Wen Tiejun | Investigation and research is a lifelong thing 1, the first investigation and research experience 2, the second investigation and research experience

Wen Tiejun: Investigation and research is a lifelong thing [Cloud Lecture Sharing]

On the evening of October 5th, Teacher Wen Tiejun was invited to give an online lecture entitled "Investigation and Research is a Lifelong Thing" to the Social Practice Research Training Camp of Anxi Tea College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, constantly refining his years of research experience and sharing his thoughts: What is the significance of investigation and research? How to understand the problem of three rural areas through field research? This article is based on the video subtitles of Guoren Xiangjian B Station, and has not been approved by the speakers.

Research is a lifelong affair

Thank you Dean Dai for arranging such an opportunity to give a report to the young students of Anxi Tea College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University on my "scientific research process based on investigation and research".

You may see friends in the media on the Internet saying that I am "learning with my feet". Of course, if I want to say that I have no brains and use my feet to do research, of course, I use my feet to think; then on a positive note, the research base I have formed mainly relies on traveling all over the world, carrying out investigations and studies everywhere, obtaining data through investigations, and then comparing and analyzing different survey data. After such a step, many views that are more acceptable in society can be formed.

For some time, especially since the outbreak of the epidemic in January 2020, I have not left Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University and am still lecturing at school. Some students and young people said that the epidemic broke out and could not be taught on the spot, so I was allowed to give a lecture online. So I started organizing online classes, and the first online class seemed to be more than 500,000 listeners. These should also be more interesting phenomena, that is to say, if we really start from reality, obtain information through investigations, and organize and analyze the data of these surveys to form views, then we may not be so crowded, nor will we be so ideological, so that we may form a more objective impression among students, teachers, and even people from all walks of life.

Since we started online lectures at the beginning of last year, by the end of last year, young people also gave me a number, saying that by the end of last year, my entire network traffic, I don't understand the concept, it has been as high as 190 million. I guess it's the total number of clicks on my videos, audios, or articles on various websites, which is probably such a high number of clicks! I don't understand it very well, because these concepts on the Internet, you let me learn, I can't keep up. What does this mean? It shows that I still hope that young people will still be able to pay attention to the method, that is, when you start to enter the university, when you start to understand various disciplines and form a variety of knowledge, you still have to pay attention to the method, that is, to pay attention to the investigation, and to form your research point of view through the investigation.

I have two students at Anxi Tea Academy, and I keep beating them up. They may be busy and heavy now, but I think their foundation is not solid. If you just look at the textbook, it is not called knowledge, if you just look at the knowledge formed by the textbook, it is actually just likely to be ignorance. Because what is in the textbook is likely to be the thinking of others from other time and space conditions, and then organize it into a kind of logic, and then turn it into a textbook. If there is a big difference between the space-time conditions in which you are and your own, the knowledge of those textbooks is likely to be untargeted, so although it is a kind of knowledge, if you take this knowledge everywhere and use it, it may be precisely this misuse caused by your own ignorance.

An explanation for you is why I deliberately want to talk about research and research, and think that it is a lifelong thing, I am afraid that it is related to the process of forming knowledge.

One

My two large-scale research experiences

I've had two times in my life, and I think it's a survey research experience worth introducing to you, and both times should be considered relatively large.

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The first time was in 1985, and many of the young people here had not yet been born. In that year, China proposed to call parts of the coastal areas to develop first as cities open to the outside world, and then use coastal development to drive the development of the inland, which is called "gradient development", that is, to first develop the coastal areas and then drive the central region, and finally to drive the west, and put forward such a theory called gradient development. I think that as a person with common knowledge of Chinese geography, you should know the distribution of the three steps, which is an objective geographical phenomenon in China, because China has 9.6 million square kilometers, resulting in very large differences in geography, climate, resources and environment, so it seems reasonable to rely only on the development of the coastal side to drive the development of the interior, but in fact, I am afraid that it is far from China's national conditions, so there is some discussion at that stage.

At that time, the state held a western conference in Lanzhou, that is, to adopt the gradient development theory as the guiding ideology of the national development strategy, at this time, I think China should at least be a π strategy, rather than a coastal side strategy. "π" means that you turn the Yellow River of the Yangtze River into a symbol connected to a coastal edge and becomes a π, pi 3.141592, using this symbol to represent that China should be at least three sides, not one edge. In fact, this meant that China should achieve comprehensive regional development, not just individual regions, which was a policy opinion at that time.

In order to make my policy opinions have a basis, when I was 34 years old, I organized a trip to the Yellow River myself, at that time, I wanted to make some movements, to make all sectors of society pay attention to Chinese mainland especially the western region, it should be a region with very rich resources and great potential for development, so I organized a Yellow River Wanli Trip at that time. The way was from the Ministry of Ordnance Industry at that time ( to start talking ) , when there was also the Ministry of Ordnance Industry , which was not a ministry now, and there were many industrial ministries and commissions at that time. I talked to the Ministry of Arms Industry, they were changing production at that time, because at that time many of our military enterprises no longer engaged in third-line construction, but switched to civilian products, there was a number of military factories to produce motorcycles with Japanese technology, I talked with these military enterprises, asked them to sponsor a batch of motorcycles, and then I pulled a little sponsorship to manage the consumption along the way, that is, refueling, staying in shops, eating, and so on, these living expenses, I organized a group of reporters, we did a survey of the Yellow River from the source of the Yellow River to the mouth of the Yellow River.

Because I was a journalist, I also set up a news unit amateur at that time, and carried out this investigation along the Yellow River in the name of this news unit. We have been on this trip for 4 months, and you may have heard that one of the dreams that Chairman Mao did not realize in his life was that he wanted to ride a horse along the Yellow River. When the whole country was liberated, he was still asking whether he could realize this dream, and at that time all the comrades of the Politburo of the Central Committee opposed it, saying that your body is not yours, you shoulder the responsibility of the whole country and even the world, you cannot realize your dream, because no one can bear the responsibility when something goes wrong, so he will not let him go, and he will take the dream of this life into a regret.

In fact, when I was very young, I was about a teenager, 17 years old in Shanxi, at that time in the Luliang Mountains, not too far from the Yellow River, a few classmates have also planned, is it possible for us to realize Chairman Mao's wishes, we can unite a few young people to carry backpacks along the Yellow River, of course, these are not realized in the end.

In 1985, I finally had the opportunity to organize an expedition along the Yellow River, which was the first time I experienced what is called the great rivers and mountains of the great motherland.

When I was in a wild wilderness on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, running seventy or eighty kilometers without anyone.

In the middle of this wilderness, the Yellow River Hukou Waterfall had not yet repaired the railing like now, when I could drive the motorcycle all the way to the edge of the waterfall, and the mud and fog would cover people with a shell except for the eyes that could blink a little brightly, and the whole body was full of mud. In the midst of nature's magic, man is like a speck of dust. "Dust in the wind" This feeling, man is nothing but a speck of dust in the face of great nature, it is a very profound feeling.

Since then, I feel that I have run for 4 months and more than 20,000 miles, which is of great help to people to truly form a so-called world view. Only when you are in the big world of nature can you have your so-called world view, otherwise how can you talk about the so-called world view. I have experienced such a few months of natural experience, of course, but also to catch up with various situations such as storms, all kinds of road breaks, mud, in short, a lot of difficulties, even deep in the desert, I will not elaborate here. I just want to say that after such a profound experience, people will have the feeling of letting go of their egos and really have the kind of meditation that they have become Buddhas on the ground, that is, they no longer think of themselves as a person who seems to be very important. Of course, after that, I came back from the Yellow River and stopped arguing whether it should be a side or a π development policy, and you would feel that it was unnecessary.

So I said I wanted to report back to my younger friends, and I said that research is a lifelong thing. This is not long after I started working, I graduated from college in my 30s, unlike you who went to school early, I went to college at the age of 28, and it was not too long after I graduated from college that I had such an opportunity to change my worldview in nature, and such a research experience was crucial to me. Of course, such an experience does not mean that anyone can imitate, this is unlikely, but in short, to give up that kind of a little arrogant, that kind of thing to feel as if you have wisdom, there is such a condition as interjection, is to take your own opinion very seriously, this arrogant mentality I think there will be no more. Of course, it doesn't mean that people can't stick to ideas, and it doesn't mean that people can compromise casually, but when I say that a change in the worldview is actually a big part to tell people that you are nothing.

So until now, although it seems that I have some social influence, I have always been able to boast, and if anyone says a good word or two about me, I don't know how to answer. I've been like this until now, and when people say how awesome I am, my first reaction is how old am I? It's not like someone else's praise feels like you're really something. I really feel very embarrassed, because my foundation is very shallow and my knowledge is insufficient. People say "learn, then know the deficiencies", I say "go, then know the deficiencies". You go so many places that you realize that your knowledge is very limited. So there is a saying on the Internet that what man has found so far in the field of natural science can only explain less than 4% of the natural world. I agree with this statement, of course, because my knowledge is limited. I agree with this statement because I don't think that when people take the knowledge now written into the textbooks to explain the world, they think that you have what knowledge you have, what truth you have, which is probably not self-sufficient, so I hope that I will understand this statement from a positive perspective. I first criticized myself, rather than coming up and asking others to do this and that, I just want to say that I did this, as to whether my approach is meaningful and worth learning from young people, I don't say good about this, but you are willing to learn from it after listening to it, this is the first thing I want to tell you about my experience in investigation and research.

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The second thing is probably more interesting, you all know the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe in 1989, even if you were not born in that era, you should know that the biggest world color revolution in 1989 was the great changes in Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. This great change was very impressive at the time, and it was difficult to explain by any theory that could be taken at that time, and it greatly exceeded the experience of my generation. So how do you get to know this, I think most people form their judgment material from documents, from newspapers, or from other second-hand sources, but is that okay? Obviously not.

At that time, my own Rural Policy Research Office of the CPC Central Committee was also abolished during this period, and I had been working in the Rural Policy Research Office of the CPC Central Committee for 5 years, and the specific unit I worked in at this stage was the policy loan responsible for the World Bank's support for China's rural reform in the 1980s. This policy loan is to support China's promotion of property rights reform called privatization, the reform of the way of transactions is called free market, and then further should be promoted is social and political liberalization and finally integration into globalization. That is to say, in the 1980s, the main things that were more innovative were privatization, marketization, liberalization and globalization. I did this work, and I was doing technical work at that time, and because I was sent out to the United States by the government to learn this method, and after learning the method, I was sent to the World Bank headquarters to follow the work, and then I came back to China, when I joined a working group of the Chinese government, and I was responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of the World Bank loan project in China, called the "Monitoring and evaluation project" in English. So I am actually in the World Bank's project to assist China' loans, whether the orientation of this project can promote the institutional transformation required by the West in rural China, and shift to privatization, marketization, liberalization, and globalization to use Western technical means to monitor and evaluate.

That is to say, at this time, my investigation and research, from the mid-1980s I just said, riding a motorcycle all the way down to western China, descending from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the edge of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and then entering the Loess Plateau, and then from the Loess Plateau through the Jinshan Grand Canyon all the way down to the Eastern Great Plain, such a process is completely local investigation and research. Later, in the late 1980s, I had already started to do foreign affairs and began to contact a lot of Western things, of course, this opened up a lot of knowledge.

Of course, using Western methods to do Western model investigation and research in China, we are also considered to be an early group of scholars, and compared with the so-called quantitative analysis that many scholars in colleges and universities now use Western research methods to do so-called quantitative analysis, I think it has probably been several generations apart. Therefore, at that time, it should be said that according to the Western model, in china's promotion of institutional change, I was also an early staff member. So on the one hand, there was such a great change as the disintegration of the socialist camp in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries, and all the explanations for the great changes were basically from the West and were second-hand; on the other hand, I myself personally participated in the institutional changes of the Western model in China, and such a very complex surrounding environment made me think a lot, and these thoughts were not enough to support me to do any analysis, to form any judgment. Of course, I think most young people today will no longer have the confusion we had in the past, because this stage is already in the past, but you can at least see how the things formed in the stage we have passed are analyzed. So what to do? I thought I was going to have to find an opportunity to do some research in the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. So in this case, I have such an opportunity, and there are many other important situations ahead, but I will not elaborate on them because of the limited time today.

Because I was in the 1980s when I went to the United States to study, I participated in a large-scale cross-strait and three-place comparative study in China funded by the National Science Foundation, which required a rigorous sample survey, which is what we call quantitative analysis today. Nowadays, a considerable number of our quantitative analysis is unscientific, and we used a model with an accuracy rate of more than 95% to design a model with an accuracy of more than 95% in the way of the urban and rural sub-regions of the whole country, and then used the data obtained from the sampling survey to analyze to support the so-called scientific conclusions. The preliminary survey I did was called pretest, and after I did the preliminary survey, I was the actual operator of the survey, I was carry out the survey, so I had to do data analysis, so I went abroad according to this work procedure, and the most important school in the United States to do quantitative surveys at that time was the University of Michigan of Michigan in the United States, and I worked in his computer room for three months.

Of course, the purpose of my going out is not only to go to the United States to finish this work, but also to go to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. I will save as much as possible the living expenses such as these accommodation expenses, food, etc., and when I have saved a few thousand yuan in the bank, I can prove that I have the ability to pay for travel expenses and travel expenses, so that I can apply for a tourist visa. I flew from the United States over the Atlantic ocean into Western Europe, and then Bought an Europass from Western Europe, that is, a European train pass, and then I went all the way from Western Europe to Eastern Europe, and that trip took 40 days to visit 7 Soviet and Eastern European countries, generally speaking, it is difficult for us to get first-hand information. We generally look at the Western media based on their values to form their reports or according to the documents formed by various officials to judge what really happened in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

After this field visit, I have raised this understanding to a higher level and it has become a condition that can be observed closely, and can be deeply investigated to form materials and then make judgments. So why I say that investigation and research is a lifelong thing, because when you encounter such a big problem and are puzzled, when we rely only on our limited knowledge and all the theories we have learned in the past, when we can't explain the major events, then we have to do some field research, so I used one of my projects in the 80s to go abroad. After going abroad, I first finished my work and saved my living expenses before going to the Soviet Union.

You know that Americans are more expensive on Fridays and Saturdays, because they have to go out for a picnic and play on the weekend, so the food is more expensive, but on Monday, the price drops dramatically. This is because it's time to start work on Mondays, and there's not much to hang out anymore, so the consumption is low, so I tend to go to the supermarket on Mondays to buy the cheapest chicken thighs, cabbage, and carrots. I don't like these three ingredients until now because I was injured at that time. During that time I bought the cheapest food as much as possible and lived in the cheapest place to save money, and then you had to go to school, you had to go to class to work, so what? I took a Coke can and poured it with cold water, it looked like I was drinking Coke, but I drank cold water, and I tried to save every penny as much as possible, and then go to find the cheapest ticket.

I said I went from Chinese mainland to the United States, then from the United States to Europe, from Western Europe to Eastern Europe and finally flew back from Russia to China to turn around, I only spent less than $2,000, I was looking for the cheapest ticket, and then bought an Europass that can be passed in Europe, that is, you can take the train for 7 days in 15 days and it is first class, of course, I sleep on the train at night, so I can save the money for the hotel. And the biggest advantage of the train station is that it is all in the city center, and the traffic will be more convenient after you come here, because it is in the city center, so I just spent less than $2,000 in the most economical way, in fact, I can say that I bragged that I went around the earth.

I think the most important thing is to go to the Soviet Union and Eastern European countries to do an immersive investigation, my first impression is actually very intuitive, I came to Eastern European countries from Italy. When I was going to Yugoslavia from Italy to buy tickets, an Italian who sold tickets told me in poor English that you might not be able to go, and I asked why I couldn't go, and he said a long time and I didn't understand why I couldn't go, but he still sold me a ticket to Belgrade. After I got on the train, I fell asleep on the car, because I was very tired during the day, so I slept very deeply, until I heard the car stop, I saw that it was Zagreb and then I heard the conductor shout that all the occupants were getting off the train, saying that the car was not leaving. I said I was far away from Belgrand, I had just arrived in Croatia, and then I asked why we got out of the car, and there was an old man next to me who said why? Don't you know about the war? I said I don't know, he said the shells blew up the railroad, just blew up yesterday, you can only get here, you have nowhere else to go. Doesn't that mean I'm going to get halfway up the road? And I said so what do I do? Because only my Chinese was left in the car, and the other Chinese ran away in a fight, so I was the only one who was stupid and still in the car. Then he asked me what I was doing, I said where I was, where I was, and then he said you go with me, he said that our hotel is not expensive, 10 dollars can let you stay in the international hotel, and he took me to the international hotel. Finally, for half a day, the international hotel is two prices for internal and external guests, foreign guests you get 100 US dollars, domestic guests only 10 US dollars, that is, domestic people are cheap. He turned out to be a little embarrassed, and then he said that I told you that you can live for $10, and now you have to spend $100, and I'm a little sorry for you, but I can't bring you back to my house tonight, I'll go to my family first, if I can bring you back to my house tomorrow. So he went back to his wife for instructions, and after getting the approval, he took me to their house the next day. So all of a sudden I moved into the home of an Eastern European man, a university professor and an intellectual, and his wife was a chemical engineer, and the family conditions were good. So I moved into his study, and he took me to see a lot of places and find a lot of people, and I suddenly entered a completely local discourse environment.

Things like this happened a lot of times on this trip, for example, when I went to Yugoslavia and saw a war everywhere, in fact, Croatia was also like this, because they were fighting each other, so the station was covered with seals, sandbags everywhere, and then all the soldiers with guns, and when you got to Yugoslavia, it was the same situation, because the two sides were fighting, I planned to live in the homes of ordinary people. So I first went to a café to buy a cup of coffee, and then I said to the crowd in those cafes, who of you can speak English, and when I saw someone with you, I said, let's talk, chat and talk about whether your family has land? I want to go to your house and get a reply that I can go to their house with my luggage.

The local people are very good, the first thing to make clear is that the quality of the people in Eastern Europe is very high, and the people are also very good, very kind, very kind, very generous, they really should not encounter any misfortune. I still deeply miss these kind and simple people, they should not die, they should not encounter any trouble, this kind of misfortune is not what they should have. Coming out of them you will find a lot of things, and the things that today's so-called mainstream media, the mainstream politicians talk about, are very low-level in front of them, at least not so humane, not so.... Anyway, I won't say it, probably that's what it means.

In fact, I have lived in the cheapest way all the way, and the people are very kind along the way. One of the things that touched me the most was that when I arrived in the Czech Republic, I read an advertisement on the station that said you can live in an apartment for $10. Then I went, and after I went, I spent $10 to register an apartment, and then the staff gave me a piece of paper that said which building and which district and which apartment, and then gave me a key, you can live there, and when you leave, put the key on the table and you lock the door and go, you pay the money for a few days, you live for a few days. As a result, I lost the paper after I got on the tram. I went to tell the driver that I had lost the note, and the driver couldn't understand what I was saying, so I shouted a local word to the passenger behind me, and I couldn't understand what he was saying, and then a woman stood up and said to me, and then I couldn't understand what she said, but I understood what she meant to let me go with her, so I followed her out of the car, because she couldn't speak clearly, she didn't have the ability to speak English, so she took me to their house. Then when she got to their house, she called, then she let me listen to the phone, and finally for half a day she had a friend who could speak English, so she explained what happened to me on her friend's phone, and then she and her friend called again to find the station, and the station staff told me which apartment I was registering, and she took me to the apartment, during which she said a word to me, but not in English, and finally I probably understood that she meant to let me not rush the next morning, she would call her friend to come. As a result, the next morning her friend, who spoke English, turned out to be a tour guide for half a day, and she took me there for free to visit a lot of all kinds of points I wanted to see, the people I wanted to meet.

Speaking of these experiences, I feel that the goodness of people in this world is something you should always remember. They don't deserve to be sinned, because they are all people who are too kind. I've been like this all the way, I've met a lot of good people, and they've helped me a lot.

Of course, later I also encountered some other situations, such as I once went to Germany, I forgot which hotel I should go to for a meeting. Because there was a person who contacted me to go to a meeting, he said very clearly that he would pick me up at the station when the time came, so I was completely relieved, I thought that since someone picked me up, why do I remember so much? So I didn't bring anything, I just brought a notebook, only what I was supposed to talk about, and then I didn't know it at all. As a result, when I got off the train, I found that the station was transparent, and I didn't know where he was picking me up, so I didn't look for him, and I didn't know where to go. Encounters like this abroad actually feel weird, but I end up meeting good people and they take me all the way. It's all a very good experience, so I say that people are really good, and you see that people's kindness is everywhere.

Teacher Wen Tiejun's footprints have spread all over the world. The picture shows Teacher Wen taking a ride by local residents during his overseas inspection.

Two

The seven countries of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe survey harvested

I then put down these experiences of mine and said that after I went to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, my biggest gain was a different interpretation from the mainstream, that is, through such a survey, and the analysis and comparison of these 7 countries, what is the most important thing I got?

First, it is not what people call the problem of whether the planned economy is not working or the rigid system, the inefficiency of state-owned enterprises, and so on. I'll start with the situation of my investigation, I'm in East Germany, and of course I went to the administration of the 18 eastern states of East Germany. They were an institution formed by the West German government to deal with the huge Industrial Assets of East Germany, including plants, equipment, workers, technology, products, and all these things. In fact, it is really a cutting leek, what a really good thing - ginseng is sold at a radish price, sold so cheaply because they accepted the guiding ideology given by the West, which is why after I came back later, why I began to have obvious doubts about the privatization, marketization, liberalization, and globalization of the World Bank that I implemented, and gradually began to be a little inconsistent with the mainstream of domestic policy, they also have a lot of criticism, but I still think we should explain as much as possible, do more communication. Because after all, I am an individual opinion that is too different from the mainstream, this is because in this survey research, I think I have a lot of intuitive investigation research material.

I went to their officer, who was very rude and said that we had nothing to introduce you to, and then I was kicked out. After I came out and thought about it, I said I couldn't just go away so gray and slippery, I went again, wasn't I still in the Rural Policy Research Office of the CPC Central Committee at that time, although at that time it was just assigned to the Ministry of Agriculture, and then I said that we have more than 20 million small and medium-sized enterprises in the countryside in China, and your East German industry is the most advanced equipment and the most advanced technology in the socialist countries, and the market where you want to dispose of assets is China, if you want, I am willing to introduce to the Chinese market these equipment that you Germany wants to dispose of. Your technology and your technical specifications, all of you I would like to introduce. They immediately changed their attitude, immediately turned on the computer, said you pick, you want to see what business, we will inform them, how we will do. Objectively speaking, because we are doing rural policies in China, so we know that we have more than 20 million township enterprises with low equipment, technology and other aspects of ability, how can we have any international competitiveness at that time? They have such advanced equipment, so good engineers, so good technical materials, but how did they disintegrate? What exactly is the problem? Of course you have to know this to know why, right? So they let me go. Of course, he also informed them, so as soon as I went to the factory director, the chief engineer, and the general manager, all these CFOs and CEOs in the factory, and then I began to talk to them. But they are very vigilant, saying that we can let you see, we can talk to you, but we are not going to sell enterprises, we are not going to sell equipment, we are not going to lay off our employees, we just hope that there are raw materials that can allow us to resume production, there can be sales so that we can sell our products, we are a very good quality enterprise.

I talked to them, and the person who accompanied me was also an East German official, and he also spoke English as a soldier, so he had a common language with me, because I had also been a soldier, and everyone was an officer, and then they all encountered various problems in the reform, so they became friends as soon as they talked, and then he took me back to their house and introduced all kinds of people to communicate with me. After half a day of trouble, I realized that it was actually the so-called 500-day privatization plan promoted by the Americans in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, that is, it was released in one step. In the past, enterprises were under the exchange trade system of the whole economic exchange. Everyone knows that in the traditional Marxist theory, there is a very sharp criticism of the parasitism of finance capital, so the entire Soviet and Eastern Economy does not enter the monetary economy and does not enter monetization, so the Monetization monetization we generally talk about does not exist in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe system. So there is a very interesting phenomenon, their raw materials and products are completely allocated, without the use of currency exchange, for example, we go to East Germany, the machine tools it produces are world-class, everyone needs to be right, so he can transfer the machine tool to Poland or Romania or Ukraine, from Ukraine to wheat, from Romania to vegetables, from Poland to meat or ship, these things are done by way of allocation. You can exchange as much wheat or as much meat as you want as you want, and it will calculate a transfer price based on its production consumption and labor wages and other costs plus a multi-level wholesale. The transfer price is just a unit of measurement, it does not require you to contribute, because everyone is exchanging the actual goods, the actual products. Then in this system, because he did not use money, when the West changed from the real economy to the full monetization of the financial economy, its calculation method was changed to the calculation of GDP.

GDP refers to the added value of the transaction, and the transaction is of course traded in currency, so the more you trade, the higher its added value. For example, from raw materials to the smelter you trade once; the crude steel produced by the smelter is traded to the heavy machine factory, and then traded again; the parts produced from the heavy machine factory are handed over to the assembly plant and traded again; the assembly plant produces the working mother machine, and then the work mother machine is transferred to a downstream factory. In this way, after countless transactions, the added value of the transaction is constantly rising, and if it is a transfer, it is directly transferred to you what you need, and there are not so many transactions in the middle, so its value according to GDP is very low. Therefore, the intellectuals on both sides said that you see our peaceful competition, you see my economic growth is not as good as you, in fact, it is similar to the current Chinese have to say that their GDP is second, how not as good as the United States, in fact, you have long been the world's largest economic power in terms of physical production, the US GDP is high because it is the financial economy, of course, its virtual growth is far higher than your physical growth, so it is the so-called world GDP of the first country, The lesson of su dong tells you never to go in its direction. And if you just look at the textbooks, you will feel that it is the first and how many years will it take us to catch up with it. What are you chasing after it for? Aren't you asking for help!

Of course, you can't say that about people, it seems like the big names can't hang on their faces. It is only by relying on this set of textbooks that everyone can follow to study and take the exam, and you will regard this set of textbooks as priceless, and then you will continue to say those words according to this set of textbooks after you have completed your studies. The system of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe is the western discourse system, and without any preparation, suddenly say you go to the market. Where do the raw materials come from? Its production can not be maintained, of course, the industry is stopped, this stop economy is not shock, and then it calls such shock therapy, that means that a stick knocks you out, and then says that this is treating you.

The person who proposed the privatization plan was Jeffrey Sachs, who helped Soviet And Eastern European countries design so-called market-oriented privatization reforms in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Then in 2008, when the Wall Street financial tsunami broke out, the United Nations held a general assembly, the United Nations Development Programme invited me, and I sat next to me at a seminar like China Events, and then I listened to his speech completely differently than it was then, completely different from 20 years ago. I said Professor Jeffrey Sachs, You are totally different, and you're completely different now, your statements. Why has so much changed? He said I'm a scholar and I want to respect the facts. When he said China, he never heard any more of the same thing he said about soviet and Eastern Europe, not at all, completely different. I asked him and he said I wanted to respect the facts because I was a scholar. But the trouble now is not with him, the trouble is that we still have a lot of so-called "intellectuals" today who are still following the old Jeffrey Sachs along his old things, and still using his set of textbooks to continue to teach and educate "people".

So I said that in the course of a survey like this, I have been in these 40 days, taking advantage of all kinds of opportunities to go deep into the people, because I don't have any official status, I am not a journalist, I was a visiting scholar in the United States at that time, and then I asked my tutor in the United States to write a private letter, introducing that this is an official policy scholar in China, and he went to you to hope that you would cooperate, and when I said this to the German Privatization Ministry, I was not bragging at all. Because I'm really doing this in China, I'm really able to introduce them to China. But if they have blinded all the companies at once, no chairman or general manager or CFO knows where they are going to go to the market. Isn't it true that all their fat leeks have been cut?

So later I explained to you in many articles and books how this happened, and I said why the West was able to get rich in the 90s? It is because they have cut a wave of Sudong leeks, not only to harvest the assets of others, but also to sell such good equipment companies as waste. This is the same as after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the five Central Asian countries formed the industry in the Soviet Union that year because there was no market and no raw materials, it allocated this system is gone, suddenly let him go to the market himself, where to find ah! So they were all sold. So why did we suddenly ease up from the 90s, in fact, we received a large number, and in the 90s it was not only the Soviet Union, because the Soviet Union collapsed and the most important strong enemy facing the Us military in the United States collapsed, and the large industrial enterprises that the United States used to support the military industry, such as steel and heavy machinery, were also yellow. So you look at this stage of the 90s to 2010 almost a decade or so while cutting leeks on the one hand is the United States and Europe, they used their hard currency to monetize the real assets of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, so the wealth of the West suddenly increased. Because in the past, the currency they issued in large quantities was already virtualized, and suddenly there was such a large amount of physical wealth, of course, its currency was hard again, it had collapsed softly, it was hard again, and it became wealth when it was hard. So in the process, the United States set up a NAFTA framework, that is, the North American Free Trade Area; the European Community entered the European Union and became the largest economy in Europe, able to collect the physical assets of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, forming the sudden rise of the European economy and issuing the euro on this basis. How did the Western world include the short-lived wealth of the 21st century without a fight into their treasure trove of wealth, a lesson or an experience for us? This is worth pondering.

After doing this research, I came up with a major judgment that was different from the mainstream. This is the case for half a day, because they are stuck in such a system of allocating goods, suddenly turning to GDP to the market, accepting what americans call shock therapy, and suddenly entering a state of being completely cut leeks, which is really a catastrophe of the century. And our domestic scholars are happy about this, because I live directly with these ordinary people, I think he shouldn't be, it's not their fault, it's their leaders who make this kind of low-level mistake, and then they suffer so much.

Especially in Russia, when the Soviet Union had disintegrated, and the family of the common man I lived in, her husband was an old soldier who had died, leaving orphans and widows, and at that time she could only take these military medals left by her husband to the street to sell, but she could not sell them. Why? Because only Chinese are willing to buy, but Chinese buy and can't bring it out, because when you cross the customs, those Russian police know that Chinese easy to get this, even if you take a stone, he will turn you over the boxes and cabinets to turn your things out and then fine you money, so that Chinese each other warn everyone not to buy, who buys customs will specifically stare at you, when crossing the customs is particularly slow because a lot of Chinese are turned over, so it makes the Soviets feel a little sense of dignity as a country. That dignity as a citizen is thrown away. Even whatever you were in the past, you are now hungry, in a situation where you have nothing to do.

Let's look again, because it used to be a barter trade, it didn't use currency, so in the past its currency was very valuable, but when I went to the Soviet Union, as soon as I arrived at the Moscow railway station, a large number of people immediately surrounded me, and I saw that I was from the United States because I wore a pair of Nike shoes, which was very bad, so the local pick-up person immediately said that you go back and quickly change the Nike shoes, saying that now people want to cut off your feet because this is American goods, a look at you is from the United States, you are bringing dollars, So there will be a bunch of people going crazy up and grabbing your dollars. It turned out that one ruble could be exchanged for 2.8 dollars, and by the time I went, it was already one dollar for several thousand rubles. Why? In fact, it is because when the national government disintegrated, I did not bring much cash at that time, I mainly brought a dollar check called American Express, to any Soviet and Eastern European country you exchange the check, you can exchange a dozen thick stacks of this currency behind a large string of zeros, I don't know how to use it. Our country was not monetized at that time, I made a long-distance call in Beijing very cheap, you take a subway for a few cents, eat a meal of noodles is about eight cents, we were still in the era of gross tickets, so I didn't know how to use a string of zero tickets behind the big ticket.

Why is this happening? I was puzzled at the time, and I said how the currencies of these countries collapsed. After half a day of trouble, I finally did a little investigation to find out. What is Currency? Money is a paper credit formed by the empowerment of national political sovereignty to the credit system. This is a little more wordy, in fact, the ticket is nothing, it is a piece of paper, if there is no national political power, this ticket is waste paper. Because aren't all these countries political reforms a priority? The state disintegrated first. When state power disintegrates, paper money loses power with the regime, and paper money is worthless. Therefore, the strength of the national political power determines the strength of the paper credit, and the value of your currency depends on whether the national political power is strong or weak.

The second immediate feeling is that once politics disintegrates, money collapses synchronously. That is an important lesson for those countries. It was meant to push the business into the market, but suddenly your currency has failed, your money is not worth the money, and only the Western currency of the dollar, the mark, the franc, the lira, the krone, and so on is worth the money. You don't have one, so what do you offer? Of course, you have to sell your resources cheaply, so although these countries have done privatization, their oil, gas, coal mines and various non-ferrous metals are very valuable because of their own national currency, for example, their privatization plan to each employee of the state-owned enterprise to issue fifty thousand yuan of stock, originally you fifty thousand yuan you want to follow the exchange rate of 1:2.8, how much are you? It's almost a hundred thousand dollars, and your stock of hundreds of thousands of dollars is of course worth a million yuan. Suddenly its currency itself plummeted, a dollar was exchanged for a few thousand rubles, you had a fifty thousand dollars of stock in your hand, how much are you worth? It's about a dozen dollars, so you're not worth it. As a result, foreign investors or those domestic compradors take these away from the common people, and these resources and net assets become those of these multinational corporations, into these comprador capitals. So overnight, the property of the people who were originally owned by the whole people became the property of the comprador clique, so why do you say that under these circumstances, the people later supported Putin so much? Of course, later the West did some very good soft power, which led to a decline in Putin's approval rating. But Putin has just begun to take power, and when he recovered his assets on a large scale, he used a lot of means to take advantage of the opportunity to make money, especially people in China, who should be imprisoned, and should be dealt with. Putin has nationalized at least 70% of the strategic resources such as oil and natural gas, so that he can provide welfare to the people when he has money again, and then he begins to harden again. This process is a process of ups and downs.

Because the second story is so big, I've been talking about it for too long, so I've got to hurry up and get the story over. Investigating and studying this matter is very, very important, you are facing these major events, if you really want to be a person who thinks of me and therefore I am, and a person who stands on his own two legs in this world is a person, then what is the body on it? Our ancient characters have heads, and the current simplified words are gone, so everyone only has two legs left to walk, and it is difficult to say that they can really think independently. I think you guys are now in college, what are you going to do? It is nothing more than to become a person, to become a person with the ability to think independently. This is not a basis for thinking that can be formed simply by relying on textbooks. Of course, textbooks are important, and you can't read textbooks, but you can't just read textbooks to form your knowledge. This is why I have been criticizing these two students in the Tea Academy, I said that they do not investigate enough, even if you can play some model, then you are still in a state of ignorance, and you are teachers, you are going to teach students, what do you rely on? Of course, because they are my students, so I dare to say them, and if they are replaced by other people's students, I dare not even dare to say them, because I do not want to offend people, because this is a common phenomenon. I once said that when I was in school, I said, "Recently, I have realized that the books of the ancients are useless." Later, when I went abroad more, most of the good Western schools I have been to, I began to say another sentence : "Recently, I have felt that foreigners have written books and written books that are useless." It's not a big deal, not to mention those who have won a little foreigner's claim, and what award is even less interesting.

At present, when we are facing this complex world, this little knowledge ability that we have, and this knowledge ability formed in textbooks, is basically not very useful. Of course, I am afraid that I can't use it much for all kinds of problems in China, so I say that the world is so wonderful, its various changes have many solutions, and what kind of solution you use depends on how much investigation you have done, how much material you have formed to investigate, and you can say what is going on. So you may also see a lot of people on the Internet talking about the changes in Afghanistan, I think there is something, just stand up and say not too many small videos, in fact, I said a paragraph was cut into a few sections. My central idea is to tell you not to talk too easily about whether China should intervene in Afghanistan, it is not the kind of country you imagine, and its national complexity is not the nation you imagine. I said the reason I didn't want to say more was that I didn't go to research, my knowledge was limited. I just want to remind you not to put the beak easily, the placed beak, the beak of the bird's beak, this is a very real problem. So I said that when I encountered important problems in my own life, I believed in going out on my feet and doing research.

Three

From "Three Systems in One World" to "One World, One System"

This part, I think I should tell everyone to say, just now when we dai dean introduced what position I have served, and then said what articles I have published, how many awards I have won, these are actually if I should get it is also a matter of course, I think I spent a huge price to do a lot of work that others did not do, so I think all that I got later should be considered a natural success. I did not simply restrain myself according to the requirements of the so-called norms, I am a person who insists on such a self-requirement of continuous innovation, so when I say that when I am old, I want to tell everyone that everything else is not important, what you have experienced is important. I've done my best to experience a lot of major issues when they happen, like when China wants to speed up the market entry negotiations, we all know that there's a thing called the WTO, right? World Trade Organizatio (WTO), this is accompanied by the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world from the past called one world two systems, then the United States and the West call themselves the free market system, call the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe as the planned economic system, these two systems do not have much exchange with each other, so it is two economic systems. So although the world is one world, it is two systems. Of course, it is the mainstream saying that from the perspective of Chinese, we should be one world and three systems. Because Chairman Mao, Premier Zhou, and other big countries in developing countries, such as Egypt, India, Indonesia, and so on, have jointly proposed non-aligned countries and non-aligned movements, saying that we do not want to be included in your two systems, we do not want to include you in the United States and the West, and we do not want to include the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Because China broke up with the Soviet Union as early as 1960, China and other developing countries became the Third World.

In fact, we should have been "three systems in one world", but because we have all taken the West as the leader and believed that what the West said was correct, we followed "two systems in one world". When the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe disintegrated, it became "one world and one system". Then we all joined the Free Market system of the West dominated by the United States. China also actively joined the free market system in the 1990s, and the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) formed after World War II was changed to the WTO (World Trade Organization). The main inclusion of the WTO is the free trade of agriculture and financial liberalization, which are crucial. These two crucial areas were originally included in the Uruguay Round negotiations at a time when a large number of developing countries formed a Third World movement led by China, that is to say, most developing countries did not agree with agricultural and financial liberalization, mainly because these two areas were strategic areas involving the sovereign security of national territories, so they were included separately in the Uruguay Round in the 1980s and did not join this system of trade liberalization. However, the United States and the West forcibly incorporated these two long-standing areas of negotiation into the WTO at one time through the disintegration of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and the so-called "one world and one system", which became the liberalization of agriculture and finance.

In 1986, China qualified for full participation in the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations. (Image from the Internet)

Because we are giving a lecture to Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, I will take the recent incident to make an explanation, and I hope that everyone will pay attention to the importance of investigation and research for many new major issues facing us today, which is also of great deconstruction significance. For example, today, everyone sees inflation happening all over the world, the United States is also inflation, Europe is also inflation, China is also inflation, of which food prices in the United States, Europe have risen significantly, and in China there has been a period of time also rising. The first thing people think of is to find the reason for production, the reason for production to find out again, then to find the reason for the circulation link, and then to see what the cause is. For example, insufficient production should be strengthened, and various departments should pay close attention to input, ask the government for money to increase fertilizer and agricultural machinery, and so on; carry out large-scale operations, pay close attention to collecting the land, and then we should plant on a large scale, which is the requirement of the production department. Is the circulation department the result of insufficient inventory, or is it caused by what? Or which transport logistics has a problem, basically like this.

Four

Why is there no inflation in the United States issuing a large number of additional currencies

If you look at what I just said about "one world and one system" after the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, especially the general context of agriculture and finance in the WTO, you will find the problem. The law of evolution of this world that has been stirred up for half a day is actually not the so-called problem of production, supply and marketing that we talk about in our textbooks, but what is it? It is the leading countries of the West, especially the United States, when it has transferred a large number of manufacturing industries overseas, its economy mainly relies on the status of the US dollar as the world's settlement currency and reserve currency to maintain the control of the globalization of financial capital. So what does the United States rely on to sustain its development? Of course, by issuing more money, a large amount of dollar liquidity is injected into the world, which is actually creating inflation. We also know that a large-scale increase in currency issuance already means that the basic conditions for inflation are in place, and as long as the market price also changes, then inflation actually occurs. Anyone who looks a little at economics textbooks knows that the United States itself has been pursuing quantitative easing since the outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008, that is, on the one hand, a large number of additional currency issues, on the other hand, a large increase in US government debt, that is, an increase in government bonds. In the Obama era, the U.S. government suffered a financial crisis, and the government debt was still several trillion us dollars, and now it has become close to 30 trillion US dollars, which has doubled several times! The U.S. government relies on these additional debts to pay military expenses, welfare benefits, maintain administrative expenditures, and fund NGOs around the world to carry out color revolutions in various countries, so that you can contribute your property so that its currency can drive straight into your country to plunder and cut leeks.

The other is to inject a large amount of additional currency into the world's main basic raw materials and basic food markets, such as grain, cotton, and soybeans, and to the bulk energy markets of ore, oil, and natural gas. Therefore, the increase in the issuance of the US dollar is on the one hand to buy US Treasury bonds, so that the US government can have enough money to form hegemony in the world; on the other hand, it will inject large-scale increases in currency into the commodity market, especially energy and minerals and grain attacks. The more money comes in, the more prices will rise, which is a simple truth. So the reason why inflation is widespread in the world today is nothing more than the cost of inflation that the United States passes on to those countries that import a lot of food, energy, and raw materials.

The fact that financial monopoly capital "bought" real assets at very low prices in the South did not promote growth, but intensified plunder. (Image from the Internet)

Once, a few months ago, I also saw many Western scholars say that "the United States will not have inflation if it issues more currency, this is a miracle of economics" and so on, etc. These arguments are actually a bit dizzy, and the reason why inflation does not occur in the United States is nothing more than a process of transferring outwards first and finally passing on backwards. This is the process of integrating agricultural and financial liberalization into the World Trade Organization as a freely tradeable area, and the result is the process that it inevitably takes place.

So I said do a survey, you look at what's actually happening, and you can figure it out. For example, in the 2008 Wall Street financial tsunami, the Obama administration used quantitative easing to pour $4 trillion into the world, and more than 60% of its additional currency flowed to the energy raw materials and food markets.

At this time, we did a lot of research in the world, such as when the Square Revolution broke out in Egypt and overthrew the Mubarak government, and everyone said that this was caused by the long-term military dictatorship of the Egyptian Mubarak government, and then I went to Egypt to do a series of investigations. After the investigation, I found that it was half a day because Egypt, despite its fertile land in the Nile Valley, had the worst thing about the country was that it produced high-quality long-staple cotton, and at the same time it was a country whose agricultural sector was completely open to the outside world, and its agricultural resources had long been occupied by multinational companies. Just like we now have a large number of people who advocate the opening up of agriculture to the outside world, allowing foreign investment to come in, but please note that Egypt's agriculture has long been open to the outside world, and agriculture has long been controlled by foreign investment. As soon as foreign capital controlled agriculture, it abandoned Egypt's grain, which was related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and instead let them produce long-staple cotton. Egyptian cotton is the best in the world because it is located in the desert with abundant light and irrigated by the water of the Nile, so its agriculture has become a state dominated by highly commercialized long-staple cotton production. It was originally self-sufficient in food, but now more than 50 per cent of its food is imported.

The Obama administration in the United States has implemented quantitative easing on a large scale to raise the price of wheat. You all know that the Arab world eats bread and bread, right? Their staple food is wheat flour, and their wheat depends on imports, so their dependence on food imports is as high as more than 50%. At this time, the price of wheat has doubled, and their dependence on imports is as high as 50%, which means that their domestic food prices have to double with the sharp increase in the price of imports. Notice at this time that a large number of slum populations have no food, no food, and cannot afford to eat. In this case, you give two buns and I can go out on the street, so you can see the reports, right? The color revolution in Tahrir Square, you come to this square for a day, I will send you a few pieces of bread to go home and raise your wife and children, and the color revolution will happen.

There are many more situations like this, but you can actually look at it, which has created a color revolution belt called North Africa. It takes these countries in North Africa, these countries that have undergone color revolutions, Tunisia, Egypt, etc., and if you look at them one by one, you will find that almost all these countries are caused by making trouble for half a day. Domestic agriculture is controlled by transnational corporations, which produce only those agricultural products that transnational corporations require to be marketed on the international market, thus causing domestic agriculture to disregard its own food. For example, when the Wall Street financial tsunami in 2008 caused a huge blow to U.S. finance capital, and the Obama administration had to save finance, to save its own financial capital, it had to pay them. As soon as these financial capital multinational companies get the money, they rush into these large international futures markets, and they are not engaged in any real economy at all. The final price they inflicted was borne by countries that had to rely on importing food to maintain their basic livelihoods, and then riots occurred within their own countries. Are you saying that the people of these countries deserve these sins?

Problems like this then evolve into religious extremism, because the poor are really poor and can't really explain these phenomena, and only religion can tell you that this is because the devil is wrapped up in chaos, and at this stage there are all kinds of world chaos.

So just now when I told you about the second period of investigation and research experience, I figured out how the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe disintegrated, and what it really was. This is not the mainstream media, especially those controlled by the West or controlled by Western capital, or many mainstream officials who are linked inside and outside, not the set of things they say.

Isn't what happens next related to the series of changes in the world order that have been derived after the dissolution, and are they not closely related? At this time, through investigation and research, you will find that you can solve the complex phenomena of the world into categories, you can find their correlations between different categories, and then you can find the main correlation reasons in various correlations. When you distill these main related causes, you find that your mind becomes clear, and you have that sudden sense of enlightenment. Isn't that a good way to do it all?

Young friends, think about how cool you should be to do this. Otherwise, even if your family has a lot of treasures, it is just an elm head, do you really have a meaningful life in this life? Of course, I will offend many people when I say this, it is inappropriate, but if these words are spoken, I will not be able to get them back, and I cannot criticize people's elm heads. But in short, I want to say that practice produces true knowledge, and investigation and research should be our life's work, which is very important. Especially remind young people, only playing with books and that little thing can of course also allow you to develop, and then mix a title and the like, but on paper to finally feel shallow, you still have to go deep into reality. From this point of view, I think that today I will introduce you to a few key events, and it is a good idea to give you the true knowledge that we should form. Of course, you may not all agree with this, and I only want to tell you a little bit of goodness as an old comrade to form something after some investigation and research.

Five

Talk about quantitative research

Finally, I have to say something about quantitative research. I took a Certificate, a certificate, in the United States in the 80s. That's where I was doing quantitative research in the U.S., the University of Michigan, the ISR Institute for Social Investigation, where I studied and got a certificate. What is the name of this certificate? It's called certificate of survey research. It means that your research must be to be done, it is a quantitative study. What are we learning mainly? Mainly study design, that is, research design. Its study design was designed using a mainly random sample survey, which is a random sampling survey system. With this system it will say that as long as your sampling is reasonable, you can form no less than 95% of the ability to infer the overall on the basis of strict survey data, these are more terminological words, I will not explain more. I just want to tell you that I was the first in the domestic research community to accept the Western quantitative analysis method for domestic research, and most of the domestic scholars who want to do such research, the biggest constraint is that there is no money, that is, you do not have much money to do this so-called sampling survey that you want to do, which is a very expensive work. I started doing this not with domestic money, but with World Bank money and the National Science Foundation, so that money was at least enough. (Editor's note: In 1987, the World Bank and the Chinese government reached an agreement to provide China with a total of $300 million in institutional transition loans, of which $100 million (about 370 million yuan at the time) was used for rural reform pilot zone projects. The project includes more than 30 pilot areas across the country, covering more than 100 counties and more than 80 million people. Mr. Wen was responsible for the monitoring and evaluation of the project at that time. ）

So I said that if we were to talk about quantitative research, I learned it from Americans, and I did it with American money. Therefore, I am afraid that the conditions for starting to start are a little better than those of these people in our country who read foreigners' books, listen to foreigners' words, and be good students of foreigners, plus I said that you will encounter a lot of trouble in actual operation. I've been a technical operator of the World Bank's working group from the chinese central government from the beginning, so I have almost no obstacles in my operation, which means that I've been doing this since the 80s.

If we quantify analysis and quantitative research purely from the perspective of research methods, many scholars today should put aside the people who did this work in the 80s, and there are almost one or two generations. Of course, later I served as a judge for many sessions in the National Self-Science Fund and the National Social Science Fund, and I also suggested that these foundations of the state establish databases, and submit each of the technical reports and their original data that claim to be quantitative surveys to the database of the National Foundation, and then we establish a logical software analysis system, make a check of the research reports and technical reports proposed by each person, and check the logical relationship of their data. Of course, this thing did not pass, because no one has done such a thing. Once you do it, you will find that a large number of so-called quantitative research and quantitative analysis of these research results are not valid and cannot stand. Because they neither provide technical reports, they don't actually have the capacity to support these quantitative studies of their results. So as a passer-by, I said I did it in the '80s.

My first kind exhortation to those who still insist on doing these things is that I am afraid that if we really measure it according to the technical standards of this kind of research, we have a lot of studies like this that cannot be passed, so if you really want to be a scholar, if you really want to do serious research, or combine as many different investigation methods as possible, don't just promote one method. So I emphasize to those who are now more extreme that you can't pass such a person without quantitative analysis, I said that as an old comrade, as a person who has been in this field for many years, I said that your things may not stand up to scrutiny, don't "do what you don't want, don't do to others", don't have to go to how to say that is inappropriate, this is not appropriate, especially for the returnees who have returned from colleges and universities over the years, it is not necessarily this method that is worthy of being called science.

A little further afield, in fact, the old predecessor who did sample survey analysis is called Leslie Kish in the United States. When I went to study, he was Founder of the institute, the founder, and I had many exchanges with him. He told me that his method actually originated from World War II. Because many of the troops mobilized by the United States in World War II were of different nationalities, different religions, different social groups, and different class components, when everyone on the front line charged together, the social structure of the army was very complicated, the so-called willingness to war, the ability to participate in the war, the actions of participating in the organization in the war, and so on were different in all aspects. So there was the old Kish and his older generation during World War II, when he was very young and was transferred to the quantitative study of the so-called structural analysis within the army.

And this set of before I went to the United States, I was originally in the research office of the General Political Department, this set of practices I also did, in fact, it is largely caused by the needs of the country, not what we imagine is how to develop according to the disciplinary norms of a certain discipline. At least in the United States, I've heard the older generation of seniors who have been working in this field for many years say that they are speaking from this perspective. So I feel that as a person who has inherited the past, at least how many times I have dealt with the older generation, I myself have started to do this work in this field. I have been doing technical analysis for 11 years, and I have enough experience, and of course I have a certain qualification to have some dialogue with these friends who insist on so-called quantitative research today.

Of course, I have not arched these fires in the past, and I have not participated in these discussions. The main reason is that none of the materials I see now provide technical reports, so I say what do you mean by what you say this is a quantitative study? It doesn't hold without you providing a technical report. And all of our past research had to submit technical reports, right? And if I commissioned you to do it, and you take the money from the state then you have to submit your database. All of this stuff is not done, technically non-standard, how can you say that this is a qualified quantitative study? Therefore, when it comes to what exactly supports the recognition of this so-called set of so-called research by our so-called disciplined universities today, I still have a lot of questions.

But of course, when I was the dean of Renmin University myself, I basically turned a blind eye. Because everyone is like this, if I am too serious, I am afraid that I will be criticized by many people in my peers, and if I can't get a little narrow-minded person to give me a little trip, so that we can't pass this, isn't it troublesome? So in the end it's hello I'm good to everyone, and the past is over. So when I want to talk to you about research today, I say it's a lifetime. At my current age, it is rare for people to live for seventy years. When I was an old man, I could say a little bit about experience and give you a little reminder. Of course, I only hope that you will continue to meditate on the practice of true knowledge in your hearts, and do not, because the so-called research environment that we are now disciplined does not respect the real investigation and research results, and often makes the current so-called disciplined and standardized academic research more and more vulgar, making it almost impossible for us to get close to the changes in the big era in which we are in.

So I see today to use this time to share with you a little bit. I've gone too far as I've said this, so I'll stop and say more. If I have offended anyone, if I have offended anyone, please criticize you a lot, even more. I think for most people I am harmless, nothing more than hoping that young people can take our lessons learned, if they are interested in doing research, they can walk a little steadier and do a little more solidly. That's it for that, thank you!

Q&A session

Question 1:

Hello Teacher Wen, I am a college student. I have come into contact with many students from rural areas, and I usually have more communication, forming a little experience at the rural grassroots level. I would like to raise a question about the countryside: you said that rural revitalization is the future direction of China, but according to my observation, the entire countryside and the children of peasant families have been trapped by the whole system, trapped in a situation of no choice. Even if rural revitalization can direct excess capital to governance, how to ensure that those who already have vested interests will not use their advantages to block the upward path of these rural people? How to ensure that rural revitalization is really revitalized by rural areas and farmers?

Professor Wen Tiejun:

That's a good question. But I don't think you might go online much to see my explanations about rural revitalization. I have said before that the decay of our present countryside is man-made by certain policies. Young people in the countryside are in deep trouble, also because our past policies were pro-capital oriented. Almost all local governments are saying that investors are local masters, no one will say that migrant workers are local masters, no one says that farmers are local masters, and no one says that rural youth are the most promising and dynamic group in the local area, so I say that the decline of the countryside today is caused by some previous policies. In today's rural revitalization, under the condition that the rural areas have actually decayed, can the young people who are trapped purely on the peasants and the countryside be revitalized? Of course not! What to do?

Now I have two ways to think, one is to promote the integration of urban and rural areas as much as possible. If you are still in the village or your family is still in the village, you should learn from the experience of Zhejiang. Zhejiang people say that they have no place in the mountains of western Zhejiang, and that people in Zhejiang have to go to Jiangxi to find a place, because the countryside in the mountains of western Zhejiang is filled with Shanghainese. A large number of Shanghainese have taken advantage of the strategy of urban-rural integration to run to the countryside in the mountainous areas of western Zhejiang, where they have made a lot of social investment and formed unique innovations for many Shanghai talents. They have combined with the peasants and the countryside to form a new driving force for rural revitalization. That's why I said to learn from Zhejiang people! If you go to Yucun in Anji County, Zhejiang Province, where the two mountains are proposed, you will see a lot of people in the city doing construction there. Therefore, as long as we regard the integration of urban and rural areas as the guiding ideology of a new stage, we can attract more urban people to go to the countryside to unite with farmers and promote the new entrepreneurship of urban-rural integration. Mass entrepreneurship and innovation do not refer to these 386199 troops who are still in the countryside, or to the rural youth who are trapped by various debts and traps, but rely on the efforts of the whole society. That's the first point.

Second, it is more important to be good at discovering the development conditions of spatial ecological resources in rural areas. You are counting on the original agriculture to be on that land, which has little future. We are afraid that we should rely more on how to find the development value of landscapes, fields, lakes, grass and sand as a whole as an ecological space.

If you are to make some moves in these two aspects, I estimate that your problem will at least have a clearer and better prospect. I would still recommend that you search the Internet for more of these discussions, not only mine, but also many people who have some suggestions in this regard. We also have a lot of practice, you can search the website of Guoren Township Construction, there are a large number of young people in the countryside to carry out a variety of practical activities, you can take a look, you can also communicate with them to promote your own local development. Well, thanks for your question.

Question 2:

Now the state has certain restrictions on the real estate industry, and limits the house price by restricting the purchase. But I have found that in practice, there are still many ways to circumvent the restrictions and not really implement these policies. My question is: what kind of way should we break the current situation of developers using small property rights to make money and all kinds of crazy real estate development in order to make money, so that they can turn to the development of the real economy?

I have been talking for half a day, and whenever we encounter more complex problems, we must step forward to carry out investigation and research. You just said, under the condition that the government controls housing prices, small property rights are used everywhere to make profits, how do we adjust it so that these funds turn to the real economy instead of continuing in real estate? This is first and foremost a very realistic situation, and I think you'd better do your research. Because I asked me, I didn't do any research on this matter, so it's hard for me to answer you now. Today's lesson is mainly about research, but I suggest that you go back to the essence of today's lesson and review it again, and then see how much you can rely on your own research to answer the questions you ask. good no good? Thank you for your question!

Question Three:

Hello, I am a college graduate who runs a farm with an agricultural predecessor somewhere in the South. Years ago, a hurricane destroyed all the facilities on the farm. Normally, the state has a post-disaster subsidy, but in fact, we farm operators do not receive this subsidy, but by the owners of the land. How should we rural entrepreneurs deal with such problems?

Because you are renting someone's land to operate in a certain place, when you encounter a disaster, the subsidy will not reach your hands, and the village will give those subsidies to the original landlord, that is, the person who rents the land to you, right? This condition is common! Because all those who enter the agricultural lease operation, their subsidies are not received. In either case, the policy subsidies are obtained by those contractors who occupy the land use rights, and the same is true of other subsidies.

Questioner:

Will this improve in the future?

This situation definitely needs to be improved! In the future, it is impossible for others to rent land to you, for example, if you have been rented for 20 years, people have already gone to the city to engage in other businesses, and the government's preferential policies are still only given to those farmers who originally had the right to use, while those of you who enter agriculture and engage in actual operations cannot get any benefits. Reform will certainly be carried out, and it will not be like this for a long time. It's just that this is the case at the moment, but sooner or later it will still be adjusted.

Question 4:

Hello Teacher Wen! I would like to ask if you have any research that you want to do but have not done yet? I want to go and do it in your direction.

It's the kind of research I want to do that you want to do, such as the research direction that I haven't completed yet, do you want to do it?

yes.

One of my most difficult plans to accomplish is to do a comparative study of developing countries, especially large developing countries with a population of more than 100 million. Recently, our team published a book called "Globalization and National Competition", which is about the results of our first survey. With the support of the United Nations Development Programme, we conducted a 4+3 country comparison study of seven countries, of which 4 countries were fixed research subjects, including China, India, South Africa and Brazil, the four major developing countries, and then the other 3 countries were flexible for each period. In the first phase, we selected three countries– Venezuela, Turkey and Indonesia – so that we formed a 4+3 research framework. We finished the first phase, so we should do the second phase further. We have neither money nor a local team.

2001 Rural Survey, Kerala, India. The third left in the back row, the second from the left in the front row, and the fourth from the left are Wen Tiejun, Liu Jianzhi and Xue Cui, authors of "Globalization and National Competition".

Seminar on "The Costs and Crisis Transfers of Globalization", 2011. The third and fifth from the right are Wen Tiejun and Huang Yushu, authors of "Globalization and National Competition".

Professor Wen Tiejun led the research team for 10 years. In December 2020, the book "Globalization and National Competition: A Comparative Study of the Emerging Seven Countries" was officially published.

In this second phase of the survey, we assume that 4 countries do not move, and then three large developing countries are included in the research we want to do, then the amount of research will be very large, and the difficulty of the work will be very high. So I say that I may be a little overwhelmed in the near future, and if I go back 20 years, I will certainly continue to do this work, because it is an innovation in the discourse system of the so-called human development experience in the historical period of capitalism. In this regard, we Chinese have not yet formed a voice in the competition of international discourse, and we are basically covered by the dimensionality reduction of Western discourse in the competition of discourse. Therefore, the responsibility of my generation has not been fulfilled, that is, we have not formed an effective induction of the Chinese experience, and then the discourse power constructed by this induction can have a place in the international discourse competition. It takes a lot of effort on our part. An ambitious Chinese must not be a follower, if we will only follow others as followers, and never kneel there and can't get up, then what is the point of us being human? I started doing comparative research in developing countries after I was 50 years old, and I only completed one phase, which was done with the help of many people. I haven't finished the second issue yet, and I might have to sigh when I think about it... I'm afraid I won't be able to complete this study, so I think it's of course best for some people to do it, but I guess it's hard to have this condition in the current situation. Well, I'm done answering, thanks for the question.

Question Five:

Hello Teacher Wen, I don't have a special question for you, but I have one thing to tell you. At the beginning of last year, you mentioned the question of ending the pandemic in Murano. I actually had doubts in my heart at that time, and when there was a problem in Shijiazhuang later, when some villages in Shijiazhuang also broke out of the epidemic, I had doubts in my heart. Then I went to Yunnan this summer with this question, walked to more than 70 villages in total, and the prefecture-level town government of each village I visited, found the same as what you said. Because their local ecological environment in Yunnan is particularly good, as long as the ecological environment is still maintained in the village, the epidemic is coming, it is like you said, let a few young people at the intersection, and then what should the people in the remaining villages do, everyone buys masks, a village has passed 4 months, only 50 masks have been used, and the 50 masks are still only provided to the few people who guard the village entrance. When you talk about the issue of investigation and research today, I have expressed my admiration for you after walking through the field, that is, the field trip has verified your theory.

Thank you for the narrative, with such a condition that can be verified, thank you.

Question 6:

Hello Teacher Wen, I would like to ask you that your country attaches great importance to the construction of ecological civilization, just now you also talked about the case experience of Anji, Zhejiang, in fact, it is a big direction to do a combination of ecological civilization and rural revitalization. I would like to ask you, in the context of rural revitalization to achieve the value realization of ecological products, is there any general practice that can be implemented in this way?

Thanks for the question, but you mentioned a big problem. I can't answer in a short time how to make a universal and all-usable experience template in the form of realizing the value of ecological products. So I suggest you still search online, we have a lot of practical experience in this field, and there is quite a lot of discussion. If I want to talk about it, I'm afraid I have to talk about it for at least an hour or two, and today I just run out of time, so you or someone with you have the same problem to search the Internet, you have good Internet access, okay? Thank you for your question.

Question Seven:

Hello Teacher Wen, I would like to ask you a question of exploration in the discipline, we are all people who have studied textbooks, I think textbooks are definitely meaningful on the one hand, but it may be for the exploration of today's social practice, there is some obsolescence, how should we solve this obsolescence?

I am not opposing textbooks to research, I am just saying that you cannot completely analyze and deal with the practical problems you face according to the logic given in the textbooks. When we face complex problems, the more we need to form a basic empirical induction through investigation and research, and then combine the knowledge of the textbook you have learned to do some explanatory analysis, which should be a normal method. So of course, textbooks also have their substance, but when writing this textbook, the problems faced by teachers and the problems you face when you read textbooks now will be very different, especially when we summarize the theoretical logic of different time and space conditions, such as those experiences that have practical significance in the West, and finally become the textbooks of the East, the difference will probably be relatively large. So the textbook is not not to read, to read its basic knowledge, it as a structure you also have to grasp. But when you are faced with being in a complex world, you have to solve this complex problem, I am afraid that you have to sort out the problem through investigation and research. So I suggest you come down and review what I'm talking about today so as not to misunderstand. Thank you for your question.

(Text: Zhang Jinsheng, Sun Liyan, Chang Yuanhang; Editor: Li Cuihuan)