This article is a series of 316 intensive readings of Chinese history, and 23 series of "Qing Dynasty History", welcome to watch.
01、 "Bagua Dingjun"
Tenrikyo, also known as Bagua Buddhism, is one of the branches of the White Lotus Sect. After the failure of the White Lotus Rebellion, Tianli Sect spread throughout Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi and other provinces, and even Huang Jinneng in Pingyuan County, Guangdong Province, and Gao Mada in Tamsui, Taiwan, who also preached in the local area.
The gossip of the Tianli Sect is Qian, Kun, Zhen, Xun, Kan, Li, Geng, and Hui. One of the ten-day teachings calling on the people to overthrow the Qing Dynasty was to "rank high and low, and only then can the heavens and the earth be divided." The five elements give birth to father and son, and the bagua is determined to be a monarch. ”
As early as the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there was a man named Liu Zuochen in Shan County, Shandong Province, who began to use it to organize mass struggles. During the Jiaqing period, its main leaders were Lin Qing and Li Wencheng.
Lin Qing was slender, his face was dark, and his beard was as thick as a hedgehog's thorn. He was originally from Zhejiang, because his family was poor, he was exiled to the north, and he had been someone else's domestic servant since he was a child; when he was a buddy in a medicine shop, he had abscesses and was dismissed by his boss, and after that, he ran to Jiangnan to work as a deputy, causing trouble, the government wanted to arrest him, and then he fled back to Beijing on a boat carrying grain, and lived in the home of his sister Dong Linshi in Songjiazhuang. In the eleventh year of Jiaqing (1806), he joined the Tenrikyo Sect and soon became the leader of Kangua.
Li Wencheng, whose family lives in Xiejiazhuang, Huaxian County, Henan, lost his parents very early and learned carpentry work with others, and everyone called him "Li Si Carpenter". Later, he went to private school for a few days, and then studied some mathematics and astrology on his own, so he did not participate in groups such as The Boxer Andi and shundao associations, but devoted himself to the Zhengua in the Tenrikyo Sect. At that time, there was a folk song that said: "If you want the red flowers to bloom, you must wait for the frost to come." He then called himself "Yan Frost Eighteen sons", and people also said that he was the reincarnation of Li Zicheng. He had ambition, knowledge, and prestige, so he soon became not only the leader of the quakes, but also the leaders of the other gua except the kangua.
In the sixteenth year of Jiaqing (1811), Lin Qing went to Huaxian County, and when he first met Li Wencheng, he thought he was a great figure, and decided that the two of them would jointly control the gossip: Lin Qing would be the emperor, Feng Keshan would be the local emperor, and Li Wencheng would be the human emperor, and he would each take over one side of the land in the future.
In the seventeenth year of Jiaqing (1812), Li Wencheng came to Huangcun and agreed with Lin Qing that he would revolt at noon on October 8 next year.
Since then, the preparations for the uprising have been further accelerated by the North and the South. They propagated that those who had been converted to the religion would pay "foundation money" (also known as "money for planting blessings") and agreed that they would pay ten times the money after the fact was completed, and that those who paid a hundred dollars would be able to obtain a piece of land in the future. They will also receive the money they receive to help the poor.
All this was tantamount to sending charcoal to the landless and extremely poor peasants, and even many eunuchs (more eunuchs in Hejian counties) actively supported them (there was a capital named Cao Lun, who also echoed Lin Qing). They then developed the team more broadly.
Li Wencheng began to buy military horses, build military battles, recruit soldiers and soldiers, and issue banners.
On the night of the Mid-Autumn Festival in the eighteenth year of Jiaqing (1813), Liu Bin, the inspector of Huaxian County, drank wine and had fun with Nie Jiansheng, and after hearing about this, he soon sneaked into Zhuangzhong, heard the sound of forging, detected the truth from the mouth of the blacksmith, and immediately reported to Qiang Kejie of Zhixian County, and Qiang Kejie immediately arrested Li Wencheng and others, gave Li a stick, beat him with six or seven hundred sticks, and beat Li with scaly wounds and broken tibia fractures. When the news came, the masses roared, and the uprising finally broke out ahead of schedule.
On September 30, more than 3,000 angry people, led by the strong Song Yuancheng and Li Wencheng's wife Zhang Shi (known as "Li Sijie"), attacked the county in one fell swoop, killing Liu Bin and other cool officials, and Qiang Kejie was forced to hang himself. The rebel army opened the prison, rescued Li Wencheng, and raised the banner of "Great Tomorrow Shun Li Allah", with Niu Liangchen as the military division, Song Yuan as the Grand Marshal, Jianyuan "Tianshun", and Tun Bing Daokou Zhucun Fort.
The people of Changyuan and Dongchang, which were directly subordinate to them, and Cao County and Dingtao in Shandong, responded one after another, and the rebellious people also conquered Cao County and Dingtao.
After the Jiaqing Emperor heard of the change in the summer resort, he sent the governor Wen Chenghui and the governor of Henan, Gao Qi, to lead troops to suppress it, but unexpectedly, the rebel army in Huangcun actually broke into the palace!
At noon on October 8, about 200 rebel soldiers, wrapped in white flags and white cloth, carrying persimmon baskets on their shoulders (knives and arrows were hidden in the baskets), under the guidance of eunuchs Liu Decai and Yang Jinzhong, came to Donghua Gate and Xihua Gate in two teams.
The first team of Donghuamen was led by Zhu Xian and Qu Wu; the first team of Xihuamen was led by Li Wu and Song Jincai. The East Team' quarrel with the coal sellers revealed their knives, and the Qing troops who closed the door immediately closed the gate, so that only more than ten people entered, but they also killed and wounded a large number of officers and soldiers at the Concord Gate.
After the whole team entered the Xihua Gate, they killed the guards, closed the gate, killed the Wenying Pavilion, killed the Cangzhen Gate, and gathered outside the Longzong Gate (the door was closed), and some people also entered the inner dining room of the Cining Palace. Wrapped their heads in white cloth, they held high the banners of "Great Tomorrow Shun" and "Gu TianBaomin", and shot sharp arrows at the Longzong Gate, and one by one the warriors began to climb up the Xihe Gate in front of the Yangxin Hall.
The Qing army rushed in from the Shenwu Gate, but the commander of the escort army, Shi Ruiling, still did not dare to engage in battle, advocating the protection of the quick-standby vehicles and the concubines escaping, until more than a thousand officers and men of the firearms battalion came, and only slightly relaxed. Only the emperor's second son Mianning and others, when they saw the rebel soldiers climbing up the Yangxin Gate, they hurriedly shot with shotguns (it is said that Mianning's first shot did not have time to find the lead pill, but was loaded into the clothes buckle and fired).
Later, the firearms battalion also fired a salvo. The rebel army was alone and lost its fighters, but still stubbornly resisted. As night fell, they hid in the Wufeng Tower, the South Kaoru Hall, and other places, and from time to time launched surprise attacks on the Qing soldiers.
At dawn on October 9, thunderstorms intensified, and the fire ropes of the Qing army were extinguished by the rain, and one by one they were even more frightened. At night, I heard that there were still rebels at the West Chang'an Gate, and I was disturbed for a while.
The more than 70 rebel soldiers who entered the palace killed a total of 41 officers and soldiers and wounded 60 of them, but in the end they failed due to the disparity between the widows and the hunger and thirst, and the bitter struggle for two days and one night.
Before breaking into the palace, some people suggested that Lin Qing should not send people to break into the palace, but should ambush and kill the Jiaqing Emperor who returned to Luang on October 10, and then revolt in a big way, Lin Qing did not listen; before breaking into the palace, some people suggested sending more people, but Lin Qing did not listen.
After the failure of the palace, Lin Qing stayed in Huangcun, but still fantasized about the arrival of Henan reinforcements! At dawn on October 10, a large car came to Lin Qing's house, and Zhang Peng and Gao Deming, who were escorting the car, falsely claimed to be Henan reinforcements, called open the door, and tricked Lin Qing into getting into the car. He was soon killed.
On the 11th, the palace sprinkled "evil pills" to calm the alarm; on the 12th, the Jiaqing Emperor returned to the palace.
However, at the head of the city in Huaxian County, Henan, the white flag of the rebel army was still flying high.
Wen Chenghui was as timid as a rat and did not dare to attack, and the Jiaqing Emperor sent Na Yancheng as the overseer instead. Na Yancheng soldiers to Wei Hui, also did not dare to move forward, was reprimanded by the Jiaqing Emperor secretly. It was not until November that Yang Yuchun, Yang Fang, Liu Qing, and other old executioners who suppressed the Great Rebellion of the White Lotus Sect arrived and gathered all the Qing troops, plus the Xi'an and Xuzhou soldiers, the Jianrui firearms troops, the Jilin and Heilongjiang horse teams, and the Solon soldiers, and on the 29th, they broke through the crossing and entered Huai County.
Huaxian County is the old rule of the ancient Hua Prefecture, the city wall is thick, the city gate has five, and the grain and grass are sufficient. The morale of the rebel army was high, and every time Wencheng gave an order, the soldiers cheered, and the sound was tensed for miles. The Qing army did not set up a fence because it was a reed pond outside the north gate. In order to contain the enemy army, in early December, under the leadership of Liu Guoming, the rebel army divided up 4,000 men and horses, pushed Li Wencheng (who was not healed by his wounds) in a large cart, and rushed out of Taihang; when he was blocked, he turned into Hui County, carried Wencheng into Sizhai on Eighteen PanShan, camped and camped against Yang Fang and other pursuing soldiers.
Sizhai backs the mountains and rivers, and the deep walls of the ditch are solid, with more than 300 private houses and more than 10 watchtowers. Unexpectedly, the rebel army went out to meet the enemy, was ambushed by Yang Fang at Baitugang, and was pursued by the Qing army at Nanshou Mountain, with great losses.
On December 10, the rebel army launched a final bloody battle with the Qing army in the village, and Yang Fang ordered the burning of the houses, so that the rebel army lost the support of the war of resistance. The generals carried Li Wencheng into a building. Yang Fang led his troops to attack the building, Liu Guoming shouted loudly, jumped out with a knife in his common name, slashed and killed several enemies, and unfortunately died with a spear.
The enemy army then shouted and shouted, and Li Wencheng shouted loudly: "Li Wencheng is here, if he wants to kill, he will kill, and he will not surrender!" Then he set himself on fire, and dozens of personal generals gathered around him and were martyred in the fire at the same time.
The next day, the enemy conducted an autopsy and found That Li Wencheng was wearing a net scarf, long hair, two strands of plaster, his arms were burned, his shoulders were charred, his left eye was injured, and his face was scarred by guns and arrows; although the tent was burned, a white flag was completely treasured under his body, and the book "Great Tomorrow Shun Li Allah."
Wencheng has no relatives, and his wife Zhang Shi leads his only young daughter (12 years old) to stay in Huaxian County. After the Qing army captured the cities, they gathered outside the city of Shui County, attacked but did not conquer, and dug tunnels.
Huang Xinghan, the general of the rebel army, found out and led his people to the South Gate Tunnel to slash and kill, while other soldiers poured water into the tunnel.
The Qing army's heavy artillery bombarded, and the rebel army made huge tents such as cowhide to protect the city wall, and the shells went up and down, and the city wall was safe and sound. But the cunning Yang Fang pretended to build a fence, while secretly filling the old tunnels with explosives, and ambushed the armored soldiers three miles outside the city.
At dawn on January 1, the nineteenth year of Jiaqing (1814), various Qing troops attacked five gates. The defender shouted at the city, "If you want to break my city, you must have 200,000 elite soldiers!" The Qing army fired crossbows in unison, hitting his left arm, he did not move at all, pulled out this arrow and shot back; the Qing army fired again, he took the arrow with his hand, and rushed left and right to command the counterattack.
Unexpectedly, a corner of the Guandi Temple in Xicheng was suddenly blown open by more than 20 zhang, and at noon, the Qing army gathered locusts and burrowed into the city, and the rebel army could not break through, and the heroic street battle. A warrior, armed with a large axe, was beheaded by the enemy, but he still stood up to the enemy.
The battle lasted for a day and night, and at three o'clock, the Qing army was forced to withdraw. Wen Cheng's wife, Zhang Shi, led the team to attack for the third time, she made a double knife in her hand, rotated like a fly, killed dozens of enemies, and returned to the city again. Later, when the city was destroyed, Niu Liangchen and others persuaded her to pretend to be refugees to go out, and she generously said: "The city is dead and dead, and the undead are not heroes!" "After killing several enemies in the street battle with a knife, he was seriously injured before he closed the door and hanged himself. Her young daughter also killed herself!
Although this uprising of the Tianli Sect was suppressed by the Qing Dynasty, even the Jiaqing Emperor had to admit that such an uprising had never been seen in the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties! He also wrote a poem saying:
The group of fierce men disturbed Qi Yu and hid in the Xiao Wall.
Virtue is thin and causes disaster, and the heart of the spine is called to heaven.
It is evident that he himself also feels that the rule of the Qing Dynasty has begun to waver, and the emperor's palace has begun to be unstable.
02. The evil of the official's rule is shocking
Jiaqing Twenty-fifth Year (1820) On September 3, the Jiaqing Emperor traveled north to Rehe, on the way to heat stroke, a life whimper, the second son, 38-year-old Mianning was enthroned by will, with the next year as the first year of Daoguang, as the Daoguang Emperor.
When the Daoguang Emperor came to power, he also thought about innovation, and also tried to make some frugal appearances, the knee of his pants was torn and did not change into new pants, and he put a patch on it again, which was called "slapping". However, the foundation of the Qing Dynasty's rule had decayed, and the situation was further made worse by further credit to Cao Zhenyong (1745-1835), an old vassal.
Cao Zhenyong was a great red man of the Three Dynasties of Qianlong, Jiaqing, and Daoguang, and in the first year of Daoguang (1821), he became a scholar of Wuyingdian University and a powerful and powerful subject. His protégé asked him how to be an official, and he replied, "There is no other trick: just prostrate more and talk less!" An anonymous man wrote the words "A Cut of Plum" to satirize him, one of which was:
There is no disaster and no difficulty to the three dukes, the wife is honored, the son is in the middle of the lang, and the liufang is infinite behind him, and he is not humbled, and he is loyal to Wen Zhong.
This also vividly depicts the general situation of the official rule during the Daoguang period. Cao Zhenyong himself did not study at all, and when he was ordered to comment on the text, the volume was slightly quaint, and he could not understand it, so he only picked one or two broken characters (one or two in the poems were not in line with the level), and rated it as inferior. He also taught this light technique to the Daoguang Emperor, saying, "Emperor, as long as you point out one or two mistakes in the font on the chapter, then the courtiers will be surprised by your Saint Ming, and naturally they will not dare to deceive anything." “
When the Daoguang Emperor believed this, his subordinates were often condemned for the misuse of the first and second words, so the vast majority of good officials also followed the rules and retreated, and the situation in all aspects was even worse.
In addition, the land is more concentrated and the livelihood of the people is more impoverished. The University ShiQishan family annexed more than 2,561,200 acres of land. Bureaucrats seized land, merchants bought land, and gentry annexed land. Ordinary people have been exploited layer by layer and have become displaced people.
In the second year of Daoguang (1822), there were as many as 2,400 reclamation households in the Nantian area at the junction of Ningbo and Taizhou, which were forbidden by the imperial court; in the third year of Daoguang (1823), the "guests" in the mountains of Zhouzhi County in Xi'an Province reached 150,000 people!
Daoguang was emperor for 30 years, lived for 69 years, was ostensibly very busy, and half a year before his death, he also took illness to the court, and on the morning of his death (Daoguang thirty years, February 25, 1850), he also pretended to summon courtiers, but in fact, he had no great ambitions, did not listen to advice, and was politically a mediocre person.
03. Zhang Ge's rebellion
Although the Daoguang Emperor was said to be a mediocre prince, he also did a good deed, that is, to quell Zhang Ge's rebellion.
Zhang Ge, originally known as Zhi Khan Gil, was the second grandson of the rebel leader Yamato Chomubu nadun during the Qianlong period, and grew up in the kingdom of Kokand. At that time, the British colonists had already occupied the countries of West Asia (including the State of Kokand), so Zhang Geer was trained by the British colonists from an early age.
The British repeatedly wanted to trade, and the Qing Dynasty refused to open a large sect, so it instigated Zhang Ge to oppose the Qing in a vain attempt to obtain territory from southern Xinjiang; the king of Kokand also wanted to develop eastward and get some places in southern Xinjiang; Zhang Ge wanted to avenge his ancestors, so the three parties colluded very tightly and wanted to move.
It just so happened that in the last year of Jiaqing, the Qing Dynasty's commanders and ministers stationed in the cities of southern Xinjiang and the local officials (Burke) were violent and violent, and they did no evil, so the people of southern Xinjiang complained bitterly. Therefore, Zhang Ge, who had always been engaged in chanting prayers and blessings among the people in southern Xinjiang, with the support of the invading forces of britain and Kokand, took advantage of the people's dissatisfaction with the rule of the Qing Dynasty's local officials, and launched a rebellion in Jiaqing in 1820 according to the source of the Nalin River, attacking the Kashgar border.
In the end, the Kashgar leader Serp Zheng'e defeated Zhang Geer, but because he accepted Zhang Ge's bribe, he began to protect him, and the Mid-Autumn Festival actually killed all 80 prisoners, and lied that it was the Brut tribe that seduced Zhang Ge's rebellion.
At this time, the Jiaqing Emperor was dead, and the Daoguang Emperor sent the Ili general Qingxiang to investigate, and as a result, he discovered the bad deeds of local officials and replaced them to ease the contradictions with the people of southern Xinjiang.
But Zhang Ge and his masters were still not dead-hearted and constantly rebelled. In October of the fifth year of Daoguang (1825), the leading minister Bayan Batu pursued Zhang Ge and killed more than a hundred women and children of the Brut tribe, and the Bruts were indignant and gathered to annihilate them, and the people of all ethnic groups in southern Xinjiang who were in the depths of the water and fire also rose up to rebel against the Qing Dynasty.
Zhang Ge, who had ulterior motives, heard the news and agreed to cut off the city of Kashgar to the state of Kokand, borrowing Kokand soldiers to take the opportunity to attack.
The Qing court ordered Qingxiang to go. In July of the sixth year of Daoguang (1826), Zhang Geer's rebels attacked the vicinity of Kashgar, Qingxiang ordered five hundred sergeants to sneak in, and zhang detected that Zhang avoided his front and cut off his rear road, and then, before and after, he annihilated the Qing army in one fell swoop and besieged the city of Kashgar.
The Qing army in the city ran out of food, boiled leather to fill the hunger, and persisted until September, when Zhang Ge finally attacked the city, and Qingxiang hanged himself.
Zhang Ge, with the support of the Kokand army, soon captured Ingishal, Yarkand, and Hewen. However, Zhang Ge not only killed 6,000 defenders in Kashgar City, but also killed the Montenegrin Party (he himself belonged to the White Mountain Party) and destroyed the official hall houses, so the people of southern Xinjiang had begun to see through his ambitions and did not actively support him. He and the Kokand army also had a conflict over the division of the spoils, and Kokand's army of 10,000 people withdrew.
However, the 22,000-step and cavalry army led by the Qing Dynasty, led by Changling (General Yang Wei), Yang Yuchun (Governor of Shaanxi and Gansu), Wulong'a (Inspector of Shandong, leading Jilin and Heilongjiang elite soldiers), and Viceroy Yang Fang, pounced on him from Aksu City on March 4, 1827, the seventh year of Daoguang (1827).
On March 21, the Qing army defeated Zhang Ge in the Yang Abat Desert. On the 23rd, Zhang Ge was in the woods of Shabudur Reed Lake, and the Qing army infantry marched through the canal and engaged in short troops, Zhang Ge'er's gunpowder blew itself up, chaos, the Qing army pursued for 30 miles, and captured more than 10,000 rebels.
On the 24th, Zhang Ge held the north bank of the Hun River, which was more than ten miles away from the city of Kashgar, and lined up for more than 20 miles, with more than 100,000 troops and drums and horns, and set up a decisive battle. It was a time when the weather was gloomy, the wind was dusty and sandy, and it was indistinguishable. The commander of the Qing army, Chang Ling, wanted to withdraw from the camp, and Yang Yuchun thought it was impossible. Therefore, he smuggled across the upper and lower reaches of the Hun River by wind and sand, and on the morning of the 25th, the battle was fought in Hebei, zhang ge's army collapsed, and Zhang's nephew and two generals of Kokand were captured.
On March 27, the Qing army recaptured the city of Kashgar, followed by Ingishal, Yarkand, etc., and Zhang Geersi fled.
Yang Fang led his troops in pursuit of Zhang Ge, and the Kokand army ambushed the Qing army at Alai Ridge. The Qing army then sent the Montenegrin party member Zhang Geer to say: The Qing army has withdrawn, and everyone is waiting for you to return. Zhang Ge did not know what the plan was, and he also entangled some people Ma Donglai. At the end of the year, Yang Fang attacked the Kartgai Mountains, and Zhang Ge only led 30 horses to flee west, and was lured by the Brut tribe to sacrifice.
In the tenth year of Daoguang (1830), the State of Kokand not only refused to send Zhang Geer's dependents, but also sent officials to support Zhang Ge's brother Mahmad Yusupu to lead fugitives to make trouble, and the Qing generals were paralyzed, so the cities of Kashgar and Yarkand were besieged and dissolved the following year.
In the twenty-seventh year of Daoguang (1847), Zhang Ge's son Jia Tahan and others launched a rebellion, and before long, they were also quelled.
The Daoguang Emperor quelled the rebellion launched by this lackey, dealt a heavy blow to the aggressive expansion ambitions of Britain and other countries, and defended the integrity of the country. The hundred officials of the Qing Dynasty praised this counter-rebellion as a "grand event of the Holy Dynasty", which was a bit exaggerated, but to quell the Zhang Ge rebellion, after all, it was still considered that the Daoguang Emperor had done a good thing that was beneficial to the country.
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The content of this article is compiled from the "History of the Qing Dynasty" of the Chinese reading book "Classic Chinese General History" jointly created by China International Broadcasting Publishing House and "Reading History".
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