Today we are going to talk about three major events that happened in 1955.
I wrote a 1955 bump chronicle four years ago about the future of Givenchy, Chanel, Betty Peggy and BMW Isetta, full of beauty.
Today, the same year, but very sad.
The story begins in the spring of 1955 in the United States.
5-year-old Anne Gottsdamk, along with her mom and dad, had just gone crazy in a small Mexican town and rode a pony to eat taco. The family happily drove the car and hummed a song to rush home.
Anne, who never motion sickness, suddenly fainted and vomited. Could it be that taco is not clean? The Gotsdamks looked at each other, they were all right, it may be that the girl is too young to encounter water and soil, and look, maybe spit out the light is comfortable.
Who knew that The more Anne vomited, the more violent it became. By the afternoon, her left leg began to hurt so badly that she couldn't even stand on her own. The Gottsdamks really panicked and rushed straight to the hospital.
"Polio." The attending doctor was quite positive and somewhat blamed the young couple for being too unconventional. The girls are five years old and should be vaccinated as usual.
"Absolutely impossible!" The Gotsdamks categorically denied it. Because Anne had recently been vaccinated with a polio vaccine from Carter Labs in Berkeley, California.
At this point, the doctors felt... Something big has happened. Because before Anne, they had already hosted several similar patients.
There is only one possibility: In Anne and those children's bodies, the virus in the polio vaccine was not completely inactivated as planned. The surviving viruses took the opportunity to swim into the antigenic substances that were supposed to give birth to antibodies to the immune system, and first broke out after resting.
That year, Carter Labs injected 120,000 U.S. children with incompletely inactivated polio vaccine — 40,000 infected, 113 permanently paralyzed, and five dead.
Five-year-old Anne Gottsdamk became 1/1 of 113. For the rest of her life, she had to survive on crutches and a wheelchair, and she also needed to constantly remove necrotic tissue.
The Gotsdamks took Carter Labs to court and eventually received $147,300 in damages — the equivalent of $1.33 million at today's U.S. prices. Since then, the court has successively received complaints from the victim families, and they have also received corresponding compensation.
However, the court put the primary responsibility down to the National Institutes of Health, which is responsible for its supervision.
Because Dr. Bernice Eddy of Carter's Labs reported in 1954 that several experimental monkeys were paralyzed after inoculation. He asked for a delay in the vaccine's time to market, but was ignored outright by William Sebrell, director of the National Institutes of Health's biological control laboratory.
This is followed by Carter Labs.
Soon after, the director of the laboratory's Institute of Microbiology was fired; William Sebrell resigned; and Oveta Culp Hobby, then the imperialist health minister, stepped down.
It was too late, the "Carter incident" made the American people's trust in domestic vaccines drop to "absolute zero", and caused an indelible blow to the US pharmaceutical market - until the 1980s, American pharmaceutical companies were unwilling to develop and produce various vaccines, for fear that where there was a mistake, the family would be ruined. So much so that vaccines once became an endangered "species" in the U.S. pharmaceutical market.
It was not until 1986, when the U.S. Congress passed the National Child Vaccine Injury Act, that the situation eased.
It stipulates that each vaccine is sold for $0.75 in taxes as a source of relief funds. The Vaccine Injury Compensation Procedure, adopted two years later, greatly simplified the application procedure for vaccine injury compensation, with a maximum amount of $250,000.
Pharmaceutical companies have resumed production of vaccines.
At present, there are still a small number of people in the United States who regard vaccines as a flood beast, and resolutely do not give them to their children, and even cannot see other people's baby vaccines. For example, two years ago, Zuckerberg took his daughter to get a vaccine soap tablet that made headlines and was immediately besieged. Many Americans say it's irresponsible to say he actually vaccinated his daughter.
At that time, we felt that the foreign "keyboard man" was simply incomprehensible.
Also in the spring of that year, Einstein, the greatest scientist of the 20th century, suddenly had an arterial bleeding and met his favorite Mozart five days later.
Before his death, he left the house on Princeton's Mersey Rain Street to his due diligence, served his female secretary Helen Ducas for 27 years (the two were truly pure superior-subordinate relationships), and entrusted her as the legal custodian of all his materials.
Einstein made a request: "Don't turn my private house and Elossa's private house into a museum." "He doesn't want it to be a pilgrimage site, and he doesn't want it to be a punch card resort."
It is said that Einstein had no idols in his lifetime. If there is, it should be Mozart and Beethoven, and he does not want posterity to worship him as an idol (how can it be).
It's hard to imagine that this superscience hero has no funeral, no tombstone. When the remains were cremated, only 12 close relatives were accompanied. No one knows where the ashes are buried.
The only entity he left to the world was a whitish brain—or was it stolen by a pathologist dissecting him without his family's attention.
Fourteen years later, Joseph Weber, a pioneer in the detection of gravitational waves, announced that he had achieved what was generally considered impossible, that is, through experiments, the existence of gravitational waves had been successfully detected. But the results of his experiments... Can't repeat it.
That super experiment, which cannot be replicated, is based on Einstein's brilliant preface to the concept of space published in 1953. Among them, the relationship between gravitational waves and massive objects such as pulsars is pointed out.
Since then, Einstein has written about the concept of space-time, about the various ways of direct detection of gravitational waves... All gone!
Yes, two years of research papers were destroyed by himself. It was from 1953 that he became america's most unpopular figure and was labeled a subversive. Also a fallen man is his friend Robert Oppenheimer.
Oh, and Qian Xuesen. It was the year of Einstein's death that he waved his sleeve and returned to his homeland without taking away a cloud of America.
Einstein's last two years were extremely difficult. While battling aging and disease; finding a way to discover gravitational waves— which many historians believe he has found; and, of course, the most important thing is to resist the persecution of McCarthyism.
The day he suddenly suffered arterial bleeding was when he was drafting a televised speech against McCarthyism.
The obituary was issued, and the whole earth wailed. People often know how precious it was after they lost it.
In February 2016, LIGO, the laser interferometer gravitational wave observatory of the US empire, found a gravitational wave signal that was suspected to be directly detectable.
Humans have finally and truly found gravitational waves. But Einstein has been dead for half a century.
On June 11, 1955, France hosted the 23rd 24 Hours of Le Mans. 250,000 people watched the game live.
At that time, the Le Mans endurance race was boring. Most of the audience, in addition to looking at the beautiful women, stared at the racing cars that suddenly roared by, basically using the two-day race as a picnic to spend.
However, there is a strong sentence that the participating vehicles of that year are definitely worthy of the standard of "Huashan On the Sword". From the Ferrari 121LM to the Jaguar D-Type, the Maserati 300S and 200S to the Aston Martin DB3S, from the Porsche 550 Spyder to the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR... For true car fans, these divine cars only gathered together and displayed statically, which was enough for him to reminisce for three days and three nights, not to mention getting together and you rushing to fly all over the field.
At first, everything was normal, and everyone thought that the fare was too worth it! The pace of the race was very fast, the picnic had not even started, and the lap record had been broken N times. Everyone is also giggling, talking to each other, eating and eating, incomparably harmonious and lively.
At the tail end of lap 35, rider Mike Hawthorn, driving the No. 6 Jaguar D-Type, ran to the big straight near the front of the pit area and caught a glimpse of the staff signaling PIT STOP. To avoid running an extra lap before entering the PIT station, he sped past a much behind Austin-Healey 100S and took advantage of Jaguar's excellent new disc brakes to brake hard.
He was well, and everyone else suffered. The Austin-Healey 100S in order to avoid the D-Type, hurried to the middle track, the driver Lance Macklin originally thought he had escaped the disaster, who knows this turn, directly into the 20th car Mercedes Benz 300 SLR line.
Driving the 300 SLR was Pierre Levegh, a veteran Le Mans driver in his fifties. His 300 SLR slammed into the Austin-Healey 100S at a speed of 240 kilometers per hour, ran over the latter and then took off, flipping in the air, spilling countless large and small fragments, and then like a huge shell falling on the dirt slope on the side of the road, breaking into two pieces, and exploding in flames.
And with the sound of a loud explosion, half of the body was pushed out by the huge impact force, and it did not fly to the audience...
Pierre Levegh died on the spot, some said he was burned alive, others said he was cut in two very early. Eighty-three innocent spectators were killed and more than 120 others were seriously injured. Many people were talking and laughing, and suddenly they were cut into two pieces by the fragments of the burning tongue of fire, and the sense of déjà vu of "Death is Coming" was freed.
The game started only 2 and a half hours, and 84 people died... However, the Organizers of Le Mans did not terminate the event, but waited for the Mercedes to burn out, organized the relevant personnel to quickly transport the accident vehicles and casualties, and announced the continuation of the race.
At the request of Levegh teammate John Fitch, the Mercedes-Benz board of directors held an emergency meeting at midnight, where they decided to recall two other intact and high-performing 300 SLRs and announce their withdrawal from the race as a show of respect for those killed.
In the end, the unscathed Mike Hawthorn won the title of 23rd Le Mans Endurance Race.
Four years later, Mike Hawthorn, a retired formula 1 champion, was driving a Jaguar Mk 1 when he overtook a Mercedes-Benz 300SL on the Guildford Highway in the United Kingdom when the car suddenly lost control and plunged into a roadside tree.
He died of a serious head injury.
Today, vaccine regulation in the United States is arguably the most stringent in the world. Even down to the point where the vaccine is stored must be placed in large bottles of water so that when the refrigerator door is opened, the internal temperature can be maintained as it is.
It took more than 60 years to stitch up the trust of most of the masses.
"McCarthyism" and McCarthy himself who created it have been gradually forgotten. It seems that only when you talk about that particular period of time do you think of that terrible past.
Einstein's theory of the century, about the detection of gravitational waves, has been one wave after another for more than 50 years. For example, the Webb experiment in 1969, and the winners of the 2017 Bell Prize in Physics and the LIGO they conceived and designed.
In the 1955 Le Mans game, champion Mike Hawthorn was scolded by surviving driver Macklin and the French media, who were still standing on high and spraying champagne foam on the ground.
However, officials put the ultimate blame on the improper design of the track.
This led directly to Mercedes's withdrawal from the race for 30 years, before returning in the late 1980s. Many European countries, such as Spain and Switzerland, are very reluctant to see motorsport. The former was not lifted until 1991. The latter has so far kept any car race out of the country.