Speaking of the history of the "Cultural Revolution" in the 1960s and 1970s, I believe that everyone who has personally experienced this history knows that this is an indelible pain. Therefore, whether in the past or now, many people think that things like the "Cultural Revolution" are best not to happen again. But at the same time, there are also many people who believe that this can only happen in socialist countries like China, and that this kind of thing will not happen in other countries, especially in Western countries.
However, is this really the case? In fact, things like the "Cultural Revolution" have happened in many countries, especially in the West, and the Cultural Revolution is basically a frequent occurrence, and the people have long been accustomed to it, and they will not feel strange at all.
In 1945, a large-scale "Cultural Revolution" broke out in the United States, and many people were persecuted to varying degrees.
So, how did this sensational "Cultural Revolution" in the history of the United States occur? What harm has this farce done to American society? In addition, why did the United States, a country that claims to be the supremacy of its own value, also have such a scandal as the "Cultural Revolution"?
Hello everyone, welcome to the Song of Great Qin. Today we will talk about the "Cultural Revolution" that occurred in the history of the United States. The story is extraordinarily wonderful, and friends who like it also kindly ask you to like and support, thank you. Next, let's get started!
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="11" > fuse in the case of Meiya magazine</h1>
In March 1945, the U.S. House of Representatives voted 207 in favor and 186 against, making its infamous "non-American committee" a permanent body. At the same time, as the U.S. domestic inflation index rose sharply, 34,700 strikes occurred in just one year, and more than 4.5 million workers took to the streets. The House Of Representatives Non-American Committee took the opportunity to accuse the trade unions of being "infiltrated by the Communist Party," vigorously inciting the public against communism and communism, and persecuting progressives.
On March 11, 1945, the FBI, under the pretext that an article in the January 26 magazine of the same year was similar in content to a secret material in their possession, together with agents of the Strategic Intelligence Agency, broke into the editorial office of The Asia magazine and claimed that "more than 1,700 classified and other secret-level government documents were seized from the office."
On June 6, the FBI again raided the editorial board of Meiya magazine, claiming that "1,069 pages of government documents were searched, of which 504 were confidential." On the same day, the U.S. Department of Justice arrested Six people, including State Department official Xie Weisi, who had worked for a long time in the U.S. Military's Yan'an Observation Group, on charges of "stealing top-secret government documents."
It was later found that the documents used by Meiya magazine were copies of xie Weisi's privately kept report from Yan'an. It is not a "top secret file".
Most of the views in these reports are the insights of Xie Weisi and others in yan'an through talks with Chairman Mao, Zhou Enlai, and other CPC leaders and field investigations by members of the US military's observation group in Yan'an.
For example, in a memorandum written in mid-February 1945 for General Weidmeier, the commander of the U.S. forces in the Chinese theater, who was about to return to China, he suggested that the U.S. government pursue a policy similar to that of the Allied Tito guerrillas in Yugoslavia, that is, like British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the performance of all parties in the war against Germany, rather than on their ideology, should judge whether to provide assistance or not. It is hoped that the US Government will consider itself from its own perspective when formulating its China policy and will not support the Chiang Kai-shek government in fighting a civil war.
After Xie Weisi's arrest, Yan'an published an editorial in the Liberation Daily, viewing the incident as a "watershed in Sino-US relations."
Despite the acquittal of The Federal Grand Jury in August because the evidence could not be established, the Truman administration began a so-called "loyalty investigation" of the federal government, the armed forces, and defense order contractors from December 17, 1947, under the influence of the May Asia case.
The scope of its investigation has even expanded to ridiculous points. In Pasadena, a 3-year-old girl works as an advertising model for a store, and her mother receives a notice that the girl must sign an oath of loyalty to receive payment.
According to statistics, during the "loyalty survey", a total of more than 20 million Americans were subject to varying degrees of censorship.
Under the influence of the "loyalty survey", public opinion in the United States also shifted to the right, and teachers who taught social sciences would be fired if they did not scold the Soviet Union and communism in class. The Cincinnati Red baseball team was forced to change its name and even candidates running for Miss America had to state their case against Carl. Marx's view.
It was at this time that a speech by Wisconsin Senator McCarthy pushed the movement to its peak.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="137" > "McCarthyism" turned out</h1>
On November 14, 1908, Joseph M. McCarthy was born in northern Wisconsin to a small Irish farmer family.
In 1939, McCarthy falsely declared his age to run for judge for the Seventh District Circuit Court in Wisconsin, becoming the "youngest judge" in the district's history.
From then on, McCarthy began a political career full of fraud and lies. McCarthy was said of this: "Immense boldness and clever lying in some respects make his approach very different from that of the general upside-down black and white."
In 1946, McCarthy, who had retired from the military, ran for the Senate. McCarthy, who had never been on the battlefield, announced to the public that he had been "honorably wounded" several times, removed "10 pounds of shrapnel" from his leg, and was elected to the Wisconsin Senate in November of that year.
During his first four years in the Senate, his reputation plummeted due to misconduct and speculation in soybean futures, gambling, and alcoholism. It is often said that "Senator McCarthy often has a bottle of whiskey in his public bag," and that he "confuses the Senate and the united states as a whole with a whole with a whole of facts of a different nature and numbers that don't stand up to verification."
In particular, in the fall of 1949, McCarthy actually defended the Nazis who massacred American soldiers, causing public uproar. Thus, in this year's polls, McCarthy was named the "worst senator" of the year.
At this point, he desperately needed a life-saving straw to help him keep his seat in Congress.
On February 9, 1950, the anniversary of the birth of Lincoln, the sixteenth president of the United States, McCarthy decided to "fire the shells at the State Department" on this day.
Arranged by the National Committee of the Republic, he flew from Washington to Whirin, West Virginia, to give a speech titled "Communists in the State Department" at the Republican Women's Club in Ohio County, claiming that in his hands there was "a list of 205 people" and that "all of them were members of the Communist Party and the Spy Network." "The secretary of state knows that these people on the list are all communists, but these people are still drafting and formulating the state department's policies."
McCarthy's speech was like a thunderbolt on a sunny day. There was an uproar in the United States. McCarthy, who had previously walked on thin ice, became a political star that shook the country overnight.
After Willin's speech, McCarthy flew to Salt Lake City, Utah, and Renault, Nevada, to repeat his speech. Slightly different, McCarthy was still waving a small piece of paper in his hand, which was called the "spy list." However, according to his statement at this time, there were 57 people on the list.
On Feb. 11, a distraught McCarthy specifically called President Harry Truman and Secretary of State Acheson to ask them to speak publicly about his speech. After receiving the telegram, Truman was so angry that he wrote back: "I am sure that the people of Wisconsin are extremely sorry that their representative is such a irresponsible person as you."
However, after writing the letter, Truman did not send it out, but instead included it in the "archive." He also instructed Secretary of State's deputy, Prifoy, to call McCarthy and ask him to "make the list public."
Delighted, McCarthy ignored Truman's inquiries and set off wave after wave of so-called "revelations and inventories of Communist Party activities in the U.S. government" in the Senate.
After the outbreak of the Korean War, McCarthy even used the excuse that some people in the Truman administration had secretly "secretly "secretly colluded with the Soviet Union," "betrayed the Chiang Kai-shek clique," and "helped communism." He called the 20 years of the Democratic Party's rule "20 years of treason, and pointed his finger directly at the Truman administration."
On June 14, 1951, McCarthy, under the pretext of Truman's removal of MacArthur, the Commander-in-Chief of the Korean War, delivered one of his longest speeches at the State Department, directly accusing the Truman administration of important foreign policymakers.
George W. Bush, who served as envoy, secretary of state and secretary of defense to China, was called "the greatest man of our day" by Truman. General Marshall. In this more than 60,000-word speech, he placed the charge of "traitor" or even "murderer" on Marshall's head, saying that he was extremely opposed to the opening of a second battlefield in the Balkans in World War II, allowing the Soviet Union to reach Eastern Europe before the Western allies. At the Yalta Conference, Roosevelt was hoodwinked, the Soviet Union profited from territory and other aspects, secretly supported the Communist Party during his role as President Truman's special envoy to China to mediate the conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, "betrayed the Kuomintang," formulated policies unfavorable to the Chiang Kai-shek clique during his tenure at the State Council, and "helped the Communist Party of China gain power."
Later, McCarthy also had his assistants compile America's Retreat from Victory: George W. Bush. Marshall's Story was published and widely distributed.
Also being unjustifiably accused of McCarthy was Owen, who was involved in U.S. affairs with China during and after the war. Latimer, Fairbank, Schweitz, Colebu, and Acheson, then Secretary of State.
In the winter of 1951, amid McCarthy's groundless accusations and insults, Marshall had to resign and return to the Restauwon farm in Virginia.
From 1953 onwards, McCarthy gradually extended his claws into the diplomatic realm. In April of that year, McCarthy, with the assistance of two young aides, began an inventory of the books in the U.S. embassies overseas.
In this inventory, the leader of the Communist Party of the United States, William W. Bush, was appointed as the leader of the Communist Party of the United States. Books by 75 writers, including Foster, left-wing writers Browder and Smedley, are all banned, and even the famous historian Arthur Jr. Schlesinger and humorist Mark. Twain's work is also included in the list of "dangerous books". According to statistics, the total number of books excluded is nearly 2 million.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="142" > the american "Cultural Revolution" is far-reaching</h1>
Under this influence, the libraries of some cities and schools in the United States have also banned or even burned "any suspicious books and magazines." Books labeled "suspicious" include monographs on sculpture, psychiatry, alcohol, childcare, and architecture, as well as detective fiction, and even Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Even a book about Soviet ballet was burned by McCarthyists for mentioning "Soviet Union."
During the period when "McCarthyism" was at its most rampant, key departments such as the US Department of State, the Department of Defense, important defense factories, the Voice of America, and the US Government Printing Office could not escape the investigation of McCarthy's subcommittee on non-US activities.
At the same time, the left forces in the United States have also been hit with unprecedented blows. In 1953 alone, McCarthy's committee held more than 600 "investigative" events and 17 live television hearings.
Over time, McCarthy's activities increasingly provoked public opposition.
In Europe, McCarthy was directly likened to Hitler. Secretary of State Dulles went so far as to express his concern to President Dwight Eisenhower; "Many European leaders seem to think that we [the United States] are moving toward American-style fascism under McCarthy." British Labor leader Attlee even raised the question: "In terms of U.S. foreign policy, is Eisenhower more powerful, or McCarthy's power?" In the United States, some people have issued such an exclamation, saying that the Republican Party is already "half mcCarthy, half of Eisenhower."
In July 1953, Matthews, an aide to McCarthy, wrote in The American Courier accusing American Jesuit pastors of "serious communist infiltration." The church immediately called the White House to protest Matthews' slander.
Eisenhower immediately replied and broadcast it to the nation via radio, denouncing Matthews' "irresponsible attack" and forcing McCarthy to remove Matthews from his duties.
This action was seen as McCarthy's "only striking setback" in 1953, and it was also a sign that Eisenhower was preparing to "show off" with McCarthy.
At the 1954 Army McCarthy Hearing, McCarthy suffered his "Waterloo."
When the War Department publicized McCarthy's various ultra vires and violations, unveiling the black curtain on McCarthy's investigation, McCarthy used the usual tricks of east-and-roll and sensationalism, and abused the Senate proceedings in front of the national television audience to deliberately interfere with the hearing and investigation.
When McCarthy did his best to stir up trouble, he wantonly attacked the War Department lawyer Joseph. When one of Welch's young assistants was in a hurry, the always kind Welch couldn't bear it, and in a fit of rage, he shot up and questioned McCarthy, "Mr. Senator, do you still have a conscience?" Haven't you even retained a little conscience in the end? ”
On December 1, 1954, amid nationwide outcry, the U.S. Senate passed a resolution condemning McCarthy.
On May 2, 1957, McCarthy drank too much alcohol and caused hepatitis and neuritis, and he died.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="145" qian Xuesen was tapped ></h1>
During the period when "McCarthyism" was at its most rampant, Sino-US relations were frozen in the cold ice of the Cold War. Under the influence of "McCarthyism," "anti-communism" became the only option for the United States.
McCarthy's attacks on China led successive administrations of Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson to adopt a very rigid East Asian policy, and no one dared to offer to engage with the People's Republic of China.
Inside the United States, thousands of Chinese and Asians are suspected of being "spies." Not only was he illegally summoned, denied money from sending money to relatives in China, and even forbidden to speak publicly about his hometown, but many were imprisoned, deported, or even assassinated for accusing him of "sympathizing with the Communist Party."
Qian Xuesen, a well-known nuclear physicist working in the United States, was also rumored by the FBI for allegedly participating in the activities of the Communist Party of the United States during the war. Since then, Qian Xuesen has repeatedly found that his personal letters have been opened, residential phone calls have been tapped, and his "national security permit" has been revoked.
This shows that he can no longer continue to work on jet propulsion research, or even stay in the laboratory. Until leaving the United States in 1955, Qian Xuesen was subject to restrictions by the U.S. Immigration Service and surveillance by the FBI. Due to restrictions imposed by the US government, Qian Xuesen not only did not bring any research materials with him when he returned to China, but he did not even bring back some personal life items.
Chinese old friend Edgar. Snow was also persecuted by the "McCarthyism" and had to leave his country with his wife and leave Switzerland.
On February 19, 1972, Snowcock died in Geneva. After Snow's death, his family found his last words while cleaning up his letters; to leave some of his ashes in China because he loved China, and sent the other half of his ashes back to the United States for burial on the Hudson River in his hometown.
Now, more than seventy years later, the "Cultural Revolution" in the United States has always erupted in different contents and forms, and cultural fragmentation, racial discrimination and other "Cultural Revolutions" are staged every day. Whether in the United States or in the United States government, the specter of "McCarthyism" still pervades all corners of American society and has become an "American phenomenon" that Americans are accustomed to. It can be seen that the American-style liberal values that the United States has always flaunted are just a fig leaf for them to act as a façade.
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