Zhu Hong's "Biography of Dai Ming" also quotes many poems by Dai Nanshan, such as in the thirty-fifth year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Dai Mingshi and Fang Bao and more than twenty other people went to Gu Sili's house to gather, when Gu Sili bought a small courtyard outside the Xuanwu Gate in Beijing, where he built a landscape and planted greenery, and then named it "Xiaoxiu Yetang". After it was built, Gu often invited friends to come here for small gatherings. On the evening of April 30 of that year, everyone drank wine and wrote poems here, and Dai Mingshi actually wrote four poems in a row, the second and fourth of which were:
The city corner is white and new, and the moonlight between the windows is green.
The monk Mo Qiao has been late at night, and Yuan is an old wine man in Wumen.
It is also the end of the world is also home, and the vase flowers are a few window screens.
After all, the fishing in the river is good, and the net less wind and dust do not need to be covered.
Dai Mingshi was imprisoned in the capital for three years, and during this period he also had some poems, including "Eight Poems after The Feast of Haruka and His Friends", the first of which was:
The years have not been returned, and the hatred of that year has come out of chai guan.
The autumn wind crab house is clean and big, and the spring rain bullpen is between the sun and the moon.
Famous and prosperous when worried about the talent did not say, why should the book burning be postponed to delete?
Judging from the present classics, Hugh Kai is ashamed of the ancient difficulties.
The six or seven sentences of this poem show Dai Mingshi's regret about writing the book, and he felt that if he had burned these illegal works of his own earlier, he would not have caused himself such a big trouble. In the sixth poem of the poem, he further expresses this mentality:
How could he have been blessed with a meal and often lost, and did he expect that the misfortunes of the years would be moved?
Unable to fill the jingwei sea, there was no time to ask Qu Pingtian.
Gui burned and Qionglin exhausted, and the clouds rose to cover the full moon.
Overnight into a thousand ancient hatred, who is really the first Dan lead?
Since dai mingshi is the originator of the Tongcheng sect, of course, he has made greater efforts in the article. As far as the concept is concerned, Dai Mingshi also advocates retro, but he does not think that the ancients are all good, he said in the "Reading Yi Questioning Preface": "If it is his private opinion, he is small and wise, he is separated from Man yan, and he is unscrupulous, and he strives to be better than the ancients, he is the so-called traitor." Or read the books of the ancients, and the Akane Qu Cong, who does not dare to make any difference, is the so-called courtier. Yu zhi is also the harm of the ancients, and rebellion and so on. Even in the poem Saint Du Fu, he also thought that there was something imperfect in his poetry: "The poet of the world, who is afraid of the name of the people, ignorant of the meaning of the flaws and the unconcealed righteousness, is called general, but does not dare to make a difference, and points directly to his flaws and the flaws and thinks that the beauty is also, so that the reader may only learn from his flaws and flaws, and his mistakes are not worse?" (Book with Hong Xiaoyi)
Dai Mingshi's prose, one of which "Bird Sayings", which was praised by later generations, is an allegorical essay, and the last two paragraphs of the article are:
The bird is male and female, the small can not be surplus, the color is bright and clean, juanjiao is cute, I don't know what kind of bird it is. The chicks are out of the woods, and the females are covered with wings. The male goes to feed, and every time he gets food, he rests in the house, up or down. The master shakes the tree with his hand, and then looks down and sings. A small sound of a small shake, a big shake is a big sound, a subordinate, a sound is already. On his day, Yu came from outside, saw the nest falling to the ground, looking for two birds and nothing. Ask, then a certain clan servant will take it.
Woohoo! With the bird's feathers clean and the sound of the sound is good, is it not the right mountain and the forest perch? He was humiliated and humiliated to death! How wide is the path of the world?!
Xu and Shi's "Treatise on the World of Dai Mingshi" gave a high evaluation: "'Bird Talk' can be called a short story. If it is a metaphor for the text, then its shape is like a bird, small and not profitable, but exquisite and transparent, JuanJiao is lovely; its structure is like a nest, not too big, but it is twisted and turned, precise and solid; its words are like grass, simple and natural, but it contains deep feelings and touching heartstrings. In addition to reading, I can't help but clap the case: Beautiful Sven! ”
Dai Mingshi once wanted to revise the history of Ming, although the book was not completed, and he was in a different place for this, but his historical ability was praised by later generations, Liang Qichao said in the "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years": "It is better to study historical sites in Nanshan, or it is not as good as Litian and Jiye, and the historical knowledge of historical talent is no different for a while." In his posthumous collections, such as "The Theory of History" and "Zuo Shi Discernment", the theories are often implicitly in line with Zhang Shizhai,...... Its organizational strength does not allow Zhang Shizhai to be caught, and its emotional power may not be caught by Shi zhai yet. There is a forest of historians and writers of the Qing Dynasty, and I am the head of the family, only these two people. From this, it can be seen that Dai Mingshi was the best person of that era in both articles and history.
Dai Junheng, a township sage of the Dai Dynasty, said in the "Dai Nanshan Collection": "Between the authors of the national dynasty, Hai Nei suddenly pushed it as authentic, just like the Wangxi Fang clan in my hometown." And the person who fang's life is extremely impressed, is Mr. Wei. Dai Junheng believes that Fang Bao's article is the authenticity of the Tongcheng Sect, and the person Fang Bao admires most in his life is Dai Mingshi.
Dai Mingshi wrote "Yangzhou City Shou Ji Strategy" between the Republic of China Yangzhou Chen Henghe Shulin carved "Yangzhou Cong Carving" ben, book plate
Dai Mingshi wrote "Yangzhou City Shou Ji Strategy" between the Republic of China Yangzhou Chen Henghe Shu Lin carved "Yangzhou Cong Carving" benefactor, volume first
At the age of twenty, in order to live, he became a tutor, and at this stage, he put a lot of effort into the study of the Eight Strands of Literature, which was then known as "Shiwen". Probably because he wrote too much, he had a feeling for the "time text", and later he actually engraved his own kind of article.
Why? Dai said in the "Preface to the Complete Collection of Self-Defined Time Texts": "Those who see the carvings that have been circulated in recent days and who have become familiar with the population are humble and weak, and they secretly sigh. It seems that Dai Mingshi thinks that the level of "Shiwen" engraved by others is too poor, and since this is the case, he might as well come by himself.
So does he like or dislike "Shiwen"? Dai also said in the preface: "Yu is not a disciple of Shiwen, unfortunately, his family is poor, and there is no other karma to cure, but he sees himself in Shiwen." If you lose your footing and fall into the world, you will not be saved from poverty. It seems that he thinks that the hard work of "Shiwen" is just to make a living, and he is not too interested in it.
Why is there such a view? Dai said in the Preface to the Book of Jia Shu Fang: "Since the examination of the scholar, and there is the so-called Shiwen Zhizhi, then the ancient text is dead." Dai Mingshi believes that it is precisely because of the rise of "Shiwen" that the ancient text can be destroyed.
In Dai Mingshi's eyes, "Shiwen" is a completely useless thing, and he clearly expressed this view in the "Preface to the Complete Collection of Self-Defined Shiwen": "Since yu has been exhausted in the twentieth year of the year, although it is quite praised by the world, it has not been obtained by itself and has not been used in the world. This shows that Dai Mingshi firmly believes that only orthodox ancient texts are the object of learning.
Therefore, in addition to practicing "Shiwen", he devoted more energy to the study of ancient texts, and he clearly said in the "Original Preface to the First Collection": "For the rest of his life of more than twenty years, he was sparse and lonely, and he had no other artistic ability, but he had the ambition to steal, wanted to go up and down the ancient and modern, run through the race, and become a family, Gu did not know why Heaven was like me, and vainly wanted to track down the ancients." ”
It seems that Dai Mingshi is an ambitious person. He modestly said that he had no ability, and the only idea was to make a family in terms of articles. Obviously, he had the same ambition as Sima Qian, and he decided that if he could be given a suitable opportunity and environment, then he would not lose to the ancients in ancient Texts: "If the heavens are not left behind, so that Yu can get rid of sorrow, and there is no hunger and depression in his heart, and if he is given a lot of power to the article, then he will be in the ancient people, or he can not give in." ”
Since Dai Mingshi has such high ambitions, what kind of literary style does he think is worthy of praise? He expressed his views in the Book with Liu Yanjie:
Gentleman's text, indifferent, slightly its town, go to its lead, nothing is its so omnipotent also. The servant tasted into the deep forest, the thorn hazelnuts my feet, the earth and stones sealed my eyes, although it was impossible to exhaust them. Yu and worried, afraid of stepping or losing. And climb to the top of the mountain, looking up thousands of miles, the clouds and smoke are below, the sky is blank, and the sky is infinite. Those who swim on the shores of the Bohai Sea see that the waters of the heavens are muddy, the waves are turbulent, and they look around in a trance, and there is no longer a human world. alack! The nature of this article also.
Dai Mingshi believes that a good article is like a gentleman's friendship as light as water, not so much fancy and lively. Then he said that his cultivation in this area was like entering a deep mountain full of thorns, where he walked hard, took a lot of effort, and finally reached the top, and then looked around, and the mountains were all at his feet.
The above passage is telling that only through hard study and cultivation can we achieve the realm of overlooking the mountains and small mountains. As for the content of the article, Dai Mingshi said in the "Reply to Zhao Shaozai": "'A gentleman acts with words and things and acts with perseverance'. The predicate of the husband to do something, the predicate of the last resort, the proximity and relevance, the play and bypass, the heavenly props, the personnel preparation, the physical show, the husband is the predicate thing. ”
It seems that the condition that all good articles must have is to say something. This passage is about the content of the article, and for the way the article is written, he also said in the "Original Preface to the First Collection": "The scholars of the world, whose heavenly places and places do not catch the ancients, and who do not have a good ancient heart, often wantonly brazen, arrogant, or bound by the rules, relying on the predecessors, that is: 'I learn so-and-so, I can be like so-and-so.' 'Compare every inch, and call it what you want, but you don't seem to be like it; that is, one by one, and I am dead for me!' ”
Dai Mingshi stressed that to write articles, we must have originality, first of all, we must have a good ancient heart, and strive to learn good articles of ancient times, but at the same time we cannot copy the ancients, and some people take their own articles as a banner like an ancient person, and such an attitude is obviously impossible to write good articles.
Dai Mingshi wrote a "Preface to the Five Collected Works of Zhang Gong", in which he mentioned a trick to being able to write a good article:
Shi Yuzhi was engaged in articles, and was only twenty years old. A day of mountain travel, encounter a medicine seller, and the words, causes and articles. Weng Yue: "For the way of literature, I give the king two words: 'cutting love'. "Yu Man responded. I have left to go, and I have privately recited what Weng said. Looking back at the text, see its words are beautiful and cute, the discussion is more cute, and the talent is suddenly cute. If they are cute, they can be cut. If so, my text is less than twelve or thirteen. Gai Xi tasted Lu Shiheng's words and said, "If you betray righteousness and hurt the way, although wen loves it, it will donate." "By the will of Weng, although there is no harm in the Tao, there is no betrayal of righteousness, there are also those who should donate, but those who betray righteousness and hurt the Tao? Weng Zhi's theory is more refined than Lu Shiheng's!
Dai Mingshi told such a story, he said that when he was young, one day he went into the mountains and met an old man who sold medicine in the mountains, and when the two talked, they talked about writing articles, and after listening to Dai's narration, the old man taught Dai a secret, that is, to be willing to cut love. As the saying goes, "The wife is the good of others, and the article is their own good", and there are not many people who can make great deletions and changes to the articles they have written. But the old man said that only by doing this will there be good articles. Obviously, Dai Mingshi did not listen to this statement, he just responded casually out of courtesy.
After he returned, he carefully tasted the old man's words, and he felt that what the old man said was extremely insightful. Dai carefully looked at the articles he had written, looked horizontally and vertically, and felt that it was well written, but when he thought about it, he felt that there was nothing wrong with cutting off most of the content. After some deletions, he believed that the truly survivable people accounted for 20% or 30%, and then he quoted the same view that Lu Shiheng said. Dai believed that what the old man said was more accurate than lu Shiheng's.
This secret taught to him by Lao Weng has greatly improved the level of Dai Mingshi's articles, and he said in the preface: "Yu zi heard this theory, and the secret key of the true meaning of the article can only be understood." It is the poor and troublesome family, its karma has not worked, and the ambition of good literature is gradually and decadent. Yu's shame on Weng has been covered for a long time! ”
Dai Mingshi said that since he listened to the advice of the old man, he felt that he really mastered the secret of writing articles. Then he modestly said that because his family was poor, he spent a lot of energy on making a living, so that when he was young, his ambition to go all out to write a good article also weakened a lot, and when he thought of this layer, he felt ashamed of the old man. At the end of the article, he said that he only knew that the old man was from Hubei, but unfortunately did not know his name.
If what Dai Mingshi said is true, it is really admirable: it is a shame to meet such a clear person to give guidance when I was young, and I have not had such luck to this day, so that my articles are still smelly and long, and it is a shame to think about it!
In terms of the concept of writing the article, Dai Mingshi agreed with Ai Nanying's point of view at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and he said in the "Preface to the Small Titles of the Book of His Own Writings": "In the past, Mo Sheng, who was far away from the world in the selection of texts, was in dongxiang Aishi, and Yu Tasted and heard his preface: 'The point of making words is in line with the Tao and the Law.'" And those who make the industry, the genus of the article, is not only a combination of the Tao and the Law, but also the words. It is the tao, the law, and the word, and one of the three is not prepared and cannot be said to be a text. Dai Mingshi recounts Ai Nanying's statement here, believing that the article must first contain the Tao, and then it must obtain the Fa, and the three need to be beautifully written.
Looking at Dai Mingshi's anthology, we can indeed see that he implemented this proposition in his own articles, such as he once wrote a "Biography of a Poor Ghost", which began with the following paragraph:
Poor ghosts, who do not know what to do, Tang Yuanhe and Zhong, starting with Chang Li HanYu. The longer you live with it, the more unbearable you are, for the sake of the text, do not go, and scold the more. The more he dies, the more he has no return, and he is exiled to the human world, and he who asks for people like Han Yu will follow them. Reading for more than nine hundred years, wen Jianghuai between the brown Mr. brown, his person Han Yue liu also. He said, "My late Han Yu clan guest, eavesdropping on Mr. GaoYi, is willing to entrust himself to the door and dare to repay Mr. Yu." The gentleman avoided the seat but did it, and was shocked: "Ru Lai, what will you do?" He said, "The Son is going to the end!" In the past, Han retreated to his son, did not tolerate the world, summoned laughter and insults, was poor and had no return, and his sending Ruwen could be re-examined. Son, don't tire me! No, please learn from others. ”
Obviously, this article is a fable compiled by Dai Mingshi. He said that there was a poor ghost who appeared in the world at some point, and in the Tang Dynasty, this poor ghost followed han Yue's side, and it seems that the arrival of the poor ghost did not bring good luck to Han Yue, and after a long time, Han Yue finally wrote an article to drive away the poor ghost.
The story Dai Mingshi said refers to Han Yu's "Sending Poor Text", in which it is written that Han Yue gave gifts to poor ghosts in order to send the poor ghosts away, and the poor ghosts not only did not leave, but accused Han Yu of being only a little clever and had no great ambitions.
And Dai Mingshi's article is a continuation of Han Yu's "Send poor text", he said: After Han Yu's death, this poor ghost was exiled to the human world, and the poor ghost wanted to find another person like Han Yu, but unfortunately there was no such luck. The poor ghost was looking for more than nine hundred years, and then he finally found out that there was a poor scholar wearing a burlap short coat who was very similar to Han Yu. In fact, this scholar is Dai Mingshi, because Dai uses the word "Mr. Brown" in the text, and the word for Dai Mingshi is "Brown Fu", which can be seen from this metaphor that Dai Mingshi regards himself as the Han Yu of the current world.
The text said that the poor ghost heard that there was another person like Han Yu in Jianghuai at that time, so he came directly to the Dai Ming family, and then the poor ghost introduced himself, and Dai was surprised after hearing it, and was ready to coax the poor ghost out, and at the same time said to the poor ghost: Han Yu was not tolerated by the world because of you around him, and you must not tire me out because of this.
The poor ghost found the "Han Yu of the Qing Dynasty" with great difficulty, and of course did not want to leave, so the poor ghost asked Dai what kind of sin he had, so Dai said this:
The Son is named poor, and its potential is strong enough to be poor. In an argumentative article, if you open your mouth and touch it, you are poor in words; if you go up and down the pits, you stumble forward and backward, you are leaning over and stumbling, and if you are left and right, you are poor in your deeds; if you are covered in dirt, ridiculed, and worried about the mouths of the people, you are poor in arguing; if you are chaotic and chaotic, you are poor in talent; if you are not profitable enough to move the masses, and if you are not lonely and indignant enough to be humorous, you are poor in communication. Holding their useless books, bearing their uninhibited spirit, holding their empty bodies, and entering the world of disgust, they are poor at home and poor in the state. Whoever is poor enough to be poor to me, I cannot count them all, but give them a rough picture.
Dai Mingshi's words are ostensibly to accuse the poor ghost of what kind of trouble he will bring to himself, but in fact, this is just the master's own way, he told the reason why his personality is not tolerated by the world. The poor ghost confessed his accusations, and at the same time the poor ghost said:
And I can make Mr. Sing, make Mr. Cry, Make Mr. Excited, Make Mr. Indignant, make Mr. Go Alone and Swim In Infinity. Where Mr. Fan is in the clouds, the reason why Gu Wu serves Mr. One, what is the harm? Seeing that Han Yu's so far is immortal, then Yu Zhi is also, so the more he is suspicious and finally at peace.
The poor ghost's words touched Dai Mingshi, so the poor ghost stayed by Dai's side:
So mr. and the place, where for decades, poor, can not bear, but quite a merit. One day, Mr. Yu said: "From the rest of the return of Mr. Also, and Mr. Yu is not tolerated in the world, laughing and insulting, poor and no return, in vain, Yu is also merciful." The reason why Gu Wu served Mr. Gu thought that he had done his best, and now he had done it. Mr. Yu has no use for spares, and Yu does not dare to do so much as Mr. Jiuhuan. "Rise, go, do not know the end."
The poor ghost spent decades with Dai, and it really made Dai poorer, and this result made the poor ghost embarrassed, so the poor ghost made a summary, and then stood up and left alone.
Dai Mingshi tells his attitude to life and his life ambitions through such a fable, which is the ingenuity of his writing. And this way of writing, Dai also wrote a "Second Son of Xia":
The Song people had Wu Yuanmei's "Biography of the Second Son of Xia", which refers to mosquitoes and flies. Since the beginning of the summer this year, Yu Shen has suffered from this, and Wu Zi's text Yu Wei has not seen it, because haiku is saying it, so that his indignation is cloudy.
The above is the first paragraph of the article, Dai Mingshi told the origin of this article, which said that Wu Yuanmei of the Song Dynasty had written a "Biography of the Second Son of Xia", and the "second son" in the text refers to mosquitoes and flies. After the summer of a certain year, Dai was plagued by mosquitoes and flies, so he wanted to see how Wu Yuanmei's article depicted mosquitoes and flies, but he did not find this article, so he decided to write a text to fight these two pests to solve the hatred in his heart. In that passage he recounts the evil deeds of mosquitoes and flies:
Gaiwen group flying can stab the sky, and the gathering of mosquitoes can become thunder, which is said to hurt evil and harm to micro. Xia had two sons, born of unclean forms, who opened the mouth of abomination, multiplied the time and rose up, dared to invade, and he came and went, divided day and night equally, each shaking poison, and summoning chaos to each other. So he rushed to steaming, indulging in turbidity, lusting after the smell, calling on Cao Dolls, planting their ugly kinds, taking their children and grandchildren, showing their virtues, and spitting on all who saw them. Yu Fu waved and refused to go, drums and wings forward, standing on their feet, rushing from side to side, defiling white, the sound of camp, chaotic eyes and ears. It is the poet who is extremely evil and reckless, and thinks that he is a warning. Ruofu crouched under the sun, shouted between the obscurities, peeled his skin and drank blood, full of thoughts, fierce, unpredictable, his strands were not enough to fold, and his wings were not enough to collapse. The vain is flawed, the light is careless, the people are not afraid, and their poison is in the beak.
From this description, it can be seen that Dai Mingshi is written on the surface of the mosquito fly, but in fact, it is a metaphor for people, and it is through such a fable to express his unfairness.
As mentioned earlier, Dai Mingshi has a very high self-esteem, because he indirectly compares himself to Han Yu. In fact, not only that, he also wanted to become the first article in the world at that time, perhaps he also felt that this idea was a bit arrogant, so he explained his idea as "dream theory":
Yu Shao dreamed of meeting an old father in the mountains, covered with leaves, and sitting on a stone. Yu Yizhi asked with the art of immortality, but did not answer. There is a wisp of red cloud in the sky, rising to the ground. The old father pointed to Yu Yue: "Whoever eats this, the article crowns the sea." Yu swallowed it with his mouth on his back. The old father and Yu Youyou said, and they forgot it. Since seven or eight years, I have been depressed and sick, I have never tasted the knowledge of some inventions, and it is really amazing to recall the dreams of the people! (Ji Meng)
Dai Mingshi claimed that when he was young, he had a dream and dreamed that he had met an old gentleman in the mountains, who looked like an immortal, so Dai asked him how to become an immortal, but the man did not tell him. After a while, a red cloud floated in the sky, and the old man said to Dai: If you eat this cloud, you will become the first article in the world. Hearing this, Dai immediately swallowed the red cloud. Then the old man said something to Dai, but when Dai woke up, he forgot all about it. In the years that followed, Dai's life was not very satisfactory, and what made him unforgettable was that although he swallowed the red cloud in his dream, he did not see much progress in writing articles, so whenever he thought of this dream, he made himself feel ashamed.
Obviously, the last two sentences of this article are only a humble remark by Dai Mingshi, and his achievements in the article have been approved by later generations, such as Liang Qichao said in the "Academic History of China in the Past Three Hundred Years": "Gai Nanshan has a genius in the article, is good at organization, can best control the data and cast it, has a strong emotion, and is placed on the things he remembers, and is implicit and shallow, just right, so that the reader empathizes without knowing it." ”
Liang Qichao praised Dai Mingshi as a genius who wrote articles, in fact, a large part of genius is also the result of hard work, such as Dai said in the "Yiyuan System of Righteousness and Self-Prologue": "Every question to start, sit quietly and hold your breath, silently recite the chapters and sentences back and forth dozens of times, to find the meaning of its meaning and the divine context of the place, it is also the same in the "Collection of Notes", so the throat kiss is slightly expensive to operate, vibrate the pen and book, without adding a little channeling." ”
When he was writing, whenever he saw the topic, first of all, he carefully conceived there, and such an idea had to be drafted many times, until he was in the chest, he picked up the pen and waved it, and it was precisely because of his seriousness and natural talent that he had such an article everyone. For the characteristics of his articles, Mr. Shi Zhongyang summed it up in "Dai Mingshi and His Essays": "As far as creation is concerned, Fang's text is out of the scriptures, so it is long for analysis, rigorous and simple; Dai's text is out of history, so it is long in narrative, sparse and elegant. The wen of Wangxi lacks the majesty of Nanshan, and the Wenxun of Nanshan is the precision of Wangxi. ”
There are no upper and lower tombstones
The tomb of Dai Mingshi is located in Qingshuitang Village, Kongcheng Town, Tongcheng City, Anhui Province. Taking a taxi from Tongcheng to Qingshuitang Village may be because Dai Mingshi's reputation is too loud, and anyone asked can tell how to get to his tomb. In a field outside the village, dai's tomb was easily found.
Accompanied by miscellaneous trees
In front of Dai Mingshi's tomb was a very high and dense barren grass, but by October, the grass had begun to wither and yellow, and it was regularly dumped in large areas. This kind of scene seems familiar to me, as if I saw it when I was a child organizing farming in school. The farmer's uncle told me that this was caused by strong winds, and it was also because the wheat straw did not grow strongly.
The use of stone for the tablet is very special
However, these wild grasses in front of us should be said to be the result of natural competition, how can they be so uncompressive? It seems that before heaven, all living beings must bow their heads. But what I see here is not sadness, but makes me feel like I have stepped into the scene of the blockbuster movie, which makes me instinctively enter the drama and a sense of solemn ritual arises in my heart.
Lodgings of barren grass
Judging from the scene, the tomb of Dai Mingshi has been repaired in recent years, and only the five characters of "Tomb of Dai Mingshi" are written on the tombstone, and there is no trace of worship in front of the tomb. Thinking about it again, of course, there will be no descendants to sacrifice, so it is only natural that his tomb has no upper and lower paragraphs, and his tomb can be recorded and preserved to this day, which is lucky.