On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the party, we should not forget the "southern Chen and northern Li" who met to build the party.
This "Southern Chen Bei Li" refers to Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao.
Regarding Li Dazhao, Lao Qin has written a series of articles in succession a few days ago, such as "Details of Li Dazhao's Righteousness: Stretching his neck according to the requirements of the executioner, he was hanged three times, and each time he had something to say" and "Li Dazhao was buried 6 years after his death: the coffin seller was detained, the grave seller was held responsible, and the tombstone did not dare to see the sky" and so on.
Today, I will talk about Chen Duxiu.
Chen Duxiu has made five major contributions to China's modern history: first, he launched the New Culture Movement; second, he led and commanded the "May Fourth Movement"; third, he actively disseminated Marxism; fourth, he met with Li Dazhao to build the party; and fifth, he served as the first generation of the party's helmsman.
But whoever accounts for one of these five contributions can be immortal.
With one person and six items, it can be described as a thousand and one.
There is a small plot in the film "The Great Cause of Party Building": Chen Duxiu was arrested and imprisoned by the French Concession patrol in October 1922, and people from all walks of life, including Sun Yat-sen, came to the rescue. Chen Duxiu was eventually released. Cai Yuanpei, Hu Shi, Li Dazhao and others greeted him personally. Li Dazhao shook Chen Duxiu's hand and said, "Since you were imprisoned, the whole country has shaken and your life is brilliant, but so." ”
Such a movie line can reflect the importance of Chen Duxiu's position in the minds of the people at that time.
Chairman Mao also recognized Chen Duxiu as a "star of the ideological circles" in the new cultural movement and praised him for his "quite boldness."
In An interview with Snow in July 1936, Chairman Mao still called Chen Duxiu a "model" and said that Chen Duxiu's influence on himself was "perhaps greater than anyone else's."
Of course, Chen Duxiu's mistakes are also obvious.
The movie "The Great Cause of Building the Army" vividly portrays his mistakes with only a small fragment: The old Chiang Kai-shek launched a counter-revolutionary coup on April 12, 1927, where should our party's future development line go? Chen Duxiu, then secretary of the Central Bureau, said at the party congress with dishes frustrating remarks. He said, "Confront head-on, disadvantageous; let the enemy kill, no, there is only one way, first hand over the gun."
In the history of the Party, Chen Duxiu's idea of "handing over the gun" is called "right opportunism."
As a result, he was removed from his post as secretary of the Central Bureau at the subsequent August Seventh Congress and expelled from the party in 1929.
But his figure did not disappear from the political scene.
When the "918 Incident" broke out in 1931, he shouted and wrote a letter with his arms up his arms, put forward the idea of opposing Chiang Kai-shek and resisting Japan, denounced the "servility" of the old Chiang Kai-shek, and expressed a strong patriotic enthusiasm.
Chen Duxiu's behavior of course was something that Old Jiang did not want to see.
In October 1932, Chen Duxiu was sentenced to 13 years in prison by Chiang Kai-shek for "endangering the Republic of China."
Chen Duxiu said indignantly: "My guilt is only because I support the interests of the Chinese nation. ”
In 1937, the All-out War of Resistance began, and Chen Duxiu was blessed by misfortune and was released early.
Old Chiang asked him to become an official in the Kuomintang government, but he refused.
Old Jiang also invested 100,000 yuan to ask him to set up another party, but he still refused.
Hu Shi invited him to the United States, but he also refused.
Zhou Enlai, Dong Biwu, and others invited him to Yan'an on behalf of Chairman Mao, and he said with great sorrow: "Li Dazhao is dead, Yannian is dead,...... I'm behind and older, what else can I do? ”
In June 1938, he took a boat from Hankou to Jiangjin and lived in seclusion in Jiangjin.
By "Yannian died", he referred to the murder of his eldest son, Chen Yannian.
He and his original partner Gao Xiaolan (Gao Zhongzhong) had three sons and a daughter: the eldest son Chen Yannian, the second son Chen Qiaonian, the third son Chen Songnian, and the daughter Chen Yuying (Chen Xiaoxiu).
The eldest son, Chen Yannian, and the second son, Chen Qiaonian, were among the early leaders of our party, and Chen Yannian died heroically in 1927 at the age of 29; Chen Qiaonian was heroic and righteous in 1928, at the age of 26.
Yannian and Qiao Nian are both rare loyal and heroic husbands in the world, which is admirable!
The third son, Chen Songnian, was born in 1910, when Chen Duxiu had left his hometown in Anqing and gone to Shanghai.
In 1912, Yuan Shikai, the governor of Anhui, sent people to Anqing to raid Chen Duxiu's family.
Chen Yannian, 14, and Chen Qiaonian, 10, escaped over the wall.
3-year-old Chen Song was young and weak, and when he escaped over the wall, he lost strength and fell into the bathtub of a neighbor's house with a thud.
The neighbors heard the noise, picked him up, carried him back to the inner room, and escaped the disaster.
Chen Songnian remained by his mother's side and did not participate in the revolution like his two brothers.
In 1927, Chen Yannian was killed in Shanghai, and Song Nian and his sister Yuying rushed to Shanghai to collect the body of their brother, but they were bombed out by the Kuomintang authorities.
There was no way, Song Nian and his sister Yuying had to burn incense and paper in the place where their brother was righteous, and cried back bitterly.
In 1928, Chen QiaoNian was killed again in Shanghai, and Song Nian and his sister Yuying rushed to collect the body again, but were still driven out.
The two brothers were killed one after another, and the corpses were collected twice without success, and the sister Yuying was greatly stimulated, had a mental breakdown, fell ill, and died soon after.
Two years later, on July 17, 1930, Gao Xiaolan shed tears of Sifu's mourning children and died of illness at the age of 54.
When Chen Duxiu was imprisoned by Lao Jiang in 1932 for "endangering the Republic of China," he learned of Gao Xiaolan's death from Chen Songnian, who had come to visit him, and he mourned for a long time and said to his son word by word: "Your mother is the mother of a hero!" ”
After Chen Duxiu was released from prison and lived in seclusion in Jiangjin, Chen Songnian came to reunite with his father with his elderly grandmother Xie Shi, his young wife Dou Hengguang, and his young eldest daughter Chen Changwei.
In the days of living in Jiangjin, Chen Duxiu's family only relied on Chen Duxiu's meager writing fees and a little salary obtained by Chen Songnian to teach at Deganba Ninth Middle School on the other side of Jiangjin.
Chen Songnian's grandmother, Xie Shi, died of illness in 1941.
Chen Duxiu died on May 7, 1942, at the age of 63.
Due to the chaos of the war, Chen Songnian temporarily set the coffins of the two old men in the Deng Xie Kang Garden outside the West Gate (this place was later restored to the Crown Tomb).
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, it took Chen Songnian two years to raise a little money, and in 1947, he transported the coffins of his grandmother and father along the river back to Anqing in wooden rows.
Chen Songnian and his wife Dou Hengguang have a male and three females, and these four children are very competitive in their studies and have first-class results.
In order to provide for the four children to study, Chen Songnian returned to Anqing, worked as an accountant, taught, and later worked as a worker in the kiln.
Wife Dou Hengguang went out of the house during the day to carry the soil in the kiln yard, and at night at home to paste matchboxes.
The two sons struggled to maintain the family, and life was unbearable.
But in 1952, Dou Hengguang suddenly fell ill due to overwork.
The Chen family quickly fell into the predicament of life, and several children were about to drop out of school.
On February 15, 1953, the second day of the first lunar month, Chairman Mao, accompanied by Comrade Yang Shangkun, director of the CPC Central Committee Office, Luo Ruiqing, minister of public security, and Wu Qingtian, first vice minister of the Ministry of Railways, took a special train to inspect the south.
The special train departs from Beijing Railway Station, follows the main line of the Beijing-Shanghai Railway, passes through Tianjin and goes south, and after arriving in Nanjing, it takes the "Luoyang" warship to Wuhan.
The reason why Chairman Mao switched to warships was to investigate the flood prevention and control of the Yangtze River Basin and the transportation of coal from the north to the south.
At nine o'clock in the evening of February 20, when the warship sailed to Anqing, Chairman Mao ordered the ship to stop and anchor, and asked people to notify Fu Dazhang, secretary of the Anqing Prefectural Party Committee, and Zhao Jinshan, secretary of the Anqing Municipal Party Committee, to report on the work.
After the report that night, Chairman Mao specially asked Fu and Zhao about the life of Chen Duxiu's descendants.
Fu Dazhang scratched his head and said, "His son Chen Songnian works in the Anqing kiln factory, and his family has a large population, low wages, and a relatively difficult life..."
Chairman Mao listened, was overwhelmed, and said: "We must look at Chen Duxiu dialectically, his contribution in his early years was great, spreadIng Marxism-Leninism, founding our party, or the 'commander-in-chief' of the May Fourth Movement, his two sons, Yannian and Qiao Nian, were both revolutionaries in the early days of our party, and Chen Duxiu's family should be treated as a family of revolutionary martyrs!" ”
Fu Dazhang listened and nodded his head and said yes.
Chairman Mao was still a little uneasy and instructed: "The Chen family is living in difficulty, and the local government can give him a little subsidy as appropriate!" ”
In this way, the Anqing local government accelerated the identification of Chen Yannian and Chen Qiaonian as martyrs, and the United Front Work Department of the Anqing Municipal CPC Committee gave Chen Songnian a monthly subsidy of 30 yuan in accordance with regulations.
Chen Songnian never dreamed that Chairman Mao would be so worried about their family, and when he received the notice to collect the subsidy, tears immediately poured out.
Later, Chen Songnian was also elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the Anqing Municipal CPPCC And was assigned to work in the Anhui Museum of Culture and History.
His four sons and daughters have completed their studies and become useful talents of the country: the eldest daughter Chen Changwei is an engineer of the Iron and Steel Design Institute, the eldest son Chen Changqi is the dean of the Mechanical College of Hefei University of Technology, the second daughter Chen Changji is a senior engineer of the military factory, and the youngest daughter Chen Changpu is the deputy director of the Anqing Municipal Cultural Relics Administration.