Sasha today in its history.
Author: Sasha
This article is Sasha's original and will not be reprinted by any media
June 3, 979: In May of the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Taizong of Song, Emperor Liu Jiyuan of the Northern Han Dynasty surrendered to the Song Dynasty.
The fall of the Northern Han Dynasty marked the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and China was once again unified.
Sa Fat is often in the group, and is asked by the group friends about the history of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms to vomit.
Today, I will write a journal to help you sort out the history of the five generations and ten countries.
Strictly speaking, the duration of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms is not very long, only 70 years before and after.
After a long period of great unification of the Sui and Tang dynasties, Chinese was no longer accustomed to a situation of long-term division. Culturally, commercially, and psychologically, the people want China to be reunified, reduce war, prosper the economy, and resist foreign races.
The root cause of the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was mainly the division of the feudal towns at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
The main problem of the Tang Dynasty was the emergence of thrifty envoys who held military power and local administrative power!
These emissaries were the Tu Emperors, who had their own territory and army, and simply ignored the orders of the Tang Emperor.
By the time the Tang Dynasty fell, the emperor's orders could no longer leave the capital.
And many of the monarchs of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were the emissaries of the late Tang Dynasty.
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms are relatively easy to understand, and are the regimes that divided North China, in chronological order: Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou.
The beginning of the Five Dynasties originated from the division of the three major feudal towns of Liang (Zhu Wen), Jin (Li Keyong) and Qi (Li Maozhen) at the end of the Tang Dynasty.
Rear beam
The first was that Zhu Wen usurped The Tang Dynasty to establish Hou Liang and became the most powerful warlord divided force in the north.
Zhu Wen was originally a fierce general of the peasant army Huang Chao, known for his bravery and good fighting, and his troops were very effective.
Seeing that the Yellow Nest trend had gone, Zhu Wen broke away from the group and took a bite back, thus becoming a warlord. In the following years, Zhu Wen went around to defend his interests to the greatest extent, and finally killed the Tang Emperor and established himself as king and dominated the north.
Zhu Wen was the one who destroyed the Tang Dynasty.
In his later years, Zhu Wen's ability began to decline, and he was defeated by another powerful enemy in the north, Li Cunxun of later Tang.
As for the son of his old rival, Li Cunxun, Zhu Wen was afraid and envious, and often said: Li Keyong's son Li Cunxun is the dragon and phoenix among people, and my son is a pig and a dog compared to him.
Knowing that his sons were not Rivals of Li Cunxun, Zhu Wen began to consider supporting his adopted son Zhu Youwen to come to power, causing dissatisfaction among his own sons.
At the same time, Zhu Wen was absurd in his later years, and even disregarded human morality and openly insulted several daughters-in-law, which caused public indignation among his sons.
In the end, Zhu Wen was killed by zhu Youjue, the son of the green hat, and usurped the throne.
The Zhu family was very cruel, and several princes soon killed each other, and civil unrest broke out in Houliang.
Li Cunxun took the opportunity to attack continuously, and finally destroyed Hou Liang.
After Tang
Here I would like to briefly introduce the ethnic group of Li Cunxun.
Zhu Wen was an Anhui-born Han Chinese, while Li Cunxun was a Shatuo native.
Shatuo was a tribal confederation of the Western Turks, whose members were of mixed ethnicity, not a single ethnic group.
In the Tang Dynasty, the Shatuo people were hunted down and killed by the powerful Tubo, and 30,000 people fled into the territory of the Tang Dynasty and were sheltered and resettled.
The Tang Dynasty believed that the Shatuo people were brave and brave, and organized them into shatuo armies to use against the enemies of the empire.
By the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Shatuo people had formed a strong military group.
In the battle to eliminate the Yellow Nest, the Shatuo military group played a very important role.
However, after the Shatuo people entered the Tang Dynasty, they quickly became Sinicized.
Li Keyong and Li Cunxun's mothers are both Han Chinese. From the appearance point of view, the descendants of the Li family are no different from the Han people.
In terms of customs, the Shatuo people also quickly abandoned the nomadic custom of "noble and strong, unworthy and weak, fathers marrying mothers and brothers marrying sisters-in-law", and instead regarded themselves as Han nobles and observed etiquette.
After the end of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, there was no trace of the Shatuo people, and they were completely dissolved by the Han people.
Later Tang Guoli was still relatively strong, and destroyed Former Shu in one fell swoop, and its territory was very large.
If Li Cunxun, who is extremely talented, continues to exert himself to govern with great efforts, he is likely to directly unify the whole country.
Unfortunately, after the elimination of Later Liang and Former Shu, Li Cunxun believed that the strong enemy had been eliminated, and he dominated the north alone, and he could enjoy himself for a few years with peace of mind, and began to be absurd.
Li Cunxun has a perverted interest in acting, to the point of sleeping and forgetting to eat.
Unfortunately, there was no online live broadcast at that time, otherwise Li Cunxun would have become a super Internet celebrity long ago.
Li Cunxun began to fool around with the drama day and night, and even appointed the drama as a high-ranking official, arrogant and lascivious, and abandoned the government.
What's even more frightening is that Li Cunxun also has a garbage wife, Empress Liu!
Empress Liu was another form of perverted paranoia, which was quite compatible with Li Cunxun.
Empress Liu was a terrible money-hungry ghost, to the point of inconceivability. She amassed wealth at all costs, used government means to forcibly monopolize a large number of daily necessities, and sold them at high prices, making the people miserable. Empress Liu even sold her official positions at a real price, and generals such as Yuan Xiangxian, Wen Tao, and Zhang Quanyi were reused by paying for officials.
Empress Liu was greedy for money, or she could only get in and out.
Due to the erosion of the government, in 926, when Li Cunxun died, there was a large-scale famine in the Later Tang Dynasty. At this time, the national treasury of Luoyang was depleted and unable to provide disaster relief.
Empress Liu, on the other hand, had a large amount of wealth in her private pockets, but she sat idly by and watched the natural disasters run rampant and remained indifferent.
Later, even the forbidden army defending Li Cunxun and Empress Liu could not get military food and military salaries, and the family members could only dig up wild vegetables to fill their hunger, freezing to death and starving to death.
The soldiers themselves could not live, and even sold their wives and children.
In this case, hundreds of officials pleaded with Empress Liu to take out the money and wealth from her private treasury to help the disaster, but the latter categorically refused.
It is said that Empress Liu said coldly: What their starvation has to do with me is predestined.
When the officers and men heard this, they were furious and began to mutiny everywhere.
At this point, the prime minister came to plead with Empress Liu to come up with money, otherwise the country would perish.
And Empress Liu actually used vixen means to throw the 3 young princes in front of the prime minister, saying: "I have no money, you will sell them for money!" “
The prime minister was dumbfounded, and left in a hurry.
At this point, the local army and the forbidden army began a full-scale rebellion, and Li Cunxun could not control the overall situation, and was eventually shot by the rebels with random arrows.
Sadly, after Li Cunxun was killed, no one collected his body. All the dramatists he once loved fled, leaving only a loyal actor who covered the corpse with wooden instruments and set them on fire.
Poor, Li Cunxun hero's life, after the age of 40, he was confused and gave up his life in vain.
That Empress Liu was also absolutely outstanding. Her husband, Li Cunxun, did not die for a while after being hit by an arrow, and fell outside the palace. Wanting to drink water because of excessive blood loss, Li Cunxun called out Empress Liu's name. Empress Liu only asked the eunuch to come and take a look, but she did not come at all.
In fact, Empress Liu had long been unclean with her uncle Li Cunwo, the King of Shen, and had long hoped that her husband would die soon. After Li Cunxun's death, Empress Liu did not collect the corpse, and with her own private money, she eloped with Li Cunwo to Taiyuan.
Just when the two were committing adultery and were not happy, the soldiers guarding them coveted Empress Liu's large wealth and suddenly rebelled.
The soldiers looted their belongings and killed Li Cunwo on the spot.
Empress Liu, who had lost both money and wealth, fled to Taiyuan in a miserable state and was killed by Emperor Mingzong of Later Tang, Li Siyuan.
It is really "the organ is too clever to calculate, but it has mistaken Qingqing's life", and then the popular point is two words "deserved"!
Later Jin
After Emperor Mingzong of Tang succeeded to the throne, he did not learn the lessons of Li Cunxun and supported two generals, his adopted son Li Congke as the envoy of Fengxiang Jiedushi, and his son-in-law Shi Jingyao (who was also a Shatuo) as the emissary of Hedong Jiedushi, both of whom had heavy troops.
Li Congke quickly usurped the throne, and then tried to send troops to eliminate the powerful Shi Jingyao.
Seeing that the situation was critical, Shi Jingyao colluded with the powerful Khitans in the north to cede Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures and proclaimed himself Emperor Er.
As a result, Shi Jingyao's troops cooperated with 50,000 Khitan cavalry, and Later Tang was of course unable to deal with it.
In the final stage, Li Congke still had a backbone, took his mother, wife and children, and set a fire to set himself on fire and died.
It should be noted that legend has it that Li Congke brought the heirloom jade seal handed down from the Qin Dynasty and set himself on fire together.
As a result, the jade seal that served as a symbol of orthodox imperial power for 1,000 years was lost.
Li Congke's Later Tang was wiped out, and Shi Jingyao established the Later Jin.
After the establishment of the Later Jin Dynasty, the Shi family finally understood the principle of drinking and quenching thirst.
Because of the control of the Liao state of Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, the Later Jin Dynasty was threatened by the Khitan army at any time, but in fact, it was precarious and cocooned itself.
After Shi Jingyao's death, his successor, Jin, became emperor and could not bear to be a vassal state of uncivilized barbarians and began to oppose the Liao state.
The Liao state sent a large army to attack, but the Later Jin was defeated and eventually perished. After the Jin Empire was destroyed, even the pet concubines Zhao, Nie and even the minor daughters were snatched away as wives and concubines by the Khitan magnates.
The pit that Shi Jingyao dug for the heir is also considered to be ancient and modern.
Hou Han
Although the Khitans defeated the Later Jin Dynasty, they were unable to effectively control the Central Plains.
They were a barbaric nation, fighting grass valleys everywhere in the Central Plains (robbing property), raping and burning, and plundering good people as slaves, which caused strong resistance from the Han people and rose up one after another.
Seeing that they could not rule the Han Chinese, and could not stand the hot climate in the south, the Khitans gradually retreated to the north after plundering.
Taking advantage of the fact that the Central Plains were a power vacuum, Liu Zhiyuan of the Hedong Army established the Later Han Dynasty, set the capital kaifeng, and successively recovered the Central Plains.
Liu Zhiyuan was born in the grassroots and became a door-to-door son-in-law because of his family's poverty. After not being able to stand the idleness of his father-in-law and mother-in-law, Liu Zhiyuan resolutely left home to join the army.
Interestingly, Liu Zhiyuan is also a Shatuo person, but he has been a door-to-door son-in-law like the Han people.
It can be seen that at that time, the Shatuo people were already highly Sinicized, and there was no difference between them and the Han people.
He is Shi Jingyao's beloved general, who has twice rescued his master from danger and is highly trusted.
Liu Zhiyuan is quite skeletal, which is very different from Shi Jingyao.
When Shi Jingyao called Yelü Deguang, who was 11 years younger than him, the father emperor, Liu Zhiyuan was very dissatisfied. He believed: "It is enough to be a vassal of the Khitans, but to be a son is too much, to send more gold to make the Liao soldiers come to their aid without having to agree to the land, and the cutting of the land will cause endless troubles in the future!" ”
It can be seen that Liu Zhiyuan has a backbone and is also quite far-sighted.
Under the expectations of the people, the highly respected Liu Zhiyuan established the Later Han!
Unfortunately, the Later Han also had many internal problems, which lasted only 4 years.
Later weeks
The last Emperor Yin of the Later Han Dynasty indiscriminately killed his courtiers and killed the entire family of the general Guo Wei, even the babies in the cradle.
Do you know who Guo Wei is?
This is also a bad lord.
As a Han Chinese, Guo Wei has a tough personality!
When he was 18 years old, Guo Wei once encountered a bully on the street who blocked the way.
This bully was very fierce, and during the quarrel, he ripped open his clothes and pointed at his stomach and said, "If you have the guts, you will stab him here!" ”。 Who knows, Guo Wei picked up the pig-killing knife on the side of the stall and stabbed the bully to death with one knife.
Just like this kind of cruel man, someone killed his whole family, and of course he wanted revenge.
Guo Wei was originally a man with great military talent, and had long controlled the military power of the Later Han Dynasty.
After Liu Zhiyuan's death, Li Shouzhen was made of hezhong Jiedu, Zhao Sixuan of Yongxing Jiedu, and Fengxiang Jiedu of Wang Jingchong, who successively supported the rebellion. The imperial court sent major generals to negotiate many times, but they were all beaten to the point of falling flowers.
Guo Wei personally led his troops and killed Li Shouzhen in just a few months, capturing Zhao Sixuan and Wang Jingchong.
Guo Wei also repeatedly defeated the Khitan army, which can be said to be the Dinghai God Needle of the Later Han.
Unfortunately, Guo Wei's merits were too great and his personality was strong, so he would be suspected by the emperor and get rid of him.
Guo Wei, whose entire family was killed, could not bear it, and directly rebelled, invading Kaifeng and overthrowing the Later Han dynasty and establishing Hou Zhou.
The remnants of the Later Han continued to maintain political power in Hedong, which was the Northern Han Dynasty, which relied on the Khitans for protection and self-protection, and its strength was weak.
The super-capable Guo Wei ruled the country, but unfortunately did not have a long life expectancy, and died soon after, and his adopted son Chai Rong succeeded to the throne.
Chai Rong is worthy of being the son of Guo Wei, this man is majestic and strategic, and he is also a rare Ming Jun in the history of the Five Dynasties.
Under his leadership, Later Zhou quickly became stronger, gradually unified the north, and defeated Later Shu and Southern Tang, completely gaining the area north of the Yangtze River. During the expedition to the Liao state to retake Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures, Chai Rong defeated the Khitans continuously, but unfortunately died of a serious illness.
Subsequently, the former sidu of the Quanchen Palace ordered Zhao Kuangyin to usurp the throne, which was the Chen Qiao Mutiny. Thus the Zhou Dynasty fell and the Northern Song Dynasty was established.
Thus, the five generations period ended.
The fall of the Ten Kingdoms
After the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Ten Kingdoms still existed, that is, Later Shu, Northern Han, Southern Tang, Wuyue, Southern Han, Jingnan and Hunan Wuping Army Zhou Xingfeng, Southern Fujian Qingyuan Army Liu Congfeng and so on.
These regimes were largely entrenched in one or a half provinces, and it was impossible to confront the powerful Northern Song Dynasty.
Faced with the threat of the Liao Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin adopted the strategy of the chancellor Zhao Pu to unify the Chinese region by "first easy and then difficult, first south and then north".
In 962, the Jingnan lord Gao Baoxun died, and in the same year Zhou Xingfeng of Hunan died, and the new lords of the two countries were young and incompetent, and were soon annexed by the Great Song.
In 965, Song Taizu sent Wang Quanbin and Cui Yan in and out of Fengzhou (present-day Feng County, Shaanxi), Liu Guangyi, and Cao Bin out of Guizhou (present-day Zigui, Hubei), and the north and east roads entered Shu at the same time.
The Later Shu Emperor Meng Chang was desolate and rebellious, and only 60 days later he announced his surrender, and Later Shu died.
Liu, the lord of the Southern Han Dynasty, was also absurd, believing only in eunuchs and palace women, not ministers.
In 970, when the Great Song Dynasty sent Pan Mei to attack the Southern Han Dynasty, the Southern Han Actually sent eunuchs who could not understand the bullshit to command the battle.
The following year, the Southern Han Dynasty fell.
It should be said that before that, Vietnam had always been China's territory. Due to the weakness of the Southern Han Dynasty and the corruption of the government, Vietnam was freed from the jurisdiction of the Southern Han dynasty in one fell swoop and established the Wu Dynasty in 939. As a result, Vietnam broke away from China and began to become autonomous.
The remaining Southern Tang Li Yu was good at writing poetry and playing with women, had low ruling ability, and killed ministers indiscriminately.
In 975, Emperor Taizu of Song launched an attack on the grounds that The Southern Tang Emperor Li Yu claimed that he was ill and could not enter the dynasty.
Li Yu was powerless to resist and quickly surrendered, and southern Tang perished.
The Wu Yue state and the Qingyuan army in southern Fujian were weak and did not dare to resist, and in 978 they successively submitted to the Northern Song Dynasty.
As a result, nine of the ten kingdoms had perished, leaving only the Northern Han Dynasty, which relied on khitan support.
The last lord of the Northern Han Dynasty was Liu Jiyuan, the Emperor of The Yingwu Dynasty. Although he was crowned Emperor Yingwu by the Khitans, he was not heroic at all.
Liu Jiyuan was faint and cruel, and he cut off the ministers all over the door.
Under the pressure of the Northern Song Dynasty, Liu Jiyuan was still killing the ministers indiscriminately, and even the prime minister was killed, and there was chaos inside.
In 979, the Song Tai Sect sent Pan Mei to besiege Taiyuan, the capital of the Northern Han Dynasty.
Liu Jiyuan asked the Khitan for help, but the Liao army was defeated by Pan Mei outside the city, killed tens of thousands of people, and fled north.
Seeing that the general trend was gone, Liu Jiyuan was forced to surrender Kaesong, and the Northern Han Dynasty perished.
At this point, the Ten Kingdoms period ended and officially entered the Song Dynasty period.
However, Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures have not yet been recovered. Shortly after Emperor Taizong of Song destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty, he ignored the opposition of his ministers and tried to recover Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures from taiyuan in an attempt to retake the Liao Dynasty. At first, the Song army captured Yizhou and Zhuozhou, but retreated at the Battle of Gaoliang River in Yanjing, thus entering the era of Confrontation between Song and Liao.
The aliens controlled the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun, which continued to plague the Great Song for more than 200 years
Most of the emperors of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were born as military generals, and almost everyone in the Five Dynasties was good at war, and they were all very powerful military generals.
This is an era in which the winner is king and force determines everything.
However, there are many wars in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and there is still a certain difference between them and the Five Hu Chaohua.
Except for the brief period of the Khitan invasion, the north and south of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms all practiced the Han system.
Although Shi Jingyao, Li Keyong, and Liu Zhiyuan are mostly Shatuo people, they are already highly Sinicized, and there is no difference between them and the Han people.
Guo Wei, Chai Rong, and Zhao Kuangyin were standard Han Chinese and established a complete Han dynasty.
On the contrary, during the Wuhu Chaohua period, the north was chaotic, and there were all kinds of systems, the most common being the division of Hu and Han.
At that time, the north could no longer be said to be the Han people's rivers and mountains, and many became the pastures of the Hu people.
Therefore, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms had little impact on the Han people, and the Five Hu Chaohua was a terrible nightmare.
At the peak of the Western Jin Dynasty Chinese population was 35 million, and by the time of the bottom of the Wuhu Chaohua period, Ge Jianxiong believed that only more than 30% of the population remained, losing most of the population. You can imagine what it is today that China has lost nearly 70% of its population.
In comparison, the population loss of the five generations and ten countries is limited. In 907 at the end of the Tang Dynasty, after successive fanzhen wars and the Huangchao rebellion, the national population was only 20 million. By the time the Song Dynasty was founded, the population was more than 23 million, but it had increased slightly.
It can be seen that the common people who died in the war during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period cannot be compared with the Five Hu Chaohua.
Okay, today's journal is over.
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