In life, do you often read it like this: stinky mandarin (jué) fish, steamed bread (lěi), wonton (dùn), tempeh (shǐ), guā (guā) falling to the ground, talent gathering (jì)...
If you tell you that you are all wrong, do you feel that you have no culture?!
Do you think that's the end of it? Hey, if you open the current Language Textbook, I bet that in less than three minutes, you will collapse.
"Japonica (jīng) rice" became "japonica (gěng) rice"? "zuò" becomes "záo"? "Dumb (ǎi) board" becomes "dumb (dāi) board"?
Is there a moment when you feel like you're in a fake school?
Does the "stone" in the three hundred stones read "shi", or "dàn"?
Recently, in the popular documentary "The Nations of the Warring States", 300 stones read "300 shí", and the "king" read "dà wáng", which triggered a number of netizens to complain: 300 stones should obviously read "300 dàn", the king should clearly read "dài wang", really no culture!
Stills from "The Nations of the Warring States"
Fragment of "The Nations of the Warring States"
In fact, for so many years, we have been "deceived", because "stone" as a quantifier should read "shí"!
Li Bai wrote in the poem "Xinping Changshi Brother Yue on the Song Line": "Remembering that I went to my home yesterday as a guest, the lotus flowers were red and wicker blue. Three hundred cups of drink in the middle of the night, the Ming Dynasty returned to two thousand stones", here obviously "bi" and "stone" are to rhyme, do you say that "stone" here should be read "dàn" or "shí"?
For another example, Xin Zhiyi's "Nian Nu Jiao, West Lake and Ren Rhyme" wrote: "Birds fly in the air, swim fish and blow waves, and are accustomed to taking advantage of sheng song seats." Sitting in pride, watching the public drink Sengoku", here "seat" and "stone" rhyme, obviously, stone here should also be pronounced shí.
Still not convinced? So let's look at the dictionary explanation.
Stills from "The Nations of the Warring States"
The Modern Chinese Dictionary explains the "stone" read as dàn: "Unit of capacity, 10 buckets equals 1 stone." (This meaning is read shí in ancient books, such as 'two thousand stones, ten thousand stones', etc.).)
The Xinhua Dictionary explains the "stone" read as dàn: "In our country's capacity unit, 1 stone is 10 buckets. (This meaning is read shí in ancient books, such as 'two thousand stones'").
In the Han Dynasty scholar Xu Shen's "Commentaries on the Interpretation of Texts", the label for "stone" is "shí", that is to say, until the Han Dynasty, this word was pronounced "shí".
So should the king pronounce "dà wáng" or "dài wang"?
In fact, the two pronunciations, in film and television dramas, we are very common, but the distinction between occasions is also very obvious:
For example, the most bullish sentence in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms: "If Cao Cao comes from all over the world, please refuse it for the king; if you will have a crowd of 100,000 people, please swallow it for the king." ”
The image of Cao Cao in film and television dramas
Here, if you read [dà wáng], is it not bullish? But if you read [dài wang], I'm sorry, I laughed.
In addition, in ancient times, in the face of monarchs and princes, they were generally called [dà wáng], and for robber leaders, they were usually called [dài wang].
What were the ancient emperors called?
The title "Great King" was especially popular during the Warring States period because:
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Tianzi still had some face, and only he could be called king, and others were called "xx gong" at most. Therefore, no matter who jumps out to compete for hegemony, at least they still have the banner of "honoring the king".
However, in the Warring States period, the tails of the princely states had long been cocked to the heavens, first the three kingdoms of Qin, Wei, and Han, and then there were the "five kingdoms of the king", and all the princely states rose up to be kings, and as for the mayor of Luoyang and Zhou Tianzi, basically no one used it as a dish.
During this period, the bosses of the various princely states greeted "xx king", and as for the title of their subordinates, it was naturally "king", "great king", or "king".
Later, in the era of Qin Shi Huang, Qin Shi Huang, who swept the world, felt that "xx king" was really not enough weight, and created the honorific title of "emperor"! However, even with this honorific title, in the Qin Dynasty, the small courtiers and slaves could not be called casually, but had to be called "Your Majesty".
It needs to be explained here that at the beginning, "His Majesty" did not refer to Qin Shi Huang himself, but to "pass the microphone". Because subordinates cannot directly talk to the emperor: in case you spit on the stars and fly around, spraying Qin Shi Huang's face, it is simply a fatal embarrassment.
Therefore, as a small courtier, you can only bow your head and say to the "messenger", "Your Majesty".
However, after a long time, the old man was also very tired of relaying it, plus the emperor was not really deaf, so later, "Your Majesty" directly called the emperor Laozi.
Speaking of this, let me ask you another question, why do we always call Qin Shi Huang a Ying Zheng instead of Zhao Zheng? This brings us to the issue of surname and surname.
The image of Qin Shi Huang in the film and television drama
The original surname, meaning where you came from, is related to the matrilineal line. For example, Ji, Yin, Jiang, Ji, Yao, etc., all carry female characters, and its role is to determine the maternal lineage of the little dolls in the matrilineal era of "only knowing their mother, not knowing their father".
And with the advent of the patriarchal era and the patriarchal era, how can the eldest husband have a surname? So "Clan" shined.
However, this "clan" is not chaotic, under normal circumstances, it is based on the place of birth and fiefdom as its own "clan".
At that time, there was no such "clan", as a man, it was an ordinary person or did not appear. With the "clan", either there is a fief, or there is also a herding experience (for example, Qin Shi Huang was released in the Zhao kingdom as soon as he was born).
As for female compatriots, at that time, there was a surname, so that "the same surname does not marry".
Therefore, in general, "women have surnames, men have surnames".
And Qin Shi Huang is the surname of Zhao, and similar situations include: Shang Martingale, Yan Dan, Cheng Jiao, Xiong Xin, they can actually be called: Ji Martingale, Ji Dan, Win Cheng Jiao, And Bear Heart.
The image of Shang Martin in "The Warring States of the Storm"
For men, you have to be called "Clan" to have face, and if you call Qin Shi Huang Yingzheng in person, you will be happy to mention a fat beating.
However, Comrade Qin Shi Huang changed it to the "county system" with a big stroke of the pen, which cut off the source of innovation for the aristocratic lord to create the "xx clan".
The surname and surname have also begun to merge since then.
How many years have we been deceived by language textbooks?
In addition to the words that have been misread above, there are actually many historical allusions that we have also misread.
For example, we have all learned the story of Mao Sui's self-recommendation, but has Mao Sui lived a happy life since then? The textbook didn't say it!
In fact, although Mao Sui's classmates were fierce, they did not have much military talent. In the battle with the Yan kingdom, King Zhao felt that Mao Sui's classmates were the strongest in the universe, and had to send Mao Sui to lead the army to fight, as a result, Mao Sui, who did not understand the art of war, was completely destroyed by the Yan army, and Mao Sui's classmates drew their swords and killed themselves.
The image of Mao Sui in "The Nations of the Warring States"
Another example: King Wuling of Zhao, because of the implementation of Hufu riding and shooting, was once strong enough to be tough and strong qin.
But after that, a generation of Ming Jun, because of his personal selfish desires, because he favored Wu Wa, deposed and established a young child, and even came up with the trick of "the main father" (Taishang Emperor), and later, he wanted to take back the royal power, even at the cost of dividing the land twice.
This combination of "faint moves" punched down, causing Comrade Zhao Yong to finally be trapped in the sand dunes and starved to death.
This is the typical former chairman, to provoke the current boss, and in the end, his own selfish desires, failed to do the interests of the group.
The image of King Wuling of Zhao in "The Nations of the Warring States"
And the one who most subverts our common sense is probably Zhao Kuo, who talks about soldiers on paper: 400,000 Zhao troops were buried alive in Changping, and for thousands of years, Comrade Zhao Kuo has also been carrying the two pots of "talking about soldiers on paper" and "talking about exaggerations" on his back.
In fact, he is not only hard, but also very wronged!
Under the circumstances at that time, the Qin army was only a fierce victory, Zhao Kuo's 400,000 troops were not vegetarians, and about half of the Qin army also received a "box lunch" here, and the opponent was a "military god" who was white, changing people, the result would not be better.
As for Mother Zhao's uncertain prophetic skills, half of them relied on fabrication, and the other half- the clear-eyed people knew that they could not fight at a glance.
But no matter what, Zhao Kuo's classmates became the final "takeover man", "Drumming and passing flowers is your turn, and the defeat of this pot will be given to you!" ”
In fact, we don't blame the history teacher or the Language textbook for "deceiving" us.
Who says history belongs to the victors? The power of the victor is: you can see what you want, and as for what you can't see, it doesn't want you to see.
In order to achieve this goal, the victors cast a "great illusion" on the real history, not only am it difficult for Me and other little whites to discern the truth, but even the Taishi Gong of that year, when compiling the "History of History", will also encounter inconsistent situations, leaving some contradictory records.
Therefore, history should be repeatedly examined and understood.
What's more, at each stage, people's understanding of the same person or event will be subversively different, and the example of "young people do not know Li Hongzhang, and grow up knows the truth of the middle hall" is not uncommon.
Li
"The Nations of the Warring States" leads everyone back to the Warring States era, not only to recognize the above misunderstood knowledge points, or to relive the history that has been learned, but also to restore a "new" history for the "new" us in a new stage.