[Zhao Zhiqian was not only a calligrapher and painter and seal engraver with all-round cultivation and pioneering merit, but also a scholar who devoted his life to writing, and had achievements in classics, history, lexicography, and epigraphy. He is in the engraving business. From the recently compiled and published letters in the picture above, I saw him talk about the engraving of books with many friends for the first time, which can make up for his life and friendship. In Zhao Zhiqian's view, the engraving of books is a major event related to the "two thousand years of qi pulse", and despite the economic constraints, he still did his best to carve all kinds of rare books, with the same purpose as compiling the "Continuation of the Sinology Teacher", aiming to turn the tide and rectify the trend of the times. Regarding Zhao Zhiqian's engraving, Mr. Guo Lixuan has a special article to discuss. Zhao Zhiqian can be said to have carved books all his life, and has made outstanding contributions to the collation and inheritance of literature. Among those who helped him to engrave books were Sun Guxu, Pan Zuyin, Wang Jinyu, Hu Shu, Dai Wang, Shen Rongzhi, Hu Peizhi, Zhang Mingke, Long Haochen, Bao Kang, Tang Renshou, Xu Zeng, Tan Xian, and so on. The Shanghai Library recently sorted out and announced 87 zhao zhiqian rulers, and the above-mentioned people, except for Sun and Zhang, were all seen in it.
Zhao Zhiqian met Dai Wang in Hangzhou around the fourth year of Xianfeng (1854). Dai Wang (1837-1873), zi gao, a native of Deqing, Zhejiang. During his life, he was upheaval and displaced, physically ill, and lonely in temperament, devoted himself to examination and exegesis, and was rigorous in his studies, and was later hired by Zeng Guofan as an editor of Jinling Bookstore to proofread The Sons of Zhou Qin. In the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Dai Wang also fled to Minzhong due to the Taiping Army's invasion of Zhejiang, where he was reunited with Zhao and had a close relationship. In the third year of Tongzhi (1864), Zhao Shi carved five volumes of the "Supplementary Huanyu Visiting Monument", which Liu Lufen made up and wrote, and Dai Wang wrote an inscription for it. During the fourth and fifth years of Tongzhi, Zhao Zhiqian, Wei Jiasun and Dai Wang met again after the Hangzhou chaos to discuss art and literature, and even had a tacit understanding. In July of the eighth year of Tongzhi, Dai Wang's inscription on the "Seal of the Erjin Butterfly Hall" compiled by Dai Wanghe In the second year of Tongzhi and Hu Shushu called Zhao Zhiqian "a man of great ability, whose study was based on the number of scriptures, and who had already written a completed book." And in the micro of a single art, but also the ability of Nair, is the god of the rich and bold and powerful also." There is also a poem in the "Who Lu Tang Testament": Gao Wenguan is absolutely in the east of the River, and can perform theosophical ministry. I and Zhao Junsheng coexisted, and I was really ashamed to cook wine on the hero. (Poem Note: To Hangzhou Zhao Shu Uncle Fang moved to Ruishi Mountain to recite this poem) Ten years after tongzhi, Dai Wang published the "Yan's Study" in Nanjing, and Zhao wei was a book. In February of the twelfth year of Tongzhi, Dai Wang fell ill and died. In the second year of Yue, Zhao Zhiqian compiled 238 of Dai Wang's last texts and poems, compiled into a collection of remains, and engraved them in Jiangxi. Zhao wrote in the preface: "Gan Bo was four years long, Jun (referring to Dai Wang) was less than ten years, tolerant and less than eight years jun, and suffered from hardship, so he fell to pieces. The gentlemen are strong and powerful, and Meng Jin is in the crowd, and the realm of Jing Keyu is exquisite. In the past two years, another three of them have been lost, and after leaving the rest to die, they have picked up the remnants, nourished the sorrows and mourned the aspirations, and the fruits of heaven and earth are ominous? The monarchy is not harmonious, the widow travels, the footprints are not north of the great river, but the sages and doctors of the world know more about the king. Seeing the treatise of the King, there is no dissent in the submission. Although they are in trouble, their lives are not eternal, and those who regard hardships and hardships for life and surnames do not come out of Lu Alley are particularly fortunate. Although there are only five letters to Dai Wangshu in this publication, it is very important. There are 14 names mentioned in the letter that were recorded by Zhao Zhiqian in the "Notes on the Continuation of the Sinology Teacher", namely: Li Shanlan (Uncle Nong), Feng Dengfu (Liu Dong), Xu Yangyuan (Xintian), Yan Yuanzhao (Jiuneng), Yan Kejun (Tieqiao), Ding Jie (Sheng qu), Shi Guoqi, Yang Fengbao, Zhang Jian (Qiushui), Zhang Xingjian (Qing Yue), Ling Kun, Hu Shu and Dai Wang, etc., which proves that in the process of compiling the "Continuation of the Sinology Teacher", he frequently wrote letters with Dai Wang, or revised historical materials, or discussed scholarship, but unfortunately most of them were scattered. You can't get a full picture. The purpose of Zhao's "Continuation" is also clearly stated in these letters: In the past, in The Beijing Division, he once discussed the general meaning of the "Continuation" with Jingfu, and secretly claimed to quote the scriptures and sentence the prison as if he were listening to the hall, selflessly promising, not paranoid, surrounded by thousands of people, and those with little knowledge were able to obey themselves, and those who blatantly ignored them were foolish and stubborn people, and they were not responsible. This means that it is contrary to the former Fang Yao and the present famous minister Daru, but in fact, it is true that the method of observing and knowing ren is observed. The study of Zou Lu, which is not the study of Lian Luo Guan Min, can be described as the way of the knower, and it is not possible to say that the ants of Mu Mu are smelly of meat, and see the fly that chases the stink to abstain from dung. Scholars who have recently been foolish and slanderous are accustomed to blaming people, so Fang and Yao Pai's zhichuan is mainly based on empty Yan, which is as secret as the deep mystery. Brothers and other patriarchs and Han Fa narration, must be from the truth, then all the delicate and trivial, change and clutch, must be properly placed everywhere, not only can question the ghosts and gods, but also with the beak of the three feet of the generation, it is called absolute friendship, and the brother will think that it is also true. The above two passages reveal that Zhao Zhiqian is both "anti-fang, Yao" and "anti-theory"; he neither advocates the "life of the child", nor is he dissatisfied with the "examination evidence of wood carving and clay sculpture", which can support the ideological context in the "On the Study of Congzha". In front of the "Who Lu Tang Testament Collection", there is an inscription in the LinShu that reads: "Uncle Zhao Shu published the relics of Zi Gao, plotted with the public, and said that those who are not in the same qi as Zi Gao should not be with each other", which shows that Zhao Zhiqian and Dai Wang are "seeking the same qi" and "embracing each other". In the first letter, Zhao Zhiqian wrote that "when he lived in the summer moon Fang Gui", he also asked Li Shanlan "whether he has gone to the capital", "In the past few decades, only this move (referring to Li Shanlan's protection of the matter) is still reasonable. Yesterday's reading of the article was abolished, and Gai was one of the ways to go", which may be one of the reasons why he is determined to return to the south to raise funds.
Zhao Zhiqian sent a letter to Dai Wang
At the beginning of July of the following year, Zhao Zhiqian fell seriously ill, and he spoke very carefully in his letter to Dai Wang, ending with the "sixth day of the leap month". After investigation, it was the ninth leap month of Tongzhi. At the same time, he also wrote in a letter to Hu Peizhi: "After the letter was issued, he planned to go to the province, but the heat was sleepy, the humid heat was steaming, the phlegm was in the lungs, causing deafness in the right ear, and the left ear was also loud... It takes about a month to get to Hangzhou. According to the author's investigation, Zhao Zhiqian's main footholds in Hangzhou are Cao Lu's family (near Baoshan Bridge), Cheng Liujie's home, Wang Jinyu's family (Four Lanes) and another address he mentioned in his family letter: "In Taimiao Lane, between Ziyang Academy, in the former Lin'an County Zhengtang Chen Mansion (that is, Chen Yunlou's home), there is a 'Huiji Zhao' door strip." In his letter, he mentioned that "Mr. TaiHu's Zhou YiZhi" is stored in Wenzhou and has been visited." "Taihe" (太鹤) is Duanmu Guohu (1773-1837), the character Yi, Hetian, the number Taihe, Zhejiang Qingtian people. Duanmu Guohu married a daughter of the Chen clan of Ruian and moved to Ruian, Wenzhou in the seventeenth year of Daoguang (1837). From April to September of the eleventh year of Xianfeng, when Zhao Zhiqian was defending the city of Ruian, he was reunited with his son Duanmu Bailu, and the two had close contacts during this period. At present, the Ruian City Cultural Relics Museum also has a piece of fan-faced calligraphy written by Zhao Zhiqian to Duanmu Bailu, which is written: "Brother Shuzong Ren (Duanmu Bailu) asked for a book, took the pen to answer the order, Kou Police was not finished, the meeting was difficult, and there was no word left, leaving this handwriting." "Zhou Yizhi" is a famous work by Duanmu Guohu, counting 45 volumes, after Zhao Zhiqian left Wenzhou, he has been looking for the whereabouts of the engraving in order to re-print it. Jinling Bookstore is one of the most well-known and influential official bookstores in the late Qing Dynasty, gathering a group of scholars to compile and engrave books together, especially during the Tongzhi period. Zhou Yi's "Hui Feng Yi ErBi" recorded: "In August of the eleventh year of Xianfeng, Zeng Wenzheng Gongke restored Anqing, deployed roughly, ordered Mo Zi to interview the suicide note, and Shang's ninth brother Yuanpu Fangbo engraved the "Testament of Wang Chuanshan". After restoring Jiangning, opening a bookstore in Yecheng Mountain, Yan Boya's Confucianism, schooling the history of the classics, and zhenghui passing by, talking about moving time away. Those who lived in Yecheng were Nanhui Zhang Wenhu, Haining Li Shanlan, Tang Renshou, Deqing DaiWang, Yizheng Liu Shouzeng, Baoying Liu Gongmian, and the Li Luoye of the Jiangnan Official Bookstore. Among the above scholars, except for Liu Shouteng and Zeng Yuanpu, the rest are all found in this letter, and all have contacts with Zhao Zhiqian. In August of the fourth year of Tongzhi, Zhao Zhiqian left the Beijing Division, passed through Jinling, and met the kings in the bureau, but there are very few surviving texts. In the same year, Zhao Zhiqian was ready to start compiling the "Continuation of the Sinology Teacher", and while visiting Dai Wang in Jinling, he wanted to worship Wang Shiduo (Meicun) as a teacher and also to investigate for the purpose of engraving books, which should be the most important study tour in Zhao Zhiqian's academic career. Tang Renshou (1829-1876), ziduanfu, number jingxiang. Haining, Zhejiang. He was a student of Qian Taiji, and he was closely known for his in-depth study of the phonology of the Six Books, and he could distinguish it without any mistakes. In the fourth year of Tongzhi, Tang Renshou came to Jinling with Qian Taiji's son Qian Yingpu. Because the bookstore was about to engrave the "Records of History" and prepare to use the Qian Taiji schoolbook recorded by Zhou Xuemao, Tang Shi recommended it to the bookstore and became famous. Later, the Jinling Book Company plotted to engrave the "Twenty-Four Histories", and Tang Renshou was responsible for the school magazine "Collection of Historical Records", "Suo Yin", "Justice", "Book of Jin", "Book of Southern Qi", "Book of Later Han" and so on. When did Tang Renshou and Zhao Zhiqian meet? At present, there is no accurate information, and these six correspondences were all written by Zhao Zhiqian in jiangxi province. The first and second letters were written in the twelfth year of Tongzhi. In March of that year, Dai Wang died of illness. In the winter, Zhang Wenhu "sensed that he was withering away" and used the old rhetoric. Immediately, the second letter reads, "When the old man returned, the princes of the bookstore had the sigh of whether they still had the power to public opinion, and fang was the emperor of the side, and hesitated with a weak heart", which refers to the fact that the "Twenty-Four History" originally published by the Jinling Bookstore and the Zhejiang Bookstore, the Suzhou Bookstore, the Hubei Bookstore, and the Huainan Bookstore has not yet been completed, and the principal Zeng Guofan died of illness in the eleventh year of Tongzhi, and Dai Wang died the following year, and the main school staff of the Jinling Bookstore either died or scattered, and "the Jinling Literary Style was exhausted." "Xiao Lao" is Zhang Wenhu (1808-1885), the character Meng Biao, Xiao Shan. He was the oldest scholar in the Jinling Bookstore, and from the second year of Tongzhi's entry into the Xiang School of Wang Chuanshan's Testament, to the winter of the twelfth year of Tongzhi, he resigned, for ten years. Although Zhang Wenhu was not a member of the Chinese Science Division, he was well-educated, "traced back to the Hui, Jiang, Dai, and Qian families, and can be said to have completed the collection of dacheng", and is known for his collation and fine review, especially the "Records of History". In July of the fourth year of Tongzhi, the Jinling Book Company proposed that Zhou Xuerong publish the "Records of History" and provide the Qian Taiji schoolbook he had recorded. Li Hongzhang and Zeng Guofan successively took charge of their affairs, and Li Xian ordered Tang Renshou to be in charge of the collation, and then appointed Zhang Wenhu to assist Tang Shi in the same school. And Tang is weak and sickly, basically Zhang is responsible. The "History" collation project is huge and arduous. Zhang and Tang were mainstays in the Jinling Bookstore, so they formed a deep friendship. Zeng Guofan once said to his protégé Hong Rukui: "The difficulty of engraving books is a great effort, such as Paibi, Lunci, School, and Blackmail." After zhao zhiqian served in the Jiangxi Tongzhi Bureau for more than a year, he deeply felt that "jiangxi also has a bookstore, and there are many indigenous school books. However, in the land of science here, there are two kinds of abuses, which are ugly and fierce. Mr. De (Tang Renshou) came here to make the descendants or know the school's family law, and their merits were immeasurable." Therefore, in the name of Wu Yanxian, he wrote a letter inviting Tang Shi to come to Nanchang for guidance, and his words were sincere, which showed his earnest feelings. I wonder if there was a trip later? Looking forward to new data discoveries.
Zhao Zhiqian sent a letter to Tang Renshou
The most discussed in Zhao's letter to Tang was dai wang's posthumous affairs: first, to sort out the posthumous works, including the heavy book "Analects of the Analects" face leaves and eyes, asking Li Wentian to write a preface to the "Records of Yan's Studies", deleting the poems in the "Who Lu Tang Remains", etc., and preparing for engraving; second, dealing with Dai Wang's collection of books, and describing Dai's relationship with Shi Shuhua, Tan Xian, and others during his lifetime. "If there is a disagreement between shi and tan, and the brother does not know the details, he cannot decide whether it is right or wrong." However, the sale of books seems to be a little abrupt. Gai Dai Jun had no one to wait for the nursing, and this matter might as well be examined and dealt with by Ling Xia. Tang and Zhao were Dai Wang's closest friends, and the two "conspired for the dead, benevolent and righteous, and even more so", which shows that the three soldiers are brothers in love, and the righteousness is thin and cloudy. In terms of engraving books, Zhao Zhiqian also often asked Pan Zuyin for help. Pan Zuyin (1830-1890), zi Boyin, zheng yi, suzhou people. As a heavy minister of the late Qing Dynasty, his political achievements have never been humane, but the three generations of Zhong Ding, Qin Brick Hanwa, Wei jin stele, and Song Zhuanyuan version of his zang are called Jia Shilin, famous in ancient and modern times. When Zhao Zhiqian participated in the examination in Beijing in about the third year of Tongzhi, he met Pan Zuyin, and Pan Zhiqian appreciated Zhao Zhiqian's talent very much, and he said in the inscription to Zhao's "Poetry of the Sorrowful Residents": "Reading for three days in a large collection, I only admired it from my mouth to my heart, and I felt that I had no such hand in two hundred years." This is probably not a common social remark. Almost all of the seals used by pan are from the Hands of the Zhao clan, and there are 12 squares before and after, all of which are related to the collection of books. It began in February of Tongzhi Jiazi (1864) and ended in the eighth year of Guangxu (1882). After Zhao Zhiqian went to Jiangxi to take up his post, he sealed the knife without engraving the seal for more than ten years, and made an exception for Pan Zuyin to carve the "ZhilanTang" Changfang Zhu Wenyin, which was also the last seal in his life, which showed the extraordinary friendship and friendship between them. Pan Zuyin had generously donated money several times when Zhao Zhiqian was most difficult to fund Zhao's urgent needs. In this publication, only one letter to Pan Zuyin is attached to the "Zhang Zhongmu Codex" (now in the Shanghai Library). Pan Zuyin asked Zhao Zhiqian to write a letter for Zhang Zhongmu for thirty-three times. Zhang Zhongmu (张忠穆), also known as Zhang Huangyan (1620-1664), was a native of Yinxian County, Zhejiang. The Southern Ming Dynasty resisted the Qing Dynasty and persisted in the anti-Qing struggle for nearly twenty years. He was eventually arrested and killed in Hangzhou, with the courtesy name Zhonglie.
Author: Dai Jiamiao (Professor, China Academy of Art)
Editor: Chen Shaoxu