Zhang Chao's "Shadow of Dreams" contains a criticism called "Dai Tianyou", which should be the mistake of "Dai Tian You", and Dai Tian You is the protagonist of the "Nanshan Collection" case in the early Qing Dynasty text prison - Dai Mingshi.
Dai Mingshi calligraphy
Dai Mingshi (1653~1713), Zi Tian You, Yi Zi Brown Fu, No. Yori An, also known as Mr. Nanshan, Kaori Kaori, etc. After his death, people secretly called him "Mr. Song Qianxuan". A native of Tongcheng, Jiangnan, he is one of the representative figures of the Tongcheng school.
In the 48th year of the Kangxi Dynasty Temple Examination, Dai Mingshi was appointed as the second jinshi and the first (bangyan) of the first class, and was taught the editing of the Hanlin Academy and participated in the revision of the Ming History.
However, only two years later, because the "Nanshan Collection" published in the early years recorded the history of the Southern Ming Dynasty, containing the Nanxia number and so on, he was impeached, and finally imprisoned for the crime of "great rebellion", although he was rescued by the university scholar Li Guangdi and other parties, he was beheaded two years later, and died at the age of sixty.
As one of the three major literary prisons in the early Qing Dynasty, the "Nanshan Collection" case involved hundreds of people that year, causing a sensation in Ru lin.
In addition to Dai Mingshi's relatives, more than 30 well-known people in rulin, such as Fang Bao, Fang Xiaobiao, Zhao Shilin, Wang Yuan, and Wang Hao, were implicated.
Later compilation of the "Nanshan Collection"
The proposed crime given to this case after the trial by the Ministry of Punishment was very cruel:
Dai Mingshi was executed according to the law, and his "ancestors, fathers, descendants, brothers, and cohabitants do not distinguish between different surnames and uncles and brothers' sons regardless of their nationality", and all men and women under the age of fifteen were beheaded, and men and all women under the age of fifteen "paid the meritorious family as slaves and property into the officials". Fang Bao, who wrote the preface to the Nanshan Collection, was hanged, and You Yunlu, who funded the engraving, "migrated for three years, and his wife was sent to Ninggu pagoda"...
Finally, when he arrived at Kangxi, the final verdict was that only Dai Mingshi was sentenced to be beheaded, and the rest of the death penalties were spared death, and the rest of the people involved in the case were commuted.
In the course of the trial of the "Nanshan Collection" case, the publication of another work by Dai Mingshi, the "Testament of the Widow", was implicated.
Participated in the impeachment of Zhao Shenqiao, who was famous for dai
The Testament of the Widows chronicles the tongcheng people's response to famine and power in the chaos of the late Ming Dynasty. The preface was written by the courtiers Wang Yuan and Wang Hao, and the engraving was funded by Fang Zhengyu, a fellow villager of the Dai clan.
At that time, Xing Bu only said that it was a "reverse book" and did not point out the specific content of the rebellion. The penal department proposes the following crimes:
Wang Yuan, who wrote the preface to the "Testament of The Widow", was exempted from investigation due to illness, Wang Hao was hanged, and the publisher Fang Zhengyu was exiled.
However, the final verdict was also like the "Nanshan Ji case", because of Kangxi's "holy grace", the death penalty was waived, and the reduction of the crime was inconsistent.
Despite this, the cruelty of the feudal era was still exposed - in the exile, Dai Mingshi's younger brother Dai Pingshi and his friend Wang Hao died of illness one after another, and the number of other dead is unknown.
More importantly, the case shows severe mental abuse and strong mind control over the ruled.
Kangxi
Let's talk about Zhang Chao.
Zhang Chao and Dai Mingshi are similar in age (Zhang Chao da Dai Mingshi is 3 years old), it is not known when the two were engaged, Dai Mingshi wanted to write a history when he was young, and he had inspected the Jiangsu and Zhejiang generations, and it was probably at this time that the two met. In Zhang Chao's ruler, there is a communication between the two people.
Unlike You Yunlu and Fang Zhengyu, who occasionally published a collection of essays sponsored by him, Zhang Chao was a "full-time" publisher who published the sensational "Yu Chu Xinzhi" and "Zhao Dynasty Series" during the Kangxi Dynasty.
One of the letters in his collection revolves around Dai Mingshi's desire to publish his own work in the Shōdai Series, which is the Testament of the Sho dynasty!
The Testament
Zhang Chao was very lucky to be able to escape this fate.
In June of the 41st year of the Kangxi Dynasty, Zhang Chao received a letter from Dai Mingshi and replied that the "Testament of the Emperor" had not been included in the second collection of the Zhao Dynasty Series.
Zhang Chao's "Occasional Existence of the Ruler", Volume IX, 15th Chapter 15, "Fu Dai Tian You":
The great work of "Widow's Legacy", read to Menghui, can be used as a successor to the class and the horse, and the heart loves it. The name "Shōdai Series" was chosen, so it is inconvenient to enter it in the tragic situation of ming ji Liukou, because it has not been borrowed. ”
The so-called "Zhao Dynasty" means "the era of political clarity". The reason why Zhang Chao did not publish it was only because the "Testament of the Widow" was written as "The Misery of the Ming Dynasty", which was inconsistent with the title of the book "Zhao Dynasty" or the intention of publication!
Because of Zhang Chao's refusal, the "Testament of the Widow" was instead funded and engraved by Fang Zhengyu, which caused this great disaster for the Tongcheng Fang family.
From the literature, Zhang Chao may have died before the "Nanshan Collection" case. So, if he published the "Testament of the Widow", can he be exonerated because of death?
No way.
For example, Fang Xiaobiao (Dai's fellow villagers, with Fang Bao, Fang Zhengyu, and Fang Bao's grandfather) involved in the "Nanshan Collection" case, and Dai Mingshi were convicted of "great rebellion" and sentenced to Ling Chi, although at this time Fang had died of illness, and finally did not escape the end of the coffin and the ashes, and his wife's relatives were affected.
Zhang Chao's fluke, of course, is related to his publishing ideas, but it still looks like a thrilling accident, he rubbed shoulders with the literal prison, but his friends and colleagues were not so lucky.
Dai Mingshi's hometown of Tongcheng
In the old era, a mistake in the actions of folk intellectuals would pay the price of life, so why was this not the fate and inevitability of intellectuals in the old era?
By the way, although Zhang Chao's "Yu Chu Xinzhi" and "Zhao Dynasty Series" were not banned books, many of the articles in the interior were banned.
As a bystander, brushing away the thick gray of history, I am still shocked by the blood color of that year, and while remembering the deceased, I regret that they were not born in this era.
Resources:
Zhang Bing and Zhang Yuzhou, "The Nanshan Collection and the Decline of the Dai Family in Tongcheng", Wen Shi Zhe, 2009.03.
Liu Hewen, Zhang Chao Research, Master Thesis, 2004.05.
Image from the web.