Taihang Lin Shu Shi
Chen Qinghong Hu Yumin Lu Yongfeng
The Song Dynasty Du Xuan's "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" records: "Xiangzhou Lin Shu Stone, produced in the soil of the mouth, its quality is firm and moist, and it has a sound. The stone is upside down, hanging like a stalactite, melting naturally. Remove the rough stones, leave the stones to sit, and the peaks are beautiful, such as carrying a mountain. There are also adults, and the color of the stone is very blue. Zeng Gong entered the Inner Province, with the names of Lan Guan, Cang Qi, Dong Tian, etc., all more than ten products, each several inches high, very strange. There is another kind, the color is slightly spotted and slightly black, slightly soil stained, easy to wash, there is a large mountain, wandering on all sides, but the back is slightly soiled, thousands of rocks, peaks and peaks, quite a lot of hollow, caves like a turn, not fake man-made. To the middle of the void can be applied to the embers, quietly look at it, if the smoke clouds come out of the rocks. This stone was occasionally obtained because the alchemists between Chongning looked at each other, no more than three or five feet in size, and as for the fist, it was strange. ”
"Yunlin Stone Spectrum" - Lin Shushi
Du Xuan's "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" ranks the LinShi stone produced in the shallow mountainous area of the Taihang Mountains in Xiangzhou Linxu County (Anyang, Henan Province) in the third place after the Lingbi Stone and the Qingzhou Stone, which shows the high status of the Lin Shu Stone in history. This paper conducts a preliminary study of linshi from the aspects of the scope of origin, variety types, and appreciation standards of linshi, and now discusses the author's thoughts with all the stone friends.
First, the scope of origin
Linxuan stone is produced in the Taihang Mountains, the parent rock is Ordovician carbonate rock, generally a slope weathering, by surface water, groundwater or acidic soil erosion molding, is a type of natural strange stone based on the shape. The range of linshi production areas is divided into traditional and broad senses.
1. The traditional range of linshi production areas.
The "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" says: "Xiangzhou Lin Shu Stone, produced in the soil of jiaokou. "The traditional range of Linxuan stone production area refers to the hilly and gentle slope area of the shallow mountainous area of the Taihang Mountains represented by Jiaokou (present-day Jiaokou Village, Majiajiaojiao, Long'an District, Anyang City) in Linxu County, Xiangzhou In the Song Dynasty.
2. The broad range of linshi production areas.
Investigate the geological conditions of the Taihang Mountains, synthesize the quarrying experience of Anyang, Linzhou, Hebi and Handan Shiyou, and the broad range of Linxuan stone production areas, bounded by the main peak of the Taihang Mountains (LinxuShan) in the west; the border between the Taihang Mountains and the North China Plain in the east; the turning point of the Taihang Mountains in Xinxiang City and Jiaozuo City in the south; and the hilly and gentle slopes of the shallow mountains of the Taihang Mountains in the north within the first line of Wu'an and Xiangxian in Handan City.
Second, the type of variety
The "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" says: "Xiangzhou Lin Shushi, zenggong into the inner house, there are languan, cangqiu, dongtian and other names, where more than ten products." "Based on the documentary records, the morphological characteristics of Lin Shushi, and the humanistic consciousness and aesthetic orientation of the viewers, combined with the specimens of LinXushi collected by Anyang, Linzhou, Hebi and Handan Shiyou, this paper mainly studies the three types of Linxuanshi that were once paid tribute to the Song Dynasty.
1. Blue Guan Lin Shi
"Languan", a Chinese word for Lantianguan, is located in the southeast of Lantian County, Shaanxi Province. The Languan Ancient Road is a rugged mountain road carved out of the steep and steep mountains of the Qinling Mountains, and the peaks on both sides of the ancient road are facing each other, and the mountains are stacked. Tang Dynasty literary scholar Han Yu 's Left Move to Languan Shows Nephew Sun Xiang' Yun: "Where is the Yunheng Qinling family?" Snow and blue are not moving forward. "Based on geographical features, descriptions of ancient poems, documentary records and physical specimens, the author believes that the "blue pass" in the "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" refers to the yamagata forest stone, which means "mountain son" of the strange stone.
Stone is the foundation of the mountain, and the mountain is the shape of stone. Blue Guan Lin Shu Stone or One Pillar Qingtian, or Twin Peaks, or Peaks connecting the sky, or Rock cliffs, or Wall Standing Wanling, or Dragon Monster Hanging Upside Down, or Divine Turtle Exploring the Sea, or Stone Beam Flying Rainbow. It is a kind of close-up viewing, which can see the changes of four times from a peak to a peak, and is called "desk landscape". Combined with the literature records and the analysis of the lin shushi mountain-shaped strange stones collected by Anyang Shiyou, the Blue Guanlin Shushi can be divided into monofound shanzi, twin-peaked shanzi, Qunfeng shanzi, Hengfeng shanzi, rain shelter shanzi, bridge crossing shanzi and other types.
Dufeng Shanzi
Twin Peaks Mountain
Qunfeng Shanzi
Hengfeng Shanzi
Shelter from the rain
Cross the bridge mountain
2. Cangqi Forest Stone
"Cang qiu", also known as "cang qiu", is a Chinese word that refers to the cyan dragon and also describes the coiled branches of trees. During the Tang and Song dynasties, literati doctors began to play with pictographic stones. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Deyu collected the two stones of "Lion Stone" and "Deer Stone" in "Pingquan Villa". In the Song Dynasty, Yang Kang collected strange stones shaped like the image of a drunken Taoist priest, named "Drunken Daoist Stone". When Du Xie of the Southern Song Dynasty wrote the "Yunlin Stone Spectrum", he called the pictographic stone of Lin Shushi "also has the shape of a thing" "Cangqiu", which is also logical.
The natural formation of the cangqiu forest stone is varied: some are exquisite and transparent, Zen is strange; some are shaped like objects, but the portrait is exquisite; some are vivid and shocking; some are abstract in outline, freehand and convey the gods; some are infinitely artistic and intriguing. Combined with the pictographic Lin Shu stone collected by Anyang and Hebi Shiyou, the "Cangqiu" Lin Shu Stone recorded in the "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" can be divided into characters, beasts, birds, walking beasts, aquatic tribes, artifacts and other types.
Character pictographic stone
Beast Hieroglyph
Bird pictographic stone
Walking beast hieroglyphic stone
Aquarium hieroglyphic stone
Artifact hieroglyphic stone
3. Cave Heaven Forest Stone
"Dongtian", a Taoist word, refers to the famous mountain resort inhabited by Shinto. It means that there are caves in the mountains that reach the heavens and run through the mountains. The Eastern Jin Dynasty and Tang Dynasty Taoist classics, Tang Dynasty Li Bai, Song Dynasty Su Shi, Ming Dynasty Wu Cheng'en and other poems and novels have descriptions of Dongtian. Since the Song Dynasty, the literati and gentlemen have prevailed in the style of play, and the strange stones with caves in the air have been appreciated by the literati. Based on the literature and the physical examination of Lin Shushi, the author believes that the "Cave Heaven" recorded in the "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" refers to the Lin Shu stone similar to Taihu Stone, with caves and penetrating eyes.
Ancients Cloud: The stone is based on the exquisite air-penetrating person as the top product. Because of the agility of the cave, the cave is particularly precious because of the stone, and it has been favored by stone appreciators and gardeners since ancient times. According to the Lin Shu Stone collected by Anyang Shiyou, Dongtian Lin Shu Shi can be divided into Dong Tian Fu Di, Other Dong Tian, Linglong Dong Tian, Suoyun Dong Tian, Wangyue Dong Tian, YunXiu Dong Tian and other varieties.
Blessed with the cave
Don't have a hole in the sky
Exquisite cave day
Lock cloud cave day
Moon-piercing days
Cloudy Cave Days
3. Appreciation standards
The appraisal of Lin Shushi should reflect the integrity, aesthetics, vividness and charm of Lin Shushi as the general principle. The evaluation elements of Lin Xushi are divided into: form, texture, color, texture and artistic conception.
1. Morphology. The "shape" is Shi Xiangya. Among the elements of Lin Shushi's appraisal, the stone shape is very critical, and only when there is a "shape" will there be a "god".
(1) Blue off form. The benevolent leshan, the wise enjoy the water. To appreciate the Blue Pass Forest Stone, we should examine its characteristics such as male, strange, dangerous, and show. For the blue guanlin stone with thousands of rocks and beautiful peaks, first of all, the bottom of the strange stone should be "stable", and the natural flat bottom is as stable as Mount Tai. Secondly, the shape of the stone should be "strange", with beautiful peaks and ravines. Third, the trend of the mountain shape should be "smooth", and it should conform to the texture of the mountain in nature, and the clouds and flowing water should be natural. If the mountain-shaped landscape stone can be viewed on all sides, it is a rare blue guanlin stone.
(2) Cangqiu form. The elephant is invisible. Appreciating the cangqi forest and the stone requires a realistic image, resembling a human-like object, and a wonderful portrait. On the basis of observing the "elephant", the cangqi forest should first examine its complete structure, appropriate proportions, reasonable thickness, and complete limbs, and then examine its dynamics, charm, and demeanor, such as galloping horses, eagle strikes, and tiger roaring. If the above points are basically achieved, it can be determined as the top product of the Cangqi Forest Stone.
(3) Cave sky form. Loose wind and leakage of the moon, do not have a hole in the sky. Appreciate the cave forest stone, pay attention to thin, wrinkled, transparent, leaky and other characteristics. The location of the Cave Ofe-Tianlin Stone Pays Attention to the Golden Ratio. As a landscape stone, it is best to have the cave in the upper middle, or all over the body. And the mountain-shaped stone, the best cave is below. The cave of the Cave of the Cave Heaven Forest Stone pays attention to clever retreat, eye piercing, curved, transparent, communication, etc., it is best to have a slight twist, do not see at a glance.
2. Texture.
The "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" records: "Xiangzhou Lin Shu Stone, produced in the soil of the mouth, its quality is firm and moist, and it has a sound. "Linshi is a limestone rock, and its stony quality depends on the thickness of the mineral particles it composes and how it binds, that is, on the structure of the rock.
(1) Hardness. The Mohs hardness of Lin Xuanshi is generally between 4-7 degrees. The hardness of the stone is about 6 degrees, and when you tap it with your fingers or with a wooden stick, you can hear a crisp and pleasant sound. The stone quality of the poor Lin Shu stone is low in hardness, the Mohs hardness is about 4 degrees, and the sound of tapping is muffled.
(2) Runness. The wetness of Lin Shushi is a composite feeling of wetness and dryness of the stone appreciator's vision and the smoothness and astringency of the feel. The stone quality of Lin Shu Stone is preferably wet and slippery, and the collection value of Lin Shu Stone, which is smooth and warm and smooth as gelatin, is higher.
(3) Fineness. The fineness of Lin Shu stone refers to the thickness of the texture, preferably delicate. If the mineral grains that make up the forest stone are finer, the more tightly combined, the smaller the porosity, the finer the stone, the higher the density, and the better the texture.
3. Color.
The "Stone Spectrum of Yunlin Forest" records: "Xiangzhou Lin Shu Stone, the stone color is very blue, and there is a color that is slightly spotted and slightly black. ”
Lin Weishi is mostly black and blue-gray, with white tendons in between. Anyang Shiyou found a small number of yellow and red Lin Shu stones. Two-color and three-color forest stones are more rare, and there are physical specimens of black and white, black and yellow, black and red, and red, black, black, and yellow. The color of Lin Xuanshi stone is pure blue-black as the best, that is, "stone color is very blue".
4. Texture.
The common textures on the surface of the stone body of Linxuan stone are: walnut pattern, elephant skin pattern, axe split pattern, crab claw pattern, cirrus pattern, running water pattern and so on.
Lin Shushi is similar in shape to stone, and the beautiful pattern is preferred. The evaluation of the texture of Lin Shushi requires clear and natural, smooth line pattern, reasonable layout, dense and elegant, zigzag and orderly, with a unique pattern or texture like a shape, implying that the mascot is also a top product.
5. Mood.
Lin Xushi's artistic conception is the soul of Lin Xushi, that is, the theme of Lin Xushi. Read the stone a hundred times, and the mood is self-evident. The beauty of Lin Xuanshi's form resonates with the cultural literacy of the viewer, and the artistic conception is also generated.
(1) Blue off mood. Languan Linshi is a condensation of natural mountains and rivers, and is a manifestation of people's closeness to nature and lying in the landscape, known as "desk landscape". The forest spring is high, the eyes are wandering, the thoughts are connected to the ages, and the gods travel to the eight wildernesses. Scenery meets with the gods, like harmony with the heart, the mind wanders outside, and it is full of fun.
(2) Cangqiu mood. Cangqiu Lin Shi pays attention to vivid charm, freehand conveyance, endless artistic conception, and intriguing. The god seems to be similar to the "freehand" in Chinese paintings, paying attention to the similarity of the demeanor, Lin Shushi's dynamic charm, and the shape and shape are all prepared, that is, it is a good product.
(3) Cave heaven mood. Dongtianlin stone hidden Xuan Na sacred, let people have a mysterious and mysterious feeling, fascinating, by the stone appreciators called the "cave heavenly blessed land" inhabited by the gods.
"Lin Shu's spiritual wall is full of special things, scattered in the human world and never returned." The ancients cherished words like gold, and Du Xuan's "Yunlin Stone Spectrum" only left us with a 187-character Lin Shushi record. Study Lin Shushi Languan, Cangqiu, and Dongtian to explore the code of Lin Shushi. Only read the stone! Study Lin Shushi like a book! Read the stone! Try to find out!
bibliography:
1. (Song) Du Xie: "Stone Spectrum of Yunlin Forest", Chongqing Publishing House, July 2009
2. Tang Guizhang: Quan Tang Poetry, Zhonghua Bookstore, July 2018
3. Institute of Ancient Literature, Peking University: Quan Song Poems, Peking University Press, 1998
The power of the palm of the tablet contains the image of all things
One punch this little treasure of a thousand rocks
Contributed by Henan Ornamental Stone Association Lin Shu Shi Li Yuan Stone Professional Committee