Liu Yingsheng: The Fujian Coastal War at the End of the Yuan Dynasty and the Formation of the Yisi Bashi Rebel Army丨202110-09 (Total No. 1799)

Transferred from the "Nanda Yuanshi" WeChat public account.

Excerpt

///

ABSTRACT

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, there were many armies in various places, among which there was a semu armed force that occupied Quanzhou, Fuzhou, Xinghua and Xianyou, called Yisi Bashi. This article supports the opinions of the Japanese scholar Nobuji Maejima and the Chinese scholar Chen Dasheng, and argues that Yisi Bashi is a transliteration of the Persian word sipāh, meaning "army", and determines that its nature is the "rebel army" (also known as the "people's army") that maintained the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. By analyzing the turmoil that occurred along the Fujian coast in the twelfth year of Zhengzheng (1352), the construction of the city in Quanzhou to prepare for war, the xianyou people attacking the spring, and the famine in Quanzhou the following year, and the rebellion of the defenders of Wanhufu in Huzhou due to the interruption of food supply, it was determined that the large merchants in the city played an important role in ensuring the supply of military food, and judged that at the same time these merchants formed this private rebel army for self-preservation, and called it sipāh in Persian. This rebel army was recognized by the local military authority of the Yuan Dynasty, the Marshal's Office of Fujian Daodu, and was ordered to reinforce Fuzhou and garrison it.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and armed forces rose up in various places. It is worth noting that in the south, there was also an armed force of the Semu people, especially the Hui people, who occupied Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Xinghua and Xianyou. Regarding this armed force, two records can be found in the "History of the Yuan", both from the "Shun Emperor's Chronicle". One is the seventeenth year of zhizheng "March Yihai [Shuo], the volunteers Saifudin and Amiriddin rebelled against Quanzhou. "The other place is the twenty-second year of Zhizheng" In May Yi Shushuo, Quanzhou Saifu Ding according to Fuzhou Road, Fujian Province Pingzhang Zhengshi Yan only did not spend money to defeat it, Yu Zhong navigation also according to Quanzhou. Chen Youding, governor of Fujian Province, fixed Futingzhou Road. In addition to these two articles, there is no record of this volunteer army in the ShunDi Ji and other parts of the Yuan History. Why is there only two records in the "Shun Emperor's Chronicle" about the rebel army of Saifuddin in Quanzhou? We know that the historical source of the YuanShi Benji is the Yuan Shilu. Regarding the process of the "Yuan Shilu" falling into the Ming army, the "Biography of Ming Shi Weisu" has only one sentence: "The soldiers forced the history library, and went to the town of Wu Mian to emerge, and the "Yuan Shilu" was not lost." According to the "New Epitaph" written by Song Lian, the chief practitioner of the "History of yuan":

(After the Ming army entered the capital) soldiers entered fuzang, fell to the shiku, gong (according to the press, weisu) said in the town to fu Wu Mian, out of the way, by the tired dynasty "Shilu" no exhaustive, the power of the public also.

According to this, the Records of the dynasties before the Yuan Shun Emperor were preserved by the efforts of Wei Su. In the twenty-eighth year of Zhengzheng (1368), the Yuan Shun Emperor abandoned most of the capital and fled. The following year, the Ming Dynasty opened the History Bureau at the Tianjie Temple in Nanjing and began to revise the "History of the Yuan". According to the Ming Shilu, In February of the second year of Hongwu's reign, Ying Yinshuo:

Edict of the History of the Yuan. The above is called the court courtiers: Near ke yuan capital, deyuan thirteen dynasties "Shilu". Although the Yuan dynasty was destroyed, it should be recorded. The success or failure of the history of history is exhorted and punished, and cannot be abolished.

There were 14 dynasties from Genghis Khan of the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Shun Emperor Toghan Temür, and the "Records of the True Record" should also be counted, but the Ming History Bureau relied on Wei Su's efforts to preserve the actual 13 Dynasties "Records", and the shun Emperor's "Records" were lacking. Emperor Shun of the late Yuan Dynasty was the emperor of the dynasty, and his "Records of Reality" may not have been edited. Even if it was already under repair at that time, when Emperor Shun fled in a hurry, the personnel accompanying the National History Academy could also take it with them.

Seven months after the establishment of the Ming History Bureau, the first draft of the "History of the Yuan" was completed, and Song Lian wrote the "> Table of< the History of the Yuan Dynasty" to report to Zhu Yuanzhang:

From the top to the Emperor Of The Great Ancestors, down to the Ning Sect, he did not snare, strictly searched, feared to play from time to time, and burned the anointing every time, so in May and June became the history of the eleventh dynasty. In the past, the slander has been very bad, and the reference of its book has no basis, although it is loyal and diligent, it is difficult to escape the omission. If since the Yuan Dynasty, there is no existence of its carriers, and it has been sent to the side to seek help, and it will continue to be compiled.

When Song Lian reported to Ming Taizu, the Ming History Bureau only completed the 11 dynasties of the Benji. In the case that "after the Yuan Unification, there is no existence of its records", that is, the lack of the "Records of Emperor Shun", the History Bureau was unable to compile and revise its own records, so it had to send Shi Chen out for interviews, obtained some materials, and then dug up some records from the zhuzhi that had been drafted, arranged according to the year, month, and day, and supplemented the "Shun Emperor's Records". Mr. Chen Gaohua noticed the deeds of one of the shichen who was sent:

A native of Yuan Prefecture (袁州, in present-day Yichun, Jiangxi), he served as an editor and assistant teacher of the Hanlin Guoshi Academy at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. "I trained Ke Yan and plucked his well-known soldiers to Go to Nanjing, and then restored the official dynasty to his kind. Tai Shi Xia Jun returned alone with old age and illness. And returned, will send envoys to search for the history of the Yuan, but the strong king is like Jiang Guang. The king shall not be killed, but shall go to Panyu, and shall be ill. The second winter of October 12 is also the year of death. (Su Boheng: "Xia Shangzhi Taishi Lamentations", "Su Pingzhong's Collected Writings", vol. 11) Song Lian wrote "Yichun and XiaDu Incident Relics Praise" ("Song Wenxian Complete Works" vol. 18) which said: "Entrusting the envoy car to see in reverie, the immortals traveled in the five sheep." That is to say, he died in Guangzhou with loyalty and orders to "collect history". There are many omissions in the "History of Yuan" about the two Guangdong historical events at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, such as Liu Yan, who was "killed by the Resistance Festival" in Shoushao Prefecture at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, whose life is not found in the "History of yuan". The Compendium of the General Catalogue of the Four Libraries once expressed dissatisfaction with this, accusing: "In the early Ming Dynasty, the YuanShi was revised, and it was lost in the collection and named. Near Shao Yuanping composed the "Compilation of Yuan History", which was originally supplemented into the "Biography of Zhongyi" (vol. 167 , "Wei Shi Ji" article). Xia Yizhong's death inevitably affected the collection of historical materials, and under the information and transportation conditions at that time, it was difficult for the Ming government to send people to replace him, and the lack of memory of Liu Yan's life and the poverty of the historical materials of the two Guangdong at the end of the Yuan Dynasty were obviously caused by this.

Judging from the sentence "Entrusting the envoy car to the remote" recorded by Song Lian above, Xia Yizhong went to Lingnan by land, not by sea. Hongwu Xiu's "History of the Yuan" sent personnel to collect and compile the history of real time, and whether he also sent people to Fujian is unknown. However, from the "ShunDi Ji" is not only the lack of two Guangdong materials, Fujian records are also very few, about the rebellion of SaiFudin and Amiridin can only be picked out of the "ShunDi Ji" two points to see, may not have been sent to Fujian to investigate.

First, the study of predecessors

This rebel army led by SaiFudin and others was the "Yisi Bashi" armed forces that were active in the Fujian coast at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. Those who have paid attention to this armed force in the past are as far as the author can see and hear, mainly scholars engaged in the history of Sino-foreign relations and the history of Fujian. Until recent years, metahistory scholars have intervened. From an incisive point of view, the research of previous generations mainly focuses on the following topics:

(1) The nature of the Army of Yisbashi and its relationship with religion

The armed forces controlled by Saifudin, Amiridin, and others are the most detailed in the Ming Hongwu Shiren Wu Yuan's Zhizheng Jinji ,87 "Collected Remains" in the Ming Dynasty Chen Dao's "(Hongzhi) Eight Min Tongzhi" volume 87 of the "Collected Remains", known as "YiSi Bashi". Since the Yisi Baxi army was involved in the Fujian war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, many scholars cut into the discussion from this perspective. For example, in 1936, Zhang Xingxiu wrote in the article "The Rebellion of the Persian Soldiers in Quanzhou at the End of the Yuan Dynasty", arguing that this war was initiated by "Persian troops stationed in Quanzhou". In 1957, Mr. Wu Wenliang expressed his opinion that the war was of an "anti-Yuan uprising" nature. Other scholars have interpreted the Persian place name Isfahān (present-day Isfahān, the ancient city of Isfahan, Iran) to interpret "Ishbahi" as the Persians stationed in Quanzhou "to establish a kingdom of Yisi Fahang along the coast." Chen Dasheng's "Quanzhou Islamic Sect and the Late Yuan Dynasty YiSi Bashi War Nature Temptation" and Nur's "Na Wu Na and Fan Buddha Temple" two articles, according to the overseas transportation history museum's newly collected "Yuan Guo Shizu Tomb" tombstone on a line of Arabic translation and research, it is believed that the tomb owner of the tombstone is Baiqi Township Guo Hui Ii Ancestral Persian Guo Zihong, after speculation, the conclusion: "Yi Si Ba Xi" war is a war between the Islamic Shiites and Sunni sects, this war is based on the victory of the Shiites, "digging the Sunni tomb", The "temple and dwelling" of the Yisunni sect ended, and by reinterpreting the relevant records of the Lishi recorded in the Qingyuan Jin Clan Genealogy, he refuted Wu Wenliang's judgment that Nahuna who participated in the Yisbashi rebellion was a Hindu in the "Quanzhou Brahman temple" section of his book "Quanzhou Religious Stone Carvings".

Wu Wenliang's original work and Wu Youxiong's "Quanzhou Religious Stone Carvings" also discuss the chaos of "Yisi Baxi", which Lin Zhenli has a detailed introduction to. The updater put forward a new evaluation of the "Yisi Baxi" rebels that appeared in the chaos in Fujian at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, believing that the essence of the "Yisi Bashi" war was that the volunteers led by the Persians Wanhu Saifuddin, Amiridin and others assisted the Yuan government in defending quanzhou port, and it was also a local reflection of the Yuan court's struggle for the throne. The Arab and Persian Muslim giants in Quanzhou, as well as the merchants who "participated in the province with goods", were all awarded official positions such as volunteer soldiers, city shipping divisions, and counselors in the zhongshu province for their meritorious service in defending the port of Quanzhou or donating imported goods to officials. For their own interests, they were involved in the struggle for the yuan rulers to seize power, and Sai, A and others were used and sacrificed by the Yuan court. He argues that there is no sectarian dispute between Shia and Sunni in Quanzhou.

(ii) A discussion of the course of the war and its effects

The earliest scholar in China to pay attention to the Rebellion of Yisbaxi was Mr. Zhang Xingxiu, who in 1938 wrote "The Persian Garrison in Quanzhou between 1357 and 1366" in English, which discussed this topic in detail.

Zhuang Weijie's "Foreign Rebellion at the End of the Yuan Dynasty and the Decline of Quanzhou Port" is mainly based on the "History of Li" attached to the "Genealogy of the Jin Family" discovered in Quanzhou, supplementing other historical sources about Ah Wu's control of Quanzhou and its final defeat.

Cheng Pei noted in his paper "A Brief Exploration of the Reasons for the Decline of Fujian Porcelain Kilns from the Yuan to the Beginning of the Ming Dynasty" that according to the results of the third cultural relics census, there were more than 70 porcelain kilns in the Fujian Yuan Dynasty, of which more than 60 continued from the Song to the Yuan, and the remaining more than ten were fired in the Yuan Dynasty, which shows that the Song and Yuan Ding Revolutions did not have any impact on the porcelain industry in Fujian, and even the Yuan Dynasty was more prosperous. However, the number of Fujian kilns in the Ming Dynasty was only about 10, indicating that the local porcelain industry experienced a sharp decline in the late Yuan and early Ming dynasties. When analyzing the reasons, the author mentioned that the rebellion at the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the war between Chen Youyu and Zhu Yuanzhang lasted for nearly 20 years, and the war area was densely packed in porcelain kilns, which not only caused a large number of civilians (including semu people) casualties, but also severely damaged Quanzhou's overseas trade, "which is also an important reason for the failure of some porcelain kilns." ”

Ma Juan expressed a similar view in her paper on the Hui people in Quanzhou: "This rebellion, launched by the Persian Muslims in Quanzhou, had a serious impact on all parties in Quanzhou, including Muslims, and two years later, with the fall of the Yuan Dynasty, the Muslims in Quanzhou also entered a period of silence. ”

(3) The meaning of words such as Si Ba Xi

Since "Yisi Bashi" is not Chinese, but a transliteration, the original researchers often judged the nature of the army from the source of the name. There are three main theories about the etymology and meaning of "Yisi Bashi".

The first theory is represented by Zhang Xingxiu, who believes that "Yisi Bashi" is a transliteration of the Persian word Ispahan. Ispahan is the name of an ancient city in Iran, also known as "Yisifahan". Zhu Weigan and Mr. Zhuang Weijie also held this view, and in 1979, Zhu Weigan wrote an article entitled "Yisi Fahang Military Rebellion at the End of the Yuan Dynasty Ravaging Xingquan".

The second theory was proposed by the Japanese scholar Nobuji Maejima, who in his 1953 paper "Quanzhou and the Muslims at the End of the Yuan Dynasty", argued that "'YisiBaxi' is a word derived from the Persian word 'Yisiba', meaning army," (most likely Ispāhi-chuanchou), associated with the word 'sipahi' meaning 'soldier' or 'knight'. In other words, "Ispāh" is derived from the Persian ispāh, which means army. Chen Dasheng attached.

The third thesis was proposed by Liao Dake, who disagreed with Maejima Nobuji's theory, arguing:

This statement is consistent in the opposite tone, and the meaning of the word is also somewhat convincing. However, if you think about it carefully, there is no doubt about Dou. If "YiSi Bashi" is the opposite of Ispah, referring to the rebels of overseas Muslims at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, then its appearance can only be in the Yuan Dynasty, but the name seems to have existed in the Tang Dynasty.

He also cites the following account in the Biography of a High Monk of the Song Dynasty about the non-emptiness of monks in North India in the twentieth year of the new century (732):

He was ordered by his will to go to the kingdom of the master for five days and discuss the conquest. When he first arrived in Nanhai County, the interview made Liu Julin plead for an empowerment, but he met millions of people at the Fa Sex Temple. Kushi prayed to the Buddha-figures, and Manjushri appeared. He will board the boat and interview the envoy to summon Yi Xibin, the great leader of the Panyu Realm, and so on: "Now that Sanzang is going to the southern Tianzhu Master's Kingdom, it is advisable to restrain the shipowner, so that the three Tibetans and disciples and disciples Han Guang, Hui and other thirty-seven people guoxin and so on will not be neglected." "In December of the twenty-ninth year (741), Kunlun left the South China Sea to the border of The Tombs.

He detected the word "Yi Xi Bin" from it, believing that "Yi Xi Bin" and "Yi Si Ba Xi" in the Yuan Dynasty were obviously the same name and different translations, and questioned the "Yi Si Ba Xi" as Ispah. He also took a different path, proposing that both "Yis bashi" and "Yi Xi Bin" were translated from the Persian Shahbandar, that is, "Shabandar". The Persians called the port bandar, Shahbandar means the portmaster, and the "great chieftain of the rakes" in the above-mentioned "Biography of the High Monk of the Song Dynasty" is his transliteration.

The name "YiSi Ba Xi" is not found in the "History of the Yuan" or in the Yuanren's records about the Quanzhou Rebellion. For example, Wu Hai's Shuanggu Shu · The Gift of Qin Jingrong refers to the armed forces of overseas Muslim merchants in Quanzhou as "Shang Hu"; Song Lian's "Epitaph of Zheng Jun, The Ancestor of the Ancient Jiangdong Dynasty" refers to it as "Quannan Hui"; and the Li Gong (Shi Zhan) Xingzhi refers to its leader as "Sea Chieftain". According to the Eight Min Tongzhi, the name "Yi Si Ba Xi" comes from Wu Yuan's Zhizheng Near record of the Ming Hongwu dynasty. The book was originally written, only huang Zhongzhaoxiu's "Eight Min Tongzhi" record, other Fang Zhi, such as the "Book of Min", "Quanzhou FuZhi", "Fujian Tongzhi", "Xinghua FuZhi", "Jinjiang County Chronicle", etc., of which the content about "Yisi Bashi" is transcribed from the "Eight Min Tongzhi".

In addition, Liao Dake took the "New Yuan History" and the "History of Mughal", and advocated that the last word "Xi" of "Yi Si Ba Xi" was the mistake of "Yi". In all the above statements, except for the Japanese scholars Nobuji Maejima and Chen Dasheng, none of them understand Islamic literature, and it seems undesirable to discuss them. For example, in some Ming Dynasty historical materials, there are indeed transliterations of Yisi Fahan as "Yi Si Zhi Han", such as the "Xian Bin Lu Yi Si Zhan Han" article:

Also si put khan, in the southwest sea. Yongle sent forty-four people to pay tribute. The land is vast and miles, and the sea is on all sides. The state-owned city is strong and strong, and the king is extravagant. Yield thickness. Vulgar, buddha-friendly, but also Chinese hermit.

Persian originally had no lip light consonant f, and now the f in its language is borrowed after receiving Arabic influences, and was pronounced ruo p before Islamization. Specific to the place name of Yisifahan, some people in the local area still read the name Ispahān according to the indigenous pronunciation, which should be the origin of the translation of the name "Yisi Han" in the Ming Dynasty. If the etymology of "Ispahān" is the place name "Ispahān", according to Persian grammar, the suffix -ī, i.e., Ispahānī, should be added to it to mean "Yisi Fahan" and "Yi Si FaHan". If so, the Chinese transliteration should be "Yi Si Tong Hani", not "Yi Si Ba Xi". It can be seen that the Chinese transliteration of "Yisi Baxi" is somewhat similar to Yisi Fahan and arbitrarily attached to the comparison.

The Ming Siyi Pavilion Ben adds to the "Huihuiguan Miscellaneous Characters and Universal Doors" in which there are "سپه سلار (sipah salār), chief soldier, wash black. Seil". This is a phrase. Its first part سپه (sipah) is the approximate form of سپاه (sipāh), meaning army; its second part سلار (salār) means old man, elder, prince, general, chief, leader. "Yisi Bashi" is the Yuan Dynasty Chinese transliteration of the Persian word for "washed black" سپاه (sipāh) "army". The original character Ispāhi-chuanchou, which was proposed by Nobuji Maejima, is actually The Persian Ispāh-i chuanchou, which means "the army of Quanzhou".

The late leader of Ishbashi, Ah Wu Na/Ah Wu Na, also known as Na Wu Na, also attracted the attention of many scholars. The Japanese scholar Maejima Nobuji believes that Awuna seems to be a transliteration of the Arabic Abna, a name that "sometimes means a descendant of the Persian diaspora." After quoting Maejima Nobuji, Chan said that according to the pronunciation of Nahuna, it seems that it should be restored to Arabic Naina, which is the plural of "fish" in Persian. According to the author, Muslim names are not arbitrary like Han Chinese, but are selected from ready-made names along the traditions of Judaism and Christianity in the Middle East. Therefore, it seems inappropriate to find words with similar pronunciations from Arabic to investigate the same way.

Zhuang Weiji listed the records of Na Wu Na in various books, such as the "Integration of Ancient and Modern Books" and the "Fujian Tongzhi" translated as Anuna. The Chronicle of Jinjiang County: "The Wu Na Wu Na in the Western Regions was in charge of the City of Zhu Fan to Quanquan, and at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the War was in turmoil, and the Wu Na was based on Quanzhou", and the Fujian Tongzhi said that "Ah Wu Na served as the city commander of the city with fan people" and then proposed that he was "an Indian, named Rahula." Liao Dake used historical records to record that he "went to the spring with the total number of fans", and proposed that the original character of Na wu na was Nakhuda, which means "ship lord" in Persian.

(4) Quanzhou and Fujian on the eve of the Yisi Baxi Rebellion

The main historical materials used to study Quanzhou on the eve of the end of the Yuan Dynasty are the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta's Travels and Wu Jian's Records of the Qingjing Temple. Zhuang Weijie's "Foreign Rebellion at the End of the Yuan Dynasty and the Decline of Quanzhou Port" notes that when Ibn Battutai visited Quanzhou in the second year of Zhengzheng (1342), he still saw a local prosperity. The author has noticed that the "Record of the Qingjing Temple" mentions that the Quanzhou Hui people rebuilt the temple, involving several important Hui figures in the late Yuan Dynasty. The Book of Records mentions:

After the end of the pagoda, Aha taste is not responsible, and the temple is not cured. In the ninth year of the reign, the Minhai Xian You Hedder (Haidar) marched to Quanquan, and the Shireen Xia BuluHan Ding ordered Šarāf al-Dīn and Khatīb to sue the Xian Gong, and Ren Daru Hua Chi Gao Chang Yu Li Zhi, discussing the restoration of the old things, the people of the li people Jin Ali were willing to renew his temple with his own funds.

...... Xia Buluhandin, aged one hundred and twenty years old, erudite and talented, as strong as a middle-aged man, his name is Regency, Yuyan Bishop also, his name is not the end of the tower, Yuyan Du Temple.

The Book mentions that the abbot of the Qingjing Temple is called "Regency", the bishop of The Chinese Language. "Eslien" is a transliteration of Shaikh al-Islām, literally translated as "Elder of Islam". It is also believed that the account of Shaikh Burhān-Dīn, who was promoted to this position, is not credible. Ma Juan also carefully examined the Hui hui immigrant society in Quanzhou when Ibn Battutai visited at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and she noticed that when Bai Tutai was in Quanquan, the giant merchants all went to see him, which showed that there were many returning merchants. In addition, batu pagoda was visited by the local Qādī, the Islamic judge Taj al-Dīn (press, Tāj al-Dīn, which is usually transliterated as "Tashuding" in the Yuan Dynasty).

As for Jin Ali, a person who donated money to repair the temple in the ninth year of the "Record of the Qingjing Temple", it will be mentioned later in this article.

In sharp contrast to the scholars who paid attention to the Yisi Bashi Rebellion in the early days, most of them were concerned with the study of Chinese and Foreign relations and the history of Fujian in recent years. Within the scope of what I have seen is Deng Wentao's "Examination of the Eight Deeds of the Western Xia Descendants of the Yuan Dynasty", the author started from the "Inscription on the Reconstruction of the Mida Rock Chamber" in the twenty-fourth year (1364) next to the Mid-Levels Of the Left Peak of Qingyuan Mountain in Quanzhou, collected relevant historical materials about the Three Dan Eight, and discussed his connection with the Chaos of Yi Si Ba. Liu Xiao's "Zhenshu Eight Min: A Study of the Military Government in the Yuan-Fujian Region" examines the process of the Yuan Dynasty's annihilation of the Song Dynasty, the process of the Yuan Dynasty's march southwards under the earlier Northern Chinese Han Dynasty Marquis Zhang Rou's Bozhou Wanhufu, the New Annexed Army Wanhufu, the Yinfu Wanhufu, and the Huzhou Wanhufu into Fujian, forming the yuan dynasty towns to guard Fuzhou, Jianning, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Shaowu, Tingzhou and other places. The article also notes that the troops of Huzhou Wanhufu and The Left Deputy New Brush Army Wanhufu stationed in Quanzhou during the late Yuan Dynasty rebellion were controlled by Yisi Baxi.

On the basis of Liu Xiao's research, Chen Lihua published two articles in succession, "An Analysis of the Ten Thousand Households and Their Officials in Shuquan Prefecture in the Yuan Dynasty" and "Jiahe Dien: Examination of the Deeds of the Sun Shengfu Family in Quanzhou in the Yuan Dynasty", both of which involved the issue of the Rebellion of Yisi Baxi.

Wen Haiqing's thesis "Re-examination of the Abolition and Change of Fujian Province in the Yuan Dynasty" examines the local administration before and after the reorganization of the Fujian Xuanwei Sidu Marshal's Office into Fujian Province at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and discusses in detail the process of quelling the rebellion of Yisi Bashi Saifudin based on various historical materials.

2. The historical background and time of the formation of the Yisi Bashi Volunteers

As mentioned above, the most important historical material about the turmoil in Fujian at the end of the Yuan Dynasty is the content of Wu Yuan's "Zhizheng Jinji" excerpted in article 87 of the "(Hongzhi) Eight Min Tongzhi" volume 87 "Shiyi Xinghuafu Yuan", which basically gives the timeline of the Fujian turmoil at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, which is valued by the academic circles. The second volume of the Zhizheng Jinji is a compilation of the Ming Shi Yiwen II, and is also found in the Qing Huang YuJi's "Bibliography of Qianqingtang", which can be seen that there are still existing in the early Qing Dynasty. Wu Yuan's book, The Ming Dynasty Huang Zhongzhao's "Character Introduction" mentions:

The mountains and rivers of our county are known as Qing Shu, and its bells are from Liang Chen, from Tang, and flourish in Song, and the Yuan Dynasty has not declined until now. The "Song Zhi" is a category of characters, and the Zhijun He Houhong began to continue to repair to make up for its deficiencies, and it was also a book of its own, miscellaneous and disorganized. The ancestors of Guochu Township, Wu Gongyuan and Fang Gongpu, were divided into repairs. From the Song Nandu before the genus of the Fang, after the southern crossing of the Wu. Subsequently, due to the similarities and differences, Wu Zi was a book called "Narrative of Events" (author's note, that is, the "Public Affairs of Puyang Ming" below). Fang's "Zhi" was compiled into only more than seventy Song mingchens, and he died before he could leave the manuscript. The "Facts" began from Liang Chen, Yu Yuanji, and more than sixty people. Later, he wrote the "Zhizheng Near Record" and added several more people. Since more than a hundred years after Wu, there has been no continuation.

It can be seen from this that the origin of the writing of "Zhizheng Jinji" is that posterity feels that the "History of Song" lacks "Character History" and the "Zhi" of the later continuation of the "Miscellaneous and Disorderly", so in the early Ming Dynasty Wu Yuan and Fang Pu agreed to repair, initially taking Song Nandu as the boundary of the division of labor, and later due to different opinions, the matter of supplementing the "Character History" was entrusted to Fang Pu, and Wu Yuan also started to write "The Narrative of famous public affairs in Puyang", including more than sixty characters from Liang Chen in the Southern Dynasty to the end of the Yuan. The Book of the Most Recent Records was written later, in which a number of people who were not reached in the "Facts" were supplemented.

As for Wu Yuan, the author of the Zhizheng Near Record, there is a small biography in the Ming Dynasty's "Examination of Characters in the Provinces of the Dynasty", which says:

Wu Yuan, a native of Putian County, Xinghua Province. Early loneliness, self-knowledge of mechanics, good manners, bachelors and doctors are all pushed. At the end, raise the Quanzhou Road for instruction. Hongwu was appointed professor of Xinghua Province for three years and was reinstated as a professor in Xinghua Province. Thirteen years later, Lin Tinggang, a member of the Zhongshu She, recommended yuan virtue and specially commanded him. ...... Later, he returned to Beijing and was given the title of Superintendent of the State, but he died in the office.

There are also some sporadic materials in the "Eight Min Tongzhi", and its "People" part of the record:

Wu Yuan, literal biography, Putian people. Hongwu Chu, taught by ming jing as a professor of Xinghua Fuxue, and later recommended by his protégé Zhongshu Sheren Lin Tinggang, Yi Que Deng, the first to obtain talents, Dun indoctrination and raising Li Yuan, as the foundation of the rule of the country, worship the four auxiliary officials, and return to the old man in the month. The next year, he rose again as the superintendent of the state and died as an official. There are twenty volumes of anthologies, and three parts of the "Puyang Famous Public Affairs".

In the same book, there is ming taizu's edict summoning Wu Yuan, "My Taizu Gao Emperor's Conquest of Wu Yuanzhao":

The courtiers recommended Qing Xuexing, which was to summon Qing to the court, and the officials were supplemented by four. The secretary told the old man that it was difficult to walk, so he ordered him to return to his hometown. Nowadays, the sons of the princes have been elected to enter the country, and there is a shortage of people in the division, and the disciples have nothing to be ashamed of. Qing Qi is a person who comes to preach and teach the scriptures, who has no strength and has the benefit of learning after achievement, and who is also the supreme aspiration of the people, and he comes quickly, do not let go. ”

As for his deeds in Fujian at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the same secretary Liancheng County School mentioned: "In the twenty-first year of the Yuan Dynasty, it was destroyed by the Red Turban Rebellion, but the Dacheng Hall survived alone. In the twenty-second year, the county Yin Ma Zhouqing and the teaching wu yuan rebuilt the gate and the two zhai. The same book lists the first professor of Confucianism in Hongwujian Xinghua. In the same book, when describing the putian county school, it is also recorded that "putian county school, before the government ruled, Song Xue Gongtang also." The old attached military science, in the east of the Dacheng Hall, Tang Zhang Jiuling book ,...... In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty, he moved to the present house, with the temple in the east and the learning in the west. Minglun Hall was formerly the second temple, with the old Xue Gong Pond as the pan pond, and the house was built in the east of the Dacheng Hall. In the first year of the Hongwu Dynasty, Ren Yi of ZhiXian county was rebuilt, adding four with ten statues, and establishing two temples, from the god lord, wu yuan, a county man, for the year. ”

In recent years, with the deepening of research in the field of metahistory, more historical materials related to "Yisi Bashi" have been excavated, which has given this topic room for further discussion, which I intend to review at an appropriate time. Now, with the "Shiyi Xinghuafu Yuan" as the central clue, the relevant records are collected, and the background and timing of the organization of the Ten Thousand Households of the Sepuddin Rebel Army are planned to be discussed, so as to seek advice from the Fang family.

(1) Quanzhou and its surrounding areas on the eve of the Great Unrest

As mentioned earlier, the etymology of "Ishbash" is the Persian word سپاه (sipāh), which basically means "army". Before the social unrest in Fujian at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan government could not have allowed the Fanshang in Quanzhou to have a private armed force. The name "Yisi Bashi" does not appear in the "History of the Yuan", corresponding to the "Volunteer Soldiers Ten Thousand Households Saifudin and Amiliddin" recorded in volume 45 of the "Shun Emperor's Chronicle" mentioned in the beginning of this article, that is to say, this Hui armed force is not part of the military system of the Yuan Dynasty, and its nature is roughly the same as that of the local armed groups "people's army" and "militia" and rebel army after the Great Chaos at the end of the Yuan Dynasty after the Yuan government was unable to maintain social order. The Biography of Ming Shi Chen Youding says: "At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the civil rebels protected the township, and the marshals were innumerable, and the Yuan Yuan was thus official. "The Yisi Bashi Army, which originated in Quanzhou, was basically the same as most of the rebel armies in various places at this time, and did not belong to the side of the anti-Yuan forces, but generally stood on the side of the Yuan Dynasty.

As mentioned earlier, the content of the Shun Emperor's Chronicle comes from the materials that Ming Hongwu initially set up to edit and revise the first draft of the "History of the Yuan" and sent personnel to collect and collect them in various places. The Yuan Shi Shun Emperor Ji records the armed forces under The Control of Sepvdin as "Volunteer Soldiers" and refers to its leaders as "Ten Thousand Households of Volunteer Soldiers", indicating that in some sources compiled by Hongwu Chu, it is stated that around the seventeenth year of Zhengzheng, this armed force controlled by Fujian Fanshang was regarded by the Yuan officials as part of the local "volunteer soldiers", and because of its strong power, the leader was recognized as "Ten Thousand Households". As for why the rebel army led by Sepuddin and others is also called "Yisi Bashi" in historical materials such as Wu Yuan's "Zhizheng Jinji", the reason lies in the national composition of its important constituents (or their main generals). In other words, the habit of hui people within this armed force is to call itself sipāh in the original Persian name سپاه (sipāh), and in Fujian, because its main generals are mostly Hui people, they continue to call themselves hui, in order to distinguish themselves from other rebels and militia armies throughout Fujian.

Sepuddin, when translated as Arabic/Persian سیف الدین (Saīf al-Dīn), is a transliteration of the word "sword of religion"; Amiridin is the transliteration of Arabic/Persian میر الدین (Amīr al-Dīn), which translates to "Minister of Religion", both common names for Muslim men.

Why did the Fanshang in Quanzhou organize the Yisi Baxi Army? When was it formed? To understand the doubts of this hui army, it is necessary to trace back to the turmoil in Quanzhou and its surrounding areas before the seventeenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1357). The (Hongzhi) Eight Min Tongzhi records the construction process of The Minglun Hall in Quanzhou, mentioning:

In front of Minglun Hall, there used to be a pan pond, and the line followed the two fasts. In the ninth year of Zhengzheng (1349), the county sentenced Lu monks and children to bridge. In the past ten years, Jianjun Kaiyuli rebuilt the Minglun Hall and repaired the Taoist Hall as the 40 ancestral halls of the Jai She and the Sages. Song Wenting is a memory. ”

It is worth noting that the ninth year of the Solstice is the year in which Kim Ali donated funds to repair the temple mentioned in the "Records of the Qingjing Temple" quoted above. The following year, that is, in the tenth year of Zhizheng (1350), the Eight Min Tongzhi records that Quanzhou has "The Ancestral Hall of The County of Weijian (Yuan zhizheng 10th year of the county people were built for Daruhua Chi Wei Yu Li, and Sanshan Wu Jian had a record." See also "Famous Eunuch Chronicles"). In the same passage of the same volume of the same book, it is also recorded that "the Xian Hedel Ancestral Hall (in the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Hedel pressed the spring, the wind was awe-inspiring, the treacherous screen traces, the people relied on security, and the county people built the temple." The zhi also records "Funing Road, in the east of chayuan, Song observed the Tuiguan Hall also." At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, it was changed to the Punishment Department, and in the 28th year of the Yuan Dynasty, it was changed to the Department of Honest Administration and Visitation, and in the tenth year of the Reign of The Prison County, It was built in a new way. It can be seen that until the tenth year, there were still large-scale construction projects in various parts of Quanzhou, the society was still quite peaceful, and the Yisi Ba Xi Army should not have been established at this time.

(2) The beginning of unrest

The time coordinates move down again. In the twelfth year of Zhengzheng (1352), Putian, not far from Quanzhou, still had civil engineering work. The Eight Min Tongzhi records Putian:

Sanatorium (in fuzhi north, to the left of Meifeng. In the twelfth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Xiaosi, the Secretary of the Minhai Province of Fujian Province, was founded by Professor Guo Jiwei).

In the same book, when recording the school in Fuqing County, it is said:

In the ninth year of the reign, Zhizhou Lin Quansheng thought that the former temple and the post-temple study, like the system of floating Tu Fanyu, were even more so. On the left is minglun hall, on the right is the Dacheng hall, the south of the hall is the east and west two orders, the south of the hall is the east and west two orders, and the south is panshui, and the south is the previous order, and the spring is self-recorded. In the twelfth year, Zhizhou Shenguo auxiliary built the Jimen Gate and updated the statues of the two chambers and the various congs, and the county man Chen Yuwei remembered.

Judging from this account alone, it seems that there is still a peaceful scene in the area. However, Zha Tongshu volume 48 quotes the "Chronicle of Fuqing County" as saying:

Shin Guo-woo, a native of Joseon (jīng, should be Goryeo), served as Fuqing in the twelfth year of Jeongjong (1352). Former Shou Lin Quansheng was rebuilt into a school palace. When the red turban was in trouble, Fang Hege insisted on the funeral, and resolutely said: "Things seem to be slow and urgent, and the school is also." "In the case of Fang Yin, he will learn and encourage him with the great righteousness of his courtiers." The gate is in the south of the temple, which is the gate of the star, the new two temples, and the statues. Referring to the school: "This Wujin City also." "The neighboring border is broad. And the thieves surrounded the three mountains, trapped Changle, and the people of Duzhou yanran, and the thieves did not dare to commit crimes.

It can be seen that in this year, Fujian's coastal society has fallen into a turbulent situation. So, what is the situation in Quanzhou?

The "Eight Min Tongzhi" records the construction of the city of Quanzhou in this year:

Fucheng. The county used to have Yacheng (衙城), which was a sub-city outside the county, and a city outside the sub-city, which was Luocheng. The south of Luocheng is a wing city, and there are trenches inside and outside, and boats can pass through the city. The city has been ruined for a long time, and there are many chaos. The four gates of the sub-city, known as Xingchun, Puqing, and Chongyang, all exist today, but the Quanshan Gate is abandoned. In the twelfth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1352), Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces stolen from Huaixi, and The county of Mingzhou was repaired. Therefore, the jianjun Wei Yu Lihui staff members agreed, the east, west, and north are still Luocheng, the south is still the old site of the wing city, the service monk's road, the weaving and the building, two feet high, three thousand nine hundred and thirty-eight zhang, the east and west city base guang two zhang four feet, the outer stone; the south city base Guang er zhang, both inside and outside the stone. For the seven gates: East Yue Renfeng, West Yue Yicheng, South Yue Deji, North Yue Chaotian, Southeast Yue Tonghuai, Southwest Yue Linzhang, Linzhang, Linxi Shuimen Yue Nan Smoke, each with a building on the door. The outer ring is Hao (press: according to the Fujian People's Publishing House, the second volume, page 242), three feet wide and seven feet wide, and one foot deep. The tides flow from the southwest to the northeast.

The Eight Min Tongzhi volume 87 "Shiyi Xinghuafu Yuan" article records:

In March of the twelfth year of Zhengzheng (1352), the xianlu people Chen Junxin, Qin Tongfu, Huang Wenwu and other hundreds of people gathered and attacked the county. Daru hua was red and upside down, the master book was to be bundled with trees, and Junxin and others burned and plundered, plotting to force the county town. Putian people Huang Xin and others also gathered the crowd to respond. Before long, the three fathers and sons of Xinyi were captured first, and the Fujian Marshal's Office experienced Gao Benzu leading troops to Xianyou to recruit, Junxin was poor, and went to Yongchun. The county yin Luqi was lured and sent to the marshal's office for ambush.

Chen Junxin mentioned here, Gong Shitai's "Epitaph of Pan Jizhong of the Marshal's Office of the Governor of Fujian Province" records:

The Xinghua thief Chen Junxin raised Xianyou, hooked the knotted cave and plundered, and then trapped the city. The Shuaifu dispatched through the gaoben province to supervise the arrest, and the selection of the king was followed. At first, the officers and soldiers were rewarded with beheadings, resulting in the killing of civilians as meritorious. Junzheng said: "Thieves strengthen the people's suffering, and coerce non-self-determination." And many murderers and thieves, please go to the metaphor. Gao Jun asked, "What is the geometry used in the soldiers?" Jun Yue: "I am doing the work of proclaiming the son of heaven and the power of the heavens, and I am not in power in Virtue." "That is, riding alone to the thief's stronghold, repeatedly comforting the parables, all weeping, binding their canals to descend, and resuming business fifteen hundred households."

The Ming Dynasty Lin Jun's "< City Immortal Poetry > Preface" also records:

Immortals are in the Ten Thousand Mountains, the surname is because of the Tian and the clan, and the county is not a gathering. When the giant thieves arrive, they will go to the county and hide the grass in the cliffs and valleys. In the middle of the time, jukou Chen Junxin fell into the county,...... The ravines are barren and have been wiped out all over the country.

The name of the Daru flower that fled the city of Daru can be reduced to the Persian language Daulat-i Šāh, which means "the blessing of the king". And the master who fled with him was bound to be a yašmut. These two people's "Eight Min Tongzhi" volume 35 "Rank Official" records:

Xianyou County [Daru Huachi] poured sand and was in the middle of the post. [County Yin] Ren Xing, to the middle of the appointment. 【Main Book】To the wooden bundle, to the middle of the appointment.

And Gao Benzu, who quelled Chen Junxin's rebellion, Gong Shitai's "Epitaph of the Former Chengzhi Lang Fujian Dao Xuanwei Envoy Si Du Marshal's Office Experience Gao Jun" is recorded as Gao Ben Dao, and benzu is his character, and his life is detailed in the epitaph:

The Marshal's Office of the Fujian Capital experienced Gao Jun, Zhen Benzu, Zi Benzu, and Confucians in Anren County, Shirao Prefecture. Great-ancestral elements, ancestral ancestors. Father Junqi, Song To make up for the students, mother Yi shi. Junyou learned from Mr. Muxin Yang, Ying Wu, has a poetic name, and speaks a lot, if he can't get out of the mouth, and the righteousness is pushed in the township. The flea was known to have been informed by the Duke of Lu and the Duke of Zhang, and with the recommendation of the imperial history, they would open up the constitutional history of the northern part of the sea. Guangdong ministry emissaries Zhi Junxian, Luo Zhizhi. The king could not bear to disobey his relatives, so he practiced it. It is already difficult to be outside, to support the coffin to return to the coffin, to mourn the trek, and to be almost unable to give birth. Serve and remove, move to Guangxi, from the emissaries to the counties, prison and rehabilitation. Hui BaGui Ke Shu Tai Jue, Zhu Shi led to defeat with stolen goods, and the king was alone. The Constitutional Envoy (Jie) [Jie] complained, "Why is there no high scrivener? The complainant suddenly bowed, Xie Yue: "Gao Shu is a bureaucrat, and he does not dare to give a private advice." If you ask them, you will fail me. "By the Taiwan Constitution Yixianzhi. Both the book examination, the inspection of the southern source of Lipu County, the history of the Shuai Mansion, to suspect. The inspection of Xiling Inc. in Gongcheng County was transferred, and the illness was exempted from illness, and Shi Zuolang and Changde Road were changed to be polished. Changde Multi-official Lake, self-supervision, guarding the following one privately, is called a sub-case lake. According to the grinding of the money as six thousand taels. The king shall not be granted, but shall be returned to the officials. Sitting in the shogunate on a daily basis, reading the old days, scraping the evils of the house, and the haoyi screen for it. The province of Sui Peijun (掾) [rafters]. Soon after, he resigned and returned to the Chuanglou to serve his mother's wife. Shu County's Yu Gong title is "Chunhui".

The king had two widowed sisters, and neither of them built a house to live in, and cut the land to support him, and extended the teacher to teach his son. Mrs. Yi came and went day and night, a cup of wine on the birthday, Yi Yi was happy, drunk and returned to the public opinion. Later, in addition to the governor of Zhangzhou Road, the general Shi Lang. Jun Yizhang is far away and does not want to go. Mrs. Tai said, "Ru did not disobey the king's orders because of me, and the second sister was comforting my heart." ”

If the king has come to the end, he who does not do as he has been ordered shall correct it. Than and Kao, changed to governor of Yanping Road. Not done, Ding Nei difficult. Serve removal, into the chengshi lang, tianfu south prison commander, sick can not go. The court discussed the experience of the jun tasting virtue in Zhangye and promoting the jun, and the people heard about it, and rejoiced: "When the high king comes, I belong to an anecdote." "The monarch is lenient in all his affairs. There will be an edict to reduce the rent of the people by three points. Jun Yi Longyan was soldiered for a long time, and tried to do his best to rent this year. Li Zhifu rebelled, and Xiao Jingmao, a soldier in Nansheng County, scolded the thief to death; Chen Duancai's wife Cai was not polluted, and she sank into the river, and Jun learned about his affairs in order to distinguish himself.

Haikou ZhuBa, Ren Youren haunted Zhang, Chaojian, Chao officials came to capture it, and the county sent Longxi master Fang Jifu to wei the north, and Jun Yi happened. The county superintendent took bribes and indulged in thieves, and rebelled against the tide of officials. Jun sighed, "If you take bribes and indulge in thieves, what kind of thief?" "White Mansion, the thief sends the tide, and the people sing." Hui Tingxuan Shou Ling, Promoted Wen Lin Lang, Tingzhou Road Qingliu County Yin. When the thief wei Meishou of Liancheng gathered a crowd to plunder, the situation was tense. Jundan rode straight to his base, and the thief heard about Gao County's Yin and opened the door to greet him. The king repeatedly comforted the thief, and the thieves wept. Within a few days, the county was in a state of flux. With the experience of meritorious service to inherit Naoro and Shuaifu.

The king is not upright, and no one dares to do anything selfish. The thieves He Yuan and Lin Stubborn in Tingzhou were in chaos, and Jun led more than 10,000 troops to cover their lairs. It is a major repair of barriers, tun tian ji valley, with real border wages, and lenient people's levies. Biling Huayu went to Hangzhou with sin, and bribed the powerful, and he would seek internal migration, and the yin would hold a hundred gold to see him, and the king would not be able to do so. And Jun also Tingzhou, cover the road please stay, fruitless, for the carved stone praise.

Also remember:

Jun was in the army for a long time, feeling miasma, and even to Yanping. Reform, or persuasion. Jun yue: "I died in the line, and I am finished." "Sui died, on September 19, 1352, in the twelfth year of the reign of Shi Zhizheng (1352), died at the age of sixty and seven, and was nicknamed Honzai. Married to the Jiang clan and had four daughters. Changshi Dai Yong, Sub-suitable Li Mou, Yu Flea Pawn. Followed by Zi Shan. Junzhi wei also said, "When I die, I will return to the side of the ancestors." "Ten years after this death.

And Yin Luqi of Yongchun County, who abducted Chen Junxin, is rumored in the "History of the Yuan":

Lu Qi character XiHan, a native of Hui'an, ascended to the second year of zheng (1342) jinshidi. In the twelfth year (1252), it was slightly moved to Yin, Yongchun County. From the beginning to the relief of hunger, the end of the transgression, all the enlistment, the reduction of salt more than a hundred citations, the lack of conscription of silver and iron. It has been settled in the people's peace, it is the new learning palace, the children of the Yanshi Confucian class, the monthly book quarterly examination, and the literary style is very clear.

Neighbor Yi Xianyou stealing hair, Qi Shi in the Yi Realm, thief saw it, greeted him: "This Yongchun Doctor is also." For the people of the doctor, what a blessing! The chief of my country drove me away with a violent poison, so I came to this ear. "Qi Yin immediately said that he was blessed with misfortune, and all the people threw their swords, and asked them to tie up their chiefs to renew themselves, and Qi Xuzhi, the chieftains to the Shuai Mansion, and the Qi weapons were sent to the Shuai Mansion, and they were all bound to go abroad."

Same book volume 50 "Election": To the first year of Xin Wei (1341), township test, Lu Qi, Hui'an people. Lu Qi wrote two volumes of the Guifeng Collection, which exists today. The Eight Min Tongzhi volume 37 "Rank Official" also records:

Lu Qi, to (and) [Zheng] Twelfth Year (1352) Yin Yongchun. From the beginning to the end, the relief of hunger and famine, the cessation of transgressions, all the enlistment, the reduction of salt by more than a hundred citations, and the absence of conscription in silver and iron, have sued the people. It is a new scholar official, a Yanshi Confucian, a classroom disciple, a quarterly examination of the monthly book, and a very calm style. When the army revolution was everywhere, the counties were fierce, and the only Yongchun was yanran. More than four or five years, tune Ning Deyin. On the day of their departure, the people wept.

(3) Famine and mutiny in Quanzhou

The Yuan Shi vol. 192 "Biography of Lu Qi" records:

Thirteen years later (1353), there was a great famine in Quan County, and the dead slept with each other. Those who can walk, all the old and the young, support them, and eat Yongchun. Qi Feng divided the floating slaughter and everyone to eat, and the survival was incalculable.

Compared with Gong Shitai's "Epitaph of Pan Jizhong of the Marshal's Office of the Governor of Fujian Province", the following records are particularly noteworthy:

Haikou zuo, the counties divided the sea boats, xinghua households mostly. Junbi Xing, the official before the rich family giant ship hidden on the island, with a small fishing boat to answer the order. The king rewarded the first to be real, and he received two hundred ships, and the rest was spared. The spring used to have a water gate, and the deliberators were worried about Curly, and sent the army to supervise it. Merchant ships are greedy for private taxes, treacherous parties are harmonious, salty words are inconvenient, and secretly bribe the king, and ask for forgiveness. Jun (press, Pan Shiying) said: "The water gate plug, if it is not equal to the benefits; not the plug, the Kou enters from here, burns the chamber, plunders women, treasure goods, if the wait is alone and comfortable?" "Door plug, spring fruit is safe. The lake soldiers who fight the springs, and the grain is desperate to cause change. The county official was humiliated by the thieves and saw Jun yue: "Pan Song is in Xianyou, taste good to meet me, and do not harm me." ”

Gong Shitai recorded the "Marshal's Mansion of Fujian Daodu", that is, the "Marshal's Mansion of Fujian Xuanwei Sidu" in the "History of the Yuan". The so-called "water gate" in Quanzhou is the "Water Gate of the Near Creek" mentioned in the "Eight Min Tongzhi" volume 13 "Geography" article mentioned in the "Eight Min Tongzhi" volume 13 of the "Geography" mentioned in the construction of the quanzhou capital, also known as the South Smoke Gate. Although Gong Shitai's "Pan Jizhong Epitaph" does not mention the time when the Quanzhou defenders blocked the water gate that had just been built, the later narrative states that "the lake soldiers who kill the spring will change with grain" proves that the time should be at the time of the Quanzhou famine in the thirteenth year of Zhizheng (1353). The "lake soldiers" mentioned here are the troops of Wanhufu in Huzhou. Although the "Biography of Yuan Shi Lu Qi" mentions that the starving people of Quanzhou fled the city to Yongchun to eat, it does not say how the Mutiny of Huzhou Wanhufu stationed in Quanzhou was quelled. It is conceivable that the only way to resolve the mutiny is to find a source of food. Wu Hai's "Lin Quan Sheng Xing" mentions the relationship between Quanzhou merchants and grain, which is mentioned:

Except for the Quanzhou capital experience. The people could not lose, and the prisoners were two or three years old, and there were dead people. To the public, that is, to be ordained. Too defensive, the public knows: "There is no end to repayment, and the prisoners are useless." So please let it go, no worries too much. "The merchant brews a thousand stones every year, and one day he is summoned to the end, saying: "Juncao Su brews not to be brewed." The poor now cannot be paid for their debts, and if one is paid for, otherwise, it should be rewarded. "So the merchant pays for the former burden, and the merchant fills the door and weeps."

This is to say that quanzhou's "merchants" with a large number of ships use a lot of grain every year for winemaking, and the amount of grain is more than stone, and they are large grain users, but it is not said whether they also transport grain from other places to quanquan. In the Ming Dynasty, when Discussing the Settlement of the Famine in Quanzhou at that time, Chen Maoren added:

There are fewer springs of rice, no more than rice can be priced. Now all the people who have taken advantage of the land are in the sea merchants, and if the price is reduced, the merchants will go to his county and make a lot of profits. Although the spring is rich, why is it not like rice? It is advisable to listen to the value of the market, and the merchants of the sea are all heard, and the rice is not uneven in price.

This means that the rice supply in Quanzhou in the Ming Dynasty was completely market-oriented. Local rice production is insufficient, sustaining local consumption thanks to the trafficking of seabug merchants from grain-producing areas. In the event of a famine, if the government adopts price limit measures, not only will it not guarantee supply, but it will cause maritime merchants to transport rice to other places with high grain prices. Therefore, the policy to solve the grain shortage is to maintain the principle of pricing the rice market, the price of the famine is high, and the merchants who seek profits will sell a large number of grain-producing areas, so as to stabilize the price of grain and benefit the citizens. The grain supply situation in Yuanming Quanzhou should not be much different, so it is inferred that the grain supply in Quanzhou in the Yuan Dynasty was the same pattern.

As mentioned earlier, at the beginning of the twelfth year of Zhengzheng (1352), when the Quanzhou defenders blocked the newly built water gate in order to prevent the rebel army from attacking the city and ensuring the safety of Quancheng, there were "merchant ships greedy for private taxes, treacherous parties and peacemakers, salty words and inconvenience, and secret bribes to the king, asking for forgiveness." Gong Shitai did not say who the merchants who intervened to block the water gate were. In the Yuan Dynasty, the most powerful people in Quanzhou city belonged to the Hui merchants, so those who hoped to lift the blockade of the water gate, that is, the "South Smoke Gate" in the form of bribes, should be the Hui Dajia within Quancheng.

During the year's famine, the riotous soldiers caused by the famine not only insulted the officials, but also threatened the interests and safety of the rich merchants in the city. Therefore, we can judge that it was these Hui Merchants who became the main helpers of the Quanzhou government to solve the grain shortage. The inevitable way to solve the difficulties is to mobilize the Hui people to contribute money and even to save grain to appease the rebel army. This created the conditions for the establishment of close ties between the Hui Merchants and the garrison. Further, it is assumed that when there is chaos in the city, the Hui merchants may organize private armed forces to visit the nursing home. The author speculates that this year should be the time when the Yisi Bashi Army initially formed and controlled the wanhufu of the new annex army stationed in Quanhu Prefecture.

(4) The war spread to Quanzhou

In the thirteenth year of Zhizheng (1353), the scope of social unrest in Fujian was expanding, and Chen Zhifang's "Epitaph of the Right Cheng Jin Guo Luo Cemetery" at the end of the Yuan Dynasty recorded:

In the thirteenth year of Zhengzheng (1353), Fu'an Thief Kangzi political prisoner Fuzhou, Shuai and Xian two provinces with ceremonial coins to the public (according to, Luo Liang, New Wing Ten Thousand Households). More than a thousand soldiers led the way, and the coastal road marched day and night. When he reached the city, he shot it with a medicinal crossbow, and the thief looked at his arrow and exclaimed, "Zhangzhou Luowanhu Junya!" How did it come to this? "That is, to scatter.

At that time, Fujian Xingzhongshu Province had not yet been restored, and the "Shuai and Xian Second Mansions" mentioned here were the Fujian Xuanwei Sidu Marshal's Office and the Minhai Provincial Honest Visit Department. Luo Liang's army was stationed in Zhangzhou. The biography of Yuan Shi Lu Qi is quoted above:

In the fourteenth year (1354), tens of thousands of people in Anxikou attacked Yongchun. Qi Wen, summoning the people of Yi, said: "If Ru and others can fight, then they will fight with it; if they cannot, then I should die alone." The crowd was indignant, and said, "Let the king say what he wants!" Make the king's parents, our people's naked sons, and endure the evil of their parents! And Pi Kou Fang will rob my wife and burn down my room, which is a deep hatred for Yi Yi. Today's events are not to be troubled, so that the king may not be worried. "Because of the enthusiastic struggle, Qi led the attack on the thief and broke it." Tomorrow, the thief will come back to the nest and break it again. More than thirty battles of size and size, more than 1,200 people were captured, and the Yi people had no casualties, and the thieves fled. When the military revolution was everywhere, the counties were all fierce and restless, and the only yongchun was calm, which was no different from the peacetime.

Sixteen years later, Yin of Ningde County was transferred.

The "Biography of Lu Qi" quoted above mentions that when the Anxi rebellion army attacked in the fourteenth year of Zhizheng (1354), Yongchun County mobilized a large number of "Yimin" to participate in the war. These "Yi people" who participated in the war were the volunteers who defended their homeland in the chaotic world. The Sequel to the Eight Min Tongzhi:

In the summer of the fourteenth year (1354), Li Da, a native of Anxi, Quanzhou, and Lü Guangfu, a native of Nan'an, gathered to commit theft. In July, the city of Quanzhou was besieged. In August, he sent his party Liu Guangren and other troops to besiege Xinghua, attack Xianyou, and kill Dalu Huachi, threatening the people of the county and driving them to besiege the city. Defeated by the putian militia of Chen Suntong, Xu Bijue, Huang Debao, and other militiamen, several thieves were captured, and the Remaining Party ran to Xianyou. Wanhu Cheng Sanbao, tongzhiguan Baoguan and the militia pursued and retreated. In October, Guangren re-drove his people to the point of greatness, and the officers and militia joined forces to defeat them, and Guangren and others rushed to Anxi, and Xianyou Shiping.

According to this record, there were "militias" under Liu Guangren's army sent by Li Da, who was sent by Li Da, who was in trouble with the Fujian New Army Wanhu Chengsanbao and others, to oppose the anxi rioters. As for Li Da, the leader of the Anxi rebellion, the Eight Min Tongzhi mentions in his account of the city pool of Tong'an County:

In the fourteenth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1354), Anxi Mountain Kou Li Da, attacked the county rule, and the city was destroyed. Fifteen years later (1354), Daru hua chi maha sought to restore it, and the inside and outside were built with stone to find a restoration.

Ming Dynasty Lang Ying's "Seven Revision Drafts , Luo Liang's Biography" also records:

In the fourteenth year (1354), Li Da, a thief from Quanzhou's Anxi, burned Liuyingjiang and trapped Changtai and other counties. Good submerged in the river, unexpectedly, chased and killed in four ways, and a thief could not sneak away. Following the southern victory over the thief Xia ShanHu attacking Zhangzhang, the momentum was very urgent. Lead the soldiers to fight, and they will be satisfied. Changtai and Longxi thieves have grown one after another, and both good and peaceful. The state keeper then led the regent to appease his people.

The Ming Dynasty anonym "Secret Cabinet Yuan Gui Politician" records:

Fang Guozhen demoted Yuan, thinking that the sea route transported thousands of households; Guozhang was the governor of Quzhou. The Southern Victory Thief attacked Tong Prefecture, and Yuan Zhang's new wing Wanhu Luo Liang attacked and captured it, taking care of the state affairs with Liang.

After Liang zi liberated the provincial capital of Fuzhou, his prestige was greatly enhanced. In the fourteenth year (1354), Li Dazhao, a thief from Anxi in Quanzhou, lured Wu Fei and other thieves from Anzhuang Banwei to attack Zhangzhou and burn Liuyingjian and Changtai County. Liang out of the light boat submerged in the Jijiang River, arrived at the Longjiang Pavilion, the thief was not surprised, the poor chased (than) [North], a thief is not allowed to hide. Li Da and Wu Fei fled, (□) [same] An Sui'an. It was the Southern Victory Thief Xia Shan Tiger who rebelled. The crowd attacked Zhangzhou, and the crowd reached the south gate, and the momentum was very loud. Liang sent troops to fight outside the city and flew it. The emissary of the ministry, Zhang Qiyan, raised liang to take care of state affairs and appease the military and the people.

In particular, it should be mentioned that in March of the twelfth year of Zhizheng (1352), the Xianyou Chen Junxin, Qin Tongfu, Huang Wenwu and others gathered to attack Xianyou, and after Daru Hua fell to the sand and the master bookkeeper Shumu fled in a hurry, it was mentioned that the rioters "plotted to force the county town", and were responded by the rioters gathered by Huang Xinyi of putian. The "county city" mentioned here is Quanzhou. In other words, Chen Junxin's rebellion directly affected Quanzhou.

In the "Biography of Yuan Shi Lu Qi" quoted above, it is mentioned that the following year, that is, in the thirteenth year of Zhizheng (1353), "the Great Famine in Quan County, the dead were sleeping together." Those who can walk, all the old and the young, support them, and eat Yongchun. The "Eight Min Tongzhi" records that in the fourteenth year of Zhengzheng (1354), the rebels led by Li Da of Anxi and Lü Guangfu of Nan'an were in "July, besieging quanzhou city." ”

The war in Fujian forced the Yuan court to take measures to adjust the administrative structure. Volume 44 of the "History of the Yuan Dynasty" "ShunDi VII" records: Zhizheng "Sixteen years (1256) spring first moon noon [Shuo], changed the Fujian Xuanwei envoy Si Du Marshal's Office to Fujian Xingzhongshu Province. Gong Shitai's "Records of the Inspection and Correction Office of Fuzhou Province" records Yun: "In the spring and March of the sixteenth year of Zhizheng (1356), he restored Fujian and other places to the Zhongshu Province, that is, the Xuanwei Division was ruled. "The Yuan Shi, volume 92, "Hundred Officials and Eight", records this matter in more detail:

In May of the sixteenth year (1356), Fujian and other provinces were placed in Fuzhou, and officials were cast and sealed, just like the system of provinces in various places. With Jiangsu and Zhejiang Xingzhongshu Province Pingzhang Zuo Da Na Lost Li and Nantaizhong Cheng Aruwensha as the political affairs of Pingzhang Province of Fujian Xingzhongshu Province, Zhuang Jia as the right minister of Fujian Minhai Province, Fujian Marshal Wu Duo as the left cheng, Andong Cheng Ne Duchi and Zhuo Sicheng, the governor of Yidu Road, as the political participants. In September to Fuzhou, the ShuaiFu was dismissed and the provincial office was opened. ...... In the eighteenth year (1358), The Right Governor of Fujian Province, Jianning, participated in the government of Quanzhou Province.

The above clues are put together to show that:

1. In the twelfth year of Zhizheng (1352), the rebellion launched by Xianyou Chen Junxin spread to Quanzhou and was supported by the rebels gathered by Huang Xinyi in Putian.

2. The Marshal's Office of the Yuan Fujian Provincial Capital solicited ships from the people, which was boycotted by the shipowners. The rich family hid the big boat on the island and used the boat to deal with the ship requisition order. Under the official order, 200 large ships were requisitioned.

3. In order to defend against the rebels led by Xinghua Chen Junxin and Putian Huang Xinyi, the Fujian Capital Marshal's Office deployed in Quanzhou, and the measures taken included Yongsai Quanzhou Water Gate, which caused dissatisfaction among rich merchants.

4. In the thirteenth year of Zhengzheng (1353), a famine occurred in Quanzhou, many people starved to death, not only did the people flee in large numbers to seek food, but even the army of Huzhou Wanhu stationed in Quanzhou was short of food, which led to a mutiny and insulted the officials stationed in Quancheng.

5. In the same year, Fuzhou was besieged by Haikou, and reinforcements were made from all over Fujian.

6. The siege of Quanzhou took place in the 14th year of the Yuan Dynasty, and the besiegers were the rebels under the command of Li Da of Anxi in Quanzhou and Lü Guangfu of Nan'an. When the rebels attacked the city, due to the effective defensive measures, the rebels failed to break the city.

The author infers:

1. When there was chaos in Fujian and the yuan garrison in Fujian was not strong enough to cope with and quell the rebel army, the local government or powerful people, like the Central Plains, came forward to organize rebels or militias, and such volunteers were allowed and supported by the Fujian Provincial Propaganda and Consolation Envoy Marshal's Office.

2. In the chaotic situation of "the lake soldiers and the springs, with grain to cause changes, the county officials are humiliated by thieves", the only way to solve the mutiny is to return the financial resources of the merchants. The Ten Thousand Households of Huzhou should have been controlled by Hui Fanshang in the thirteenth year of Zhizheng (1353).

3. Under the threat of "burning rooms and plundering women and treasure goods" in Quanzhou, the Merchants, who were mainly Hui, formed the Yisi Baxi Rebel Army, which was formed by Saifudin and Amiridin. And the title of "Ten Thousand Households" of the rebel army held by Sepuddin also deserved it at this time.

4. During the siege of Quanzhou in the fourteenth year of Zhizheng (1354), the Yisi Bashi rebel army played an important role in the defense of the city, and its status was recognized by the Marshal's Office of the Commandery of the Yuan Fujian Province and the Yuan Court.

5. The Yisi Bashi rebels were stationed after reinforcing Fuzhou.

6. The Yuan court wanted to strengthen its control over Fujian, which was in a chaotic world, and in the sixteenth year of Zhizheng (1356), he built a province in Fuzhou. Although the Records of Emperor Shun of Yuan Shi says that "the office of Marshal Si Du of Fujian Xuanwei was changed to Fujian Xingzhongshu Province", among the main officials who inspected the province, only Right Cheng Zhuang Jia was originally a "Fujian Minhai Province Honest Visiting Envoy" and Zuo Cheng Wu Duo was originally a "Fujian Marshal", and the rest such as Pingzhang Political Affairs Zuo Dana And Aru Wensha, and the Governors Ne Duchi and Zhuo Sicheng were all transferred from other places. It can be seen that "reform" means reorganization.

7. Two years later, the participating nedu set up a branch province in Quanzhou, just one year before SaiFudin and others took control of Quanzhou, which shows that the newly established Quanzhou branch of Fujian Province was aimed at the Hui rebel forces that SaiFuding and others controlled the ten thousand households in Huzhou. At that time, the quanzhou ruler recognized by Fujian Province was Pingzhang Neduchi in the province.

As for how the Yisi Bashi rebels changed from the coordinated forces of the Yuan Dynasty to the coordinated forces of the Yuan Dynasty to the enemies of the Yuan Dynasty and Fujian Provinces, the author intends to write a separate article to discuss.

The article was originally published in "Research on the History of Maritime Relations", No. 4, 2020, and was first published in the public account of the Research Information on the History of Maritime Relations, and the annotations were omitted.