, it will be difficult to succeed again, and China can enjoy infinite security, and the original intention of this essential map is also there. ..." (book 59)

Yi You, University Shi Gao Gong, Zhang Juzheng, Yin Shi Dan Shang Shu: "... That is, the present-day Fenggong Mutual City has been completed, the three are yanran, there was no one-purpose police, the territory is free from trampling, and the people are free from piety. The number of passenger soldiers is not adjusted and the treasure is not sent, that is, the province of border expenses is no less than one million; that is, the entry of Hu li is not less than tens of thousands. Even if the Yu Chieftain is a young man, and the benefits of China this year are already many, there is honor and no disgrace, and it is beneficial but not harmful. ..." (Book 61)

2. Life and Death

Most of the towns in Mingbian are trustworthy and land-based, and each general guards a piece of territory, rewarding and punishing if there is no danger, which makes some generals speculate on drilling camps, slacking off in battle, delaying marches, and missing fighters:

At the beginning, when he wanted to offend Fenshiye, the spies sued the governor Wang Zhiyi, who ordered Wang Xuemo, the deputy envoy of the Ganlan Army, to increase the city walls and rush into the bail, but Yousi Tian did not care, and the xuemo survey was not true. ...... At that time, it had been more than twenty days since they had been captured, and they had been in the interior for a long time, and their qi was tired, and the rain was flooded, and more than half of the horses fell to the dead, and all the horses returned on foot, and the brine they gained could not be exhausted, and they were often abandoned on the road. Immersed in the waddling until more than ten days out of the border, and our army has no one to rule... Those involved are ignorant of the opportuneness, but they are embellished by the master of the wrong side, so that they can succeed in their ambitions and benefit China, which is particularly hateful. After the captives went to Fenshi, Wei Yue began to ask Wu Bing to enter the war, and took out of the northeast of Ganlan, Wu actually returned Datong with faith, and Wei Yue and Shi Wei did not dare to fight in the end... (Volume XVII)

Inspector Yushiyan's eunuch said, "... He ordered Gong to guard Bauhinia Pass and restrain him from going south, and Gong Sui raised troops to Yuantun. The general Fang Qi and others did not have equipment for guerrilla warfare, and Shi Ruqing and others cowered, so they ordered Huaiying to let shanyin and yin and let them ravage, trapping the two largest and ninety-one smaller, killing thousands of men and women and the wounded, and plundering tens of thousands of horses and livestock grain. Although our army tasted the edge and made a slight cut, it did not even take a battle..." (vol. 38)

Some guards are worried about being punished for the loss of faith, and even do not hesitate to bribe the border guards and take their neighbors as enemies:

The Soldiers of Da Yu Li attacked the old camp from the Pingyu Border Pass... The general Zhang Gang was self-evident in his defenses, fearing his depths, and secretly conspired with the guards Zhu Jin, Zhang Jian, Dong Shangwen, and Xu Bangqi to make Hou a widow and move his troops to Weiyuan... Wei Yuan was broken, and the deputy general soldiers Yuan Shiji, garrison Wang Jiang, Mao Gong, He Jie, etc., did not reject the thief. (Volume 44)

Governor Shanxi Xuanjun served as the right capital of the Imperial Household King Chonggu: "... All roads in Datong approached the nest of the prisoners, and bribed the soldiers, so that the more arrogant the yuzhi became, the more difficult the border people became. And the grain reward of the pier army is very generous, and now it is not a sentry, but specializes in transportation, is it each pier with twenty-four stones of grain and silver, raising twelve people's treacherous spies, will be used? ..." (Book 47)

It was not until Tan Lun and Wang Chonggu repeatedly stipulated the reinforcement system and strictly enforced rewards and punishments that this phenomenon of interdiction was curbed.

However, not all the border ministers were greedy and afraid of death, and there were many righteous people who sacrificed their lives to go to the country. This is only the merit of the kings and Lang, yan liaoduo xiao yong legend, sincerely:

Peng Zi, the chieftain Huangtai Jibu Yanwu and others, invaded the Great Misty Fort in Jinzhou, Liaodong Province, and the chief military officer Wang Zhidao led his troops of 4,000 people to help. Inspector Yushi Li Qiushi's troops were stationed in Yizhou, and when they arrived, they sent people to chi to rule the road, that is, the mountain customs and Cheng Chi returned, and they would fall in Jinzhou, please go to war, and qiu yue: "Thousands of miles for profit, soldiers are jealous." General his young rest." Quality Ming, Jinyi Counselor Lang Degong Dong Zhi Dao, the court number of the number of people: "Ru Chengren also, the new Kaifu to, Ru Yong pawns do not fight, see is said to be cowardly and die." Meritorious generals, even more ashamed, do not thank out, and rush to the horse to chase away. The zhidao also got on the horse, and the first army did not know what to do, and more than ten people rode from it. Yu Yu fled to Liushui Fort, where he ambushed the soldiers at Qijia Mountain. Zhi Dao waited in ambush, fought to the death, and the captives initially planned a large army to arrive, but after a while, knowing that they had no help, they besieged it. When the rear army did not arrive, it was done with all its might, and the cannon was heard: "The large army should not be far away, but it can collapse and get out." It is the order to ride before, to rule the way next, and to obtain the hall of merit. Out of the siege of several heavy, the front horse trampled, the road of the horse is also trampled, the merit of the horse to help the road, the prisoner chased and shot, both will die, the pawn returned three people. (Volume 49)

(5) Cultural aspects

1. Religion and sacrifice

(1) The Commandment of the First Emperor

When Mu Zongshang was in the Yu King's Mansion, he was often snubbed by his father's suspicions, and he could be said to have a personal understanding of the harm of Taoism. In his enthronement edict, he explicitly ordered the rectification of Taoism and the purging of the True People:

「...... First, the alchemists, etc., obey the will, check the crimes, and each of them is punished with a criminal seal. Wang Jin, Tao Fang, Shen Shiwen, Liu Wenbin, Gao Shouzhong, And Tao Shien, vainly entered the drug, causing damage to the holy bow, and wore a jinyi guard to send the Fasi to ask the question from the point of view. Tang Rank, Zhang Mian, and others each used the law to indiscriminately reward them, and sent them to their original hometowns as the people. The Shuzhu Bureau's ZhenrenFu Guandao, the Rebbe Cha Department in the JinggongGuan, sent back to the Gongguan; those who were taken from the Outer Dragon and Tiger and other mountains were sent back to the place for cultivation, and the official positions of the Taichang Temple and the names of the real people and gaoshi were all removed. First, fasting work, obeying the will, all stop. Where should it be ordered, the Ministry of Etiquette should check the topics one by one. The ministry of works has a price of materials and bamboo and wood, and the various yamen of the two capitals, utensils, incense wax, charcoal, craftsmen, etc., and the Guanglu Temple tastes wine and rice, etc., but there are those who are sent more because of the work of the jai, and the ministry passes through the inspection and suspension of the revolution." (Volume I)

In the subsequent ruling career, he also unabashedly stated his opposing position, and even killed his relatives for this purpose:

The official guo zhichen played: "First, Zhengyi Zhenren is absurd and unscrupulous, and it is not appropriate to restore the hereditary order, and it is advisable to investigate whether it should be permanently removed." ......」...... Zhao Ge Zhengyi real name, take its seal. (Volume VII)

Huizhou Qiyun Mountain Daoist Jin Yuan, please enter the Sutra Shu Zhai Yi. The upper evil, the lower inspector asked according to the imperial history. (Volume XV)

Ji Hai, the Liao King (Zhu) Xian was guilty, and the knight was demoted to a commoner, imprisoned on a high wall, and the country was removed. ...... Sexual cruelty and indulgence, or faith in the water of the runes, all kinds of adulterous young scoundrels are returned to them, and they are lawless. Longqing First Year ,...... After jiajing, he gave him the title of real person, one-third of the golden seal and Lu Mi. ...... Feng Zhi went to investigate, and in fact: "... He asked for the golden seal, engraved the demon book, conspired with the king of Hui, and pursued it by command, and refused to offer it, and committed ten sins. ..."" (Book XXV)

(2) The Religion of the Sacred

Unlike his rebelliousness, Muzong attached great importance to orthodox Confucian education, and he improved the treatment of Kong Shangxian several times, and whenever the season came, he would also send officials to worship well-known temples such as the Confucius Temple, the Hanshouting Hou Temple, and the Wentianxiang Temple.

It is worth mentioning that during the Longqing period, Xue Xuan of the Hedong School was invited to the Confucius Temple and laid the foundation for the Yangming Xinxue Wang Shouren Congqi (Wanli Twelve Years), and these two gentlemen also became one of the very few Great Confucians who entered the Confucius Temple shortly after their deaths.

Jia Yin(甲寅), posthumously presented the former Xinjian Bo Nanjing Bingbu Shangshu Wang Shouren (尚書王守仁), as the new Marquis, Yu Wencheng , and gave seven altars. (Volume VII)

First...... Please take the old ceremonial attendant Xue Xuan from the Ancestral Chamber of ,...... Please also invite the new Bo Bingbu Shangshu Wang Shouren to consecrate. The next ceremonial discussion was repeated: "The Confucius Temple is from the temple, so the state reveres virtue and repays merit, and establishes a religion in the world, and its code is very important." I have listed the ancestors and added to the category of famous sages, all of whom are above the Song Dynasty, and there has not been a single person in the two hundred years of The Ming Dynasty. Ministers, etc., are careful to examine xue xuan, a subliminal spiritual tao, an inspirational cultivation, although the words are not dedicated to writing, but the words are only simple and exemplary; although the heart is not tied to the deeds, but the great achievements are restored, they can all teach the Fa. Shang Shu Wang Shouren, the quality of the extraordinary, the reason is wonderful, learn to conscience as the basis, look at the origin of life alone; teach to diligently study as merit, good at the purpose of the sages. These two subjects, both of whom have been a hundred years of great masters and a generation of Confucians, can indeed praise the transmission of sacred learning. ..." (Volume IX)

Bing Shen and Hu Ke both gave Wei Shiliang in the matter: "Please record true Confucianism to show the Tao." Xue Xuan, Chen Xianzhang, and Wang Shouren all received the True Transmission of Sacred Learning, and it was advisable to worship confucius temples." (Volume XIII)

Edict to the ancestral ceremonial department left attendant Xue Xuan, from the temple court of Confucius. First...... Please submit the chapter to Xuan Cong, and the lower ceremonial department will discuss with the courtiers, and the upper council will say: "The ministers and other ministers are respectfully according to Xuan... He is known as the Master of Hedong and the promise of a generation of true Confucians, and there is still no objection. There are those who doubt the widows of his writings, who do not know the experience of learning and nobles, who are walking in the Tao, and who have written books and more than 100,000 words, not too many. It is also said that Luo Congyan and Li Tong were all Confucians in the Song Dynasty, and those who should not be alone should not be alone, and they did not know that Congyan and others all emphasized sacred learning on the day of the Great Ming, and Xuan Nai arose after the extinction, and it was difficult to teach it, and the merit was multiplied. But His Majesty has taken the words of others, bowed down to the decision, and given it to be carried out early. It is a pastoral style, not a small supplement." (Volume 61)

2. Scientific expedition and editing

(1) The examination room is like a battlefield

During the Longqing period, the scientific expedition was carried out as scheduled, and through the attention and efforts of the cabinet, the phenomenon of favoritism and fraud was curbed to a certain extent.

Zhi li ti xue yu shi geng orientation, play the science field matters: "One, two beijing township examinations, the main examination is easy to simplify." Students and elders, regardless of seniority. First, the two beijing examiners, it is advisable to order a wide range of positive papers to be prepared, and submit them to the main examination. If the name is not taken, order it to read it again, or pay another room to cover the school. The main examiner still searches for the falling papers on his own, and if there is a different material, it is urgent to include it, and it is not to be discarded lightly. First, the chief examiner should stop issuing the first examination paper, pay the same test score for proofreading, two or three courses are easier to order, no special committee, so that the order is more emphasis on the initial field, leaving the real talent to accumulate knowledge. First, when the scriptures come to the scriptures, the system is very bad, and there are floating vines to more than a thousand words, it is advisable to set up a strict program. More than 500 words and less than 600 words are allowed, and those who violate the style are not transcribed. First, on the day of the unveiling, the two provinces of Beijing were ordered to use Chinese style zhu mo curls to examine the officials and send the seals to the various administrative departments of the Capital To prevent counterfeiting. First, remove the title of the two beijing examination supervisors, and seal them with the students, and the number of students will still be stopped as if the old quota is thirty-five." (Volume VI)

Jian Shun Tianxiang tried Yu Shi Lingru and Chen Lianfang, and the six drawbacks of the section: "One buy, two Qiandai, three dao tong, four entrainments, five passes, six biases." Please do whatever you want." All of the above are from it. (Volume 10)

Nongshen, Li Ke to Zhang Halo, And Chen Kechang matters: "One is strictly guarded, the second is nuclear supply, the third is the positive style, and the fourth is the broad system." The Royal Historian of Henan Province also said that there were four drawbacks, such as "trumpeting, carrying, substitution, and leakage". Ceremonial overtude. Shang: "If adultery is not eliminated, how can we get real talent?" The superintendent yushi was conscientious and strict, and he could not be lenient." (Volume XVI)

However, after the candidates were restricted from cheating, their grades seemed to decline, and there were serious fights when the list was released, and it was not uncommon for Su Ri to beat teachers (?? ）。 Daming's students, the horror is like si...

At the beginning, the speakers on the upper side said that the two Jingxiang trial supervisors each took the name of the dish. As a result, there were only a few Chinese in the southern prison, and the loss was three-quarters of the old amount. After the revelation, the examiners Wang Xilie, Sun Hao, and others went to the Temple of Literature in TheOry of Guoxue, while hundreds of people under the supervision were noisy outside the door, and they complained to Xi Lie and others, and their words were not inferior. Patrol the city royal history, Cao Jiang capital royal history, each makes people stop it, and the long-term solution is solved. (Volume XII)

Nong shu, The Imperial Court of the Left Capital of the Imperial Household, etc., "... Coming to Xi Jing, there are many evil people, beating the county guard with children, and attacking Yousi with raw members. Non-destruction director, beads all over the streets; revenge, song and ballad on catalpa wood. It is advisable to mention the officials of the study, affirm the lying monument, and strictly impose the rule, and those who have a reason to indulge, although the study and politics are excellent, they still take the examination with a soft note. ..." (Book XXIV)

Feng Chun, a student of the Zhejiang Prefecture Prefecture, and others insulted the students with the same knowledge of the province, and Zhu Zhengse's father, Zhu Yunai, called on dozens of students to be separated from the senator Fang Yue, Yue was not reasonable, and Chun and others beat Yue and made noise. The story was told: "The disciples gather to beat up the superiors, and the law and order are greatly broken." Lingfu officials went to jail and did not appease him." (Volume 54)

(2) The credit book of predecessors

Perhaps the Longqing Dynasty was too short, during which no official works were published in the actual records, but most of them were mainly supplemented by the works of predecessors.

In order to re-record the Yongle Canon, Garn... (Volume VII)

In June of the first year of Longqing, Jia Shenshuo began to open the History Museum to revise the "Records of Emperor Sejongsu". The Ministry of Orders sent officials to take Kong Shangxian, the Holy Father, and Yan Zhaoxian and Meng Yanpu, the Five Classics doctors of the Hanlin Academy, and still did not take the five old Cheng people of the Kong clan, and two people from the Yan And meng clan, and rushed to Beijing to drive the university with the holy car. (Volume IX)

Yi Mi and the Criminal Department all gave Wang Zhiyuan in the matter, and compiled the three volumes of facts in the "Chengtian Dazhi Ji Ji", namely Jing Tian, Yue Fazu, Yue Zhengxin, Yue Xiude, Yue Lecture, Yue Qinzheng, Yue Ren Chancellor, Yue Xuan Shu, Yue Qiu Xiancai, Yue Jia BluntLy Speaking, Yue Discerning Loyalty and Evil, Yue Ming Reward and Punishment, Yue Chongjie Frugality, Yue Jie Playing Well, Yue Trial a Few Micro, Yue Compassion MinYin, Yue Heavy People's Lives, Yue Yi Disaster Differences, Yue Yan Wu Bei, a total of nineteen eyes and seventy-one articles, entitled "Records of the Basic Life". Loose, report, record and stay. (Volume 56)

(6) Others

1. Natural disasters

During the Longqing period, disasters and strange signs abounded, earthquakes, floods, sand dust, lunar eclipses, etc., and a male citizen became a woman (shocked). Successive years of disasters have severely affected the lives of the people.

At the mouth of the catfish in the New River, the mountains and rivers were violent, hundreds of ships were lost, and the people drowned. (Volume IX)

Xin Wei, there is a man Li Liangyu in Jingle County, Taiyuan Province, Shanxi, who is transformed into a woman. (Volume XXVII)

Jiazi, directly under the Zhenbao Huaiji Xu Pei and Zhejiang East and West, Jiangnan Jiangbei, Dashui. Bad city walls, flooded farmhouses, drifting people and animals, nothing. (Volume XXXIV)

Propylene, when the Huai water overflows,...... More than thirty miles of silt, the decision of the Fangxin Second Dam, out of the sea flat land, the depth of the water is more than enough, the Embankment of Baoying Lake, often collapsed. ...... Drowning of the people does not count. (Volume XXXVII)

Gengchen, Kyoshi earthquake sound. Zhao Baiguan repaired the province for three days, and Tsing Yi Jiao took care of things. Yanwei, Shanxi Shanyin County earthquake. (XXXIX)

Longqing 4th Year 4 April Peng Shuo Shuo. Mengxia Xiangtai Temple. Kyoshi earthquake. (Volume 44)

Longqing 5th year in June Xin Shuo. Kyoshi Earthquake Fighter III. Zhao Baiguan Qingyi Jiao took the belt to do things, and repaired the province for three days. (Volume 58)

In order to appease the heavenly anger, the hundred officials of the group of ministers repeatedly advised Muzong to "repair the province with pain and try to eliminate the province", and Muzong basically listened to the cooperation, but the heavens did not seem to be very appreciative, and various disasters were still seen from time to time.

Deng Hongzhen, the soldier's attendant, said omitted: "Since the emperor has seen that since the beginning of summer, the rain has not stopped, and this yang is controlled by the yin and the image of benevolence and gentleness. And the Beijing division went to the winter earthquake, this spring haze is great, the day is dark, the occupant is not quiet for the earthquake, the main concubine is lucky to seduce, and the female pet is gradually flourishing. Wind and haze, soldiers and elephants, the lord yifu will have a spy on China. Recently, Datong has also reported that rain and hail have injured people and animals, and that there is a sound of the Earthquake in Pingyuwei, and that His Majesty is approaching the Imperial Palace and half a year, and that the disasters are stacked like this, and that there is nothing to do..." (Vol. 9)

Bing Chen, Yushi Li Wei guan said: "The Rain of the JingShi Lin rain is a disaster, the Great Earthquake is announced, the Huai xu water overflows, the flag gun of Liaodong is on fire, and the golden kettle of the people is sounding, and this night is a day of anxiety..." (vol. 10)

Jia Shen and Li Ke both gave Wang Zhiyuan of The Matter and the Imperial History of Yunnan Province, each requesting the repair of the province's woes to mutate. The Rebbe replied: "Nowadays, there have been many earthquakes in Jingdong Guanyou, several rain and hail in the clouds of the Shangdang, locust plagues in Qilu, and the police of the water in Xiangxiang, all of which are very changeable, and it is inappropriate to slander them..." (Vol. 35)

Xin Wei, the Right Of the Criminal Division, gave Song Yingchang to the matter, with the change of heaven, the Shangshu Province said: "The reason for the disaster caused by the subject today, in the bureaucracy is not discouraged, the urging is too heavy, the voice of the small people weeping, the desolate situation, can not be paid attention to the nine, so the heavens are disastrous, to warn it..." (vol. 63)

2. Festival woman

During the Longqing period, a large number of so-called festival women and martyrs were recorded, and each of the deeds contained in the record was not a shocking marriage tragedy, and in that era, no one cared about their real wishes.

壬子, 旌表会稽县節女朱氏. Zhu Shi, the county man Luo Dao's wife also. At the time of Dao's death, Zhu was twenty-one years old. His parents were young and childless, and they wanted to rob him of his ambitions, while the Dao brothers sought their brother's property and squeezed them out. The Zhu clan swore an oath of death, and the arch wall of the Dao brother (Zhu) was established as his heir, and he died at the age of sixty-two. Three years after his death, his grandson (Zhu) Wanhua and di, with the example of Grace Chen, the Rebbe was able to investigate the truth, so there was a fate. (Volume XXVIII)

Jiang Shi, a festival woman in Wujin County, the capital of Changzhou, commanded liu Tingxi's wife. When Ting Xi died, Jiang was twenty-five years old, and he was a hundred years old. Inspector Yu Shi Linrun, the Right Governor, said that he had completed his birthday, and asked for special praise, and the lower ceremonial department surveyed the facts, indicating that his door was zhenshou. (Volume XXX)

Zhao Jing Table Hu Guang Wu Kai Wei Sheren Wang Yan's wife Yuan Shi Zhenjie. In the beginning, Father Yan commanded (Wang) Zai to die by embezzling official money, and in the fourteenth year of his son Yan, he hired Yuan Shi without marrying, that is, sitting on the line. For more than twenty years, the degree finally did not come out, and the number of xie yuan was sent to make him suitable. When Yuan was forty years old, his parents were lost, but he was killed, and then the prisoners took pity on him and indulged in marriage. Not long after, there was a division to recover the family, and even died thin in prison, Yuan Shou waited as before, to be more than fifty years old! Hu Guangfu handed over his affairs according to his subjects, and said: "Yuan Wu lives in poverty, and it is particularly pitiful to return to the burden of the stolen goods." It is the will to open up, and to see its doors. (Volume 70)

3. Ye Tour

There are many rumors that Muzong's lack of intention to go to power in the later period was due to his indulgence in Youxing. In fact, he was euphemistically advised in the year he ascended the throne, and since then, whenever the courtiers talked about it, he did not care, and even rebuked him for being arrogant.

Bing Ke Zuo gave wei Shiliang: "Please go to the palace to travel cautiously, protect the spirit of love, the Japanese Imperial Palace, the provincial zhangquan, and the face and the cabinet to rule." Chapter under the division. (Volume VII)

Nongchen, the soldier's attendant Deng Hongzhen, said, "... It is rumored that the harem day is entertainment, travel lucky timeless, concubines accompany each other, the rear car is inflated, the so-called female pet is gradually flourishing, and it is not exhausted! Left and right are close to the grace of the yin, the gift of affection is quite indiscriminate, the so-called lucky demagogues, not exhausted..." (Vol. 9)

He said to Shi Xingshi, "One day to cultivate the holy bow." ...... The way of cultivation is to eat and drink and to be widowed, and when he sees that His Majesty's pure heart and widowhood are gradually deteriorating, he tries to push it forward with the matter of Aoshan Mountain. If the husband is the pleasure of Aoshan Mountain, he will drink for a long night, and if he drinks for a long night, he will drink with lust, saying: "The eyebrow of the moth is the axe of the cutting, and the crisp and fat is the medicine of the rotten intestine." Your Majesty does not need to be disciplined, in case of living in disorder and losing money, he will regret it! The matter of the present Aoshan mountain cannot be traced, and the harm of wine should be deeply alarmed..." Anger, thinking that it was evil, and rudeness, ordered the court staff sixty, deposed the people. (Volume XVI)

Yi Di, Nanjing Household Department to Zhang Yingzhi and so on... The advice to the Upper Revolution, the dismissal of Youxing, and the summoning of the weaving ministers were very direct. The upper intention is quite unashamed, and the next chapter is in the division. However, the compound is that the military department improperly replied and was fully responsible. (Volume XXII)

Peng Shen, Shang Bao Si Qing Liu Fenyong said omitted: "... The Lord of Man is one, and so is the Lord of Heaven and Earth, Man and God. He must be clear-minded, his spirit will be solid, and then he can be the multiplicity of all opportunities, the voice and color are lustful, not the wisdom and courage, and rarely take it. Since the beginning, it is advisable to add holy thoughts, think of the weight entrusted by the sect society, and think of the difficulty of keeping this heart. Concentrate on concentration, endure and suppress feelings, do not entertain the night, but lightly worry about ten thousand years; do not have a limited spirit, and the desire to martyr the endless, so that it is clear and strong, and the blessings of no strong can be guaranteed for a long time..." (vol. 68)

Mu Zong had many concubines and many imperial concubines, and his health deteriorated as a result, and he eventually became a young man. The so-called "kind of cause" is also.

Li Ke said to Cai Ruxian in the matter: "The proximity of the subject has grown to the guide, and the peeping of the holy face has been slightly reduced to the front... Now that the sun is at its beginning, it is time to restrain the desire to recuperate, and it is willing to burn incense in the palace, to purify the mind, to enter the imperial court, not to drown it; to travel to a moderate degree, not to make it empathetic..." (vol. 64)

Decameron, holy bow does not hesitate... (Volume 67)

Ding Jiao, up to the Imperial Pole Gate, hurriedly returned to the palace. First of all, he was sick and sick, and he did not stay at the royal door since spring and summer. And the opening period of the lecture on the chosen day, the middle of the court to change the outer court view, said to be the pilgrimage to Xikuo, and the Eucharist is not peaceful. But the upper heart also thinks that if it dwells in the house for a long time, and wants to see things, it is the sunrise, and the disease is very beneficial, and it is returned. The Ministers of Culture and Military Affairs have their own lives and have orders to do things with peace of mind. (Volume 67)

At noon, the upper is not hesitant, to the increase in drama, and the hundred officials are sparsely lived. (Volume 70)

He was summoned to the Qianqing Palace to be ordered, and gong and so on rushed to the palace. ...... At that time, the disease was urgent, and although the mouth could not speak, he was familiar with the courtiers, and the jaw was even entrusted. ...... (Volume 70)

Gengjiao, collapsed in the Qianqing Palace. ...... He reigned for six years and lived for thirty years. (Volume 70)