Yam is also known as potato. Potato yam belongs to the vine plant and is a dual-purpose plant. Due to its nutrient-rich tubers, it has gained popularity in recent years and has become a high-end tonic for people in the region to entertain friends, relatives and the elderly. In the past, people in our county sporadically planted in front of houses, in backyards, and in the corners of fields. In recent years, with the increase of market demand year by year, the price has become higher and higher, prompting the continuous expansion of the planting area in our county. In order to explore the high-yield and high-quality cultivation technology of yam, we conducted experiments and demonstrations in 2000-2003, and the products were sold to more than 20 large and medium-sized cities in China, and achieved considerable economic benefits.
The experiment was conducted in the farmland of Guanshuai and Xizhuang Village 2 hm2 in Yuli Town, Wulian County. Located in the northern mountains of Rizhao, the average annual temperature is 13.1 degrees, the average temperature in January is -2 degrees, the average temperature in July is 25 degrees, the average annual precipitation is 835 mm, the average annual sunshine hours are 2 538h, and the frost-free period is 198 d, which belongs to the warm temperate monsoon climate. The soil is brown loam. The soil layer thickness is 20-80 cm, the soil pH is 6.8-7.0, the average soil layer contains 0.79% of the organic matter, the fast-acting N 69.2 mg/kg, the quick-acting P 28.8 mg/kg, and the quick-acting K 89.6 mg/kg, and the drainage and irrigation conditions are good. The test varieties were coarse-haired yam and fine-haired yam with a row spacing of 60 cm x 25 cm.
Yam cultivation is based on sandy loam soils that are fertile and loose, with deep soil layers and easy irrigation. Before planting, turn 80 cm deep, apply 5 000 kg of high-quality circle fertilizer per 667 m2, 100 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, use "812" medicinal fertilizer powder 0.5 kg plus fine soil 5 kg per 667 square meters, mix well and sprinkle underground to control underground pests, and then level the ground to be planted.
There are three kinds of propagating materials of yam, yam bean and yam strip, preferably yam plant. However, yam planters have the phenomenon of "single generation transmission", each yam generally only has 1 underground tuber, and each tuber can only intercept 1 yam plant, which is insufficient for large-scale cultivation. Due to the small number of buds in the cutting section, the incision is not handled well and is perishable. Practice has shown that after 3 to 4 years of successive breeding using yam seeds, it is easy to produce serious degradation and must be renewed. In recent years, we have summed up the experience of local farmers and used yam beans to cultivate yam plants, which have been successfully tested for 3 years.
Strict selection and retention of seeds Yam beans are harvested 4 to 5 days before and after the autumn equinox, and then graded, and a single grain weighing more than 3g of yam beans is selected, and the varieties are separated and placed in the sand or cellar under the conditions of 5 to 77.
Deeply turned and prepared to fertilize the plantar yam nursery soil with fertile, loose, thick and flat soil layer, and easy irrigation of sandy loam soil. Experiments have shown that clay-bred seedling yam tubers have many roots, large root marks, easy forks, flat heads and other deformed tubers. The sandy land is thin and the seedlings are prone to premature aging and emaciation. After selecting the land, turn the ground 80 cm deep in late autumn and early winter, level the ground, and then dig a ditch with a width of 40 cm and a depth of 50 cm according to the distance of the 80 cm trench to weather and mature the soil. Before sowing, 5 000 kg of high-quality circle fertilizer, 100 kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and 100 kg of cottonseed cake were applied in a mixture of trenches, backfilled and then irrigated, and then leveled the ground for sowing.
The germination of soaked yam beans is slower, for which germination is required before sowing. Using the sape germination method, about 15 days before sowing, under the condition of 20 to 25 seven (shed, kang and greenhouse can be used), lay 3 cm thick wet sand on the ground (the water is loose in the hand of the sand), and then a layer of yam beans is a layer of sand, each layer of sand is 3 cm thick, the total thickness is 30 cm left and right, and the lamination germination is carried out. Seeds can be sown when the buds have grown to the size of the rapeseed. Pharmacy germination: Yam sprouts that have not sprouted through Sape or yam beans that have not passed through Sape due to time can be used for medicinal germination. The agent uses 1% sulfur B, 0.4% chloroethanol, soaks the seeds for 30-40 minutes, dries the water, and can be sown directly. Experiments have shown that germination and sowing can emerge 10-15 days earlier than those sown without germination, and the yield is also improved.
Sowing Seeds are suitable for sowing 2 rows on a ditch surface with a width of 40 cm, a row spacing of 20 cm, and a plant spacing of 10 cmo per 667 m? In this way, the yield is higher that year, and it is possible to cultivate small yam tubers that meet the specifications (weighing 110-150g). The following year, the whole tubers are planted. The budding yam was planted on March 10-15, and on the leveled ground, the trench depth was 15 cm at a row spacing of 60 cm, and the plant spacing was 25 cm, and 4 446 plants were planted every 667 m of soil after planting. After planting, water and spray herbicide, then cover the mulch film, and after the seedlings emerge, the film is broken and the seedlings are released. After irrigation and rain, it is necessary to cultivate the loose soil in time to keep the soil breathable. When the yam vine is 50 cm long, a 1.2 m high support should be set up in time to support it.
Fertilization: Yam first topdressing 25 kg of urea and 25 kg of potassium sulfate per 667 m2 at the flowering stage, 10 kg of urea per 667 m2 per 667 m2 before autumn, 30 kgo of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer can be sprayed on the foliar surface when 0.3% potassium dihydrogen dihydrogen phosphate, 0.3% urea and 0.3% double-action micro-fertilizer can be applied at the beginning of budding.
Watering: When all the seedlings are out, fill the seedlings with water, and then water every 10-15 days. After the heavy rains in the rainy season, it is necessary to drain the water in time, and after draining the water, the well water is used to waterlogg the garden, which is called "water exchange."
The main diseases of yam are brown spot disease and anthrax, and 68% rusty enemy wettable powder is sprayed at the beginning of the disease with 1 500 times liquid or 70% methyl tropine solution for prevention and control. The main insect pests are yam leaf bees and other leaf-eating pests, which can be effectively controlled by spraying 40% oxidized leguo 1 000 times liquid or octyl thiophos 1 500 times liquid when they occur.
After the frost has fallen, it can be harvested and graded according to the thickness and length of the tubers after harvesting. Storage can be used in sweet potato cellars or dug shallow cellars, and the temperature in the cellar is maintained at 5 to 77, which is suitable for sale after the year.
The experiments and demonstrations from 2000 to 2003 showed that the use of yam bean seedlings to cultivate robust yam plants, careful planting, scientific fertilization and irrigation, and pest removal can achieve high yields and high efficiency. The demonstration park achieved an average of 3 169.8 kg per 667 m2 production per 4 years, calculated according to the average market price of 5.20 yuan / kg in the past 4 years, and the annual output value of yam beans was as high as 16 483 yuan per 667 n?; the average output of yam beans was 1 285 kg per 667 n,, calculated at the market price of 2.20 yuan / kg, and the output value was 2 827 yuan. At present, the county has demonstrated and promoted 100m2, and the products have been sold to more than 20 large and medium-sized cities in China, with an annual total output value of more than 24.7 million yuan, with significant economic and social benefits.