The first edition of Zuo Chuan Hua was printed by the Commercial Press in 1921.
Zuo Zhuan, one of the "Three Traditions of Spring and Autumn", is China's first narrative detailed chronicle, and at the same time, as Lin Shu puts it, "the ancestor of the ancient texts of the ages". The narrative scope of the Zuo Zhuan begins in the year of Lu Yin's Common Era and ends in the twenty-seventh year of the Duke of Lu'ai. The works mainly record the important events and important figures in the political, economic, military, diplomatic and cultural aspects of various countries in the early 254 years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.
Since the Southern Song Dynasty, with the rise and development of ancient literature, the art of zuochuan articles has attracted more and more attention, and many works of zuochuan commentary have emerged. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Lü Zuqian had the "Zuo Shi Bo Discussion", the Ming Dynasty Mu Wenxi had the "Zuo Chuan HongZhi" and "Zuo Chuan Banknote Commentary", the Qing Dynasty Jin Shengsi had the "Zuo Chuan Interpretation", and the influential "Must Read books for talents in the world" also selected "Zuo Chuan" forty-eight articles. However, before the rise of the Tongcheng School in the Qing Dynasty, although the Zuo Chuan was valued, it had not yet won a highly respected position in the court of ancient Texts, and it was the Tongcheng Sect that made the Zuo Chuan absolutely out of place.
Fang Bao, one of the "Three Ancestors of Tongcheng", believes that "Zuo Shi is good at righteous law, which is beyond the expectations of Han and Tang authors", and his "Zuo Chuan Yi Fa" is precise in its exposition, which has had a major impact on Tongcheng Houxue. Liu Shengmu's "Examination of the Origin of Tongcheng Literature" is a compilation of the Qing Dynasty Tongcheng scholar Zuo Zhuan," which has as many as twenty-one kinds. Lin Shu was close to wu rulun, Ma Qichang, and Yao Yong of the Tongcheng faction, who were representatives of the Tongcheng faction in the late Qing Dynasty and early Minchu. Lin Shu paid great attention to the "Left Biography", continuing the tradition of Tongcheng.
Lin Shu's commentary on the book "Zuo Chuan" - the writing of "Zuo Chuan Shu Hua" is based on this background, Lin Shu praised the literary value of "Zuo Chuan", "Zuo Chuan Hua Zi Preface" wrote: "In terms of writing, the text of Zuo Shi, the ancestor of the ancient literature of the ages. ...... In the world's articles, there are only three people who can change the land and the indissoluble things: one left, one horse, and one Korean. ”
The first edition of Zuo Chuan Hua was printed by the Commercial Press in 1921. At this time, Lin Shu had resigned from Peking University and was living idly at home, earning a living by selling books and paintings. In 1913, he published the "Essence of Zuo MengzhuangSao" at the Commercial Press, which contained thirty-two articles of the "Zuo Biography" and commented on them one by one, which was very popular with readers. After leaving the university podium, he further expanded and revised on the basis of these thirty-two articles, and compiled this "Zuo Chuan Hua", which consisted of two volumes and eighty-three selected articles.
This "Zuo Chuan Shu Hua", which was once presented by the "imperial master" Chen Baochen into the Qing Dynasty Emperor Puyi, as an introductory reading of ancient texts, took more than 80 of the most important, and most literary, and extremely meaningful articles in the "Zuo Chuan", analyzed their hierarchy, refining sentences with words, dispatching guests and masters, and taking care of the situation, and had a lot of criticism of the power and deceit and sophistry in the passages.
Lin Shu
Lin Shu (1852-1924), also known as Qinnan ,号畏庐, was a native of Minxian County , Fujian ( present-day Fuzhou ) . Lin Shu once used his personal account to translate 246 foreign novels such as "The Relics of the Traviata Girl", which was popular in the sea and luoyang paper was expensive. However, in the modern cultural history, his contribution as an ancient writer also deserves great attention. Lin Shu himself was very accomplished in ancient Chinese, and when he was teaching at Peking University, "most of the people who revered Wei and Jin called Taiyan a master; while taking the Tang and Song dynasties, they pushed Lin Shu to be a zongmeng" (Qian Jibo, "The Ancient Texts of Lin Shu"). Faced with the challenges of the New Culture Movement, he rose to the occasion and tried to prolong the lifeblood of ancient Chinese. Although his appeal did not bear fruit at the time, his many efforts to illustrate the spiritual art of the ancient chinese are still quite enlightening today.
Liu Ning, a researcher at the Institute of Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, said in his recommended preface to "Zuo Chuan Shu Hua": In the "Zuo Chuan", the tendency of "heavy etiquette" is very distinct, even if the two armies are at war, the opposing sides must maintain basic respect and inferiority; the general of the victorious side must also perform the courtesy of the monarch of the losing side. This makes the narrative of "Left Biography" have a polite and graceful style. In terms of language and materials, zuo zhuan is not as arbitrary as the "History". All these make the narrative of "Zuo Biao" more restrained, and in another sense, seeking a rich aftertaste in simplicity is a higher requirement for narrative art.
Liu Ning also cited the most important content in the "Zuo Chuan Shu Hua", such as "The Invasion of the King of Chu Wu": "This article is extremely tight. The first half of the vertical 'Zhang' word, positive decision-making, the fabric enemy, are all thinking about the 'Zhang' word, no sentence is not the role of the 'Zhang' word. In the lower half, a word of 'fear' is erected, and the word 'Zhang' is opposed, and if Zhang is seen, he will be defeated, and if he is afraid, he will be complete. On the "Marquis of Jin's Eldest Son Shen Shengfa Dongshan Gao LuoShi" "the system is the strangest, there is no end." The so-called "system" is to establish the structure of the article, and this structure is also the "state of intention".
The "bureau" is also concretely implemented into a kaleidoscopic brushwork, and Lin Shu's exposition of the penmanship is also quite subtle, such as the use of miniature pens and the magic of the provincial pen in "Even Calling the Chaos of the Father": "The festival is countless gossip, and people are unaware of their ears... Shallow people think that the preface should be detailed, and if it can be structured, it is simple and detailed, although it is slightly exhausted. Another example is the "Tightness" of the pen used in "The Chu People Cut down the Song to Save Zheng": "The Song Gong is full of pedantic, the sub-fish is full of complaints, and the words of the monarch and the courtiers are extremely accurate." Another example is "Walden Saves Fahrenheit with Wu Shi": "When writing about war, you must write about its extremely trivial ones." Thousands of clues, all of them with a delicate stroke, make the reader's eyebrows rise. As for the method used by "Zheng Ligong's Self-Aggression against Zheng" and the idle pen used in "Guan Zhong's Rebuke of Zheng Zihua", it is worth carefully understanding.
All these exquisite grammatical observations also focus on the temperament of the experience of the text, such as the discussion on "Zhang Ji, Auxiliary To the Master" "This Wind God Gaishi", portraying the characters "high wind rhyme, wonderful sound". Another example is "The Strange Counsel of the Palace", "This one is a mirror of foolishness and wisdom." Yu openly hugged a 'zong' word, and then hugged a 'god' word. Its foolishness has been described from two words", and it is also a pen of observation and subtlety to use words to understand the temperament of the characters. In Lin Shu's view, the temperament and artistic conception of the "Zuo Chuan" also reflect the style of elegance, such as "Shen Gong Wu Chen's Take Xia Ji", such a theme as "unless the Zuo clan is passed on, there are few people who do not fall into the barnyard official's evil way" "The magic of the text, the narrative is obscene and can be suppressed, the vulgar is elegant, and it is only one person in the ages", "Li Gong Jie Sanhao" "Zuo Clan is so high,000, in Zhuang but not in the middle." If it falls into the hands of the police, you don't know how to put on your ears."
Lin Shu's experience in translating Western novels also enriched his understanding of ancient grammar. On the "Qin San Shuai Attacking Zheng", "The words must speak of sound, and the sound of this passage is extremely high", and Uncle Yan Jian's sentence "Mencius" is "There are a thousand words, which hinder Qin Jun from saying, and hinder Mengzi's youthful grandeur." But the word 'Mencius' is like painting the old man's anger knot and hissing, which contains many tears." Another example is how "Jin Defeats Zheng Shi" portrays the ridiculous situation of the chaotic Yang Hu and the thief Kuo Yun, these comments have brought the eyes of novelists.
Attached is an excerpt from the text of "Zuo ChuanHua"
King Wu of Chu invaded and followed Duke Huan for six years
King Wu of Chu invaded and followed, making Xue Zhang seek success, and the army waited for flaws. Accompany the young master Dong Cheng.
Dou Bobi said to Chu Ziyue: "I can't aspire to Han Dongye, but I will." I zhang wu three armies, and my armor soldiers, with martial force, he is afraid and cooperates with me, so it is difficult. The country of Handong is always big. With Zhang, you will abandon small countries. Small countries are far away, chu zhili is also. Young Master Luxury, please ask Master Zhang Zhi. Xiong Rate and Comparison: "Ji Liang is here, what is the benefit?" Dou Bobi said: "I thought it was the last picture." The young master is the king. "The king destroyed the army and took in the young division."
The young master returned, please follow the Chu master. Suihou Will Xu Zhi, Ji Liang Zhi Zhi: "Heavenly Fang zhi Chu, Chu Zhi Qi, its temptation to me." Why rush? The subject hears that the small can be the enemy of the big, and the small way is adulterous. The so-called Word is faithful to the people and to God. Shangsi Limin, Zhongye; Zhu Shi Zhengci, Xinye. Now that the people are discouraged and the king wants to do so, he wishes Shi To make a sacrifice, and the subject does not know what he can do. "My animals are fat and fat, and my bread is abundant, so why don't you believe it?" "Husband, Lord of God." It is the Holy King who first became a people and then devoted himself to God. Therefore, the animals were told, "Bo Shuo fattening." 'It is said that the people's strength is universal, that it is the great beast of the beast, that it is not sick and that it is not sick, and that it is salty and salty. He said, 'Purity and abundance.' 'It is said that the three times are not harmful, and the people and the years are also abundant. He said, "Jiali will wine." It is said that there is a Gard above and below and there is no disobedience to the heart. The so-called sweet fragrance, no slander also. Therefore, when he was in charge of the third time, he cultivated his five religions and kissed his nine tribes, so that he could worship him. Therefore, the people are harmonious and the blessings of God are sent, so the movement is successful. Now the people have their own hearts, but the ghosts and gods lack the Lord, and although the king is rich, how blessed is it? The kingdom of the monarch and the brothers of the emperor was spared. "Repairing the government with Hou Fear, Chu did not dare to cut it."
【Comments】
Relieved, this article is extremely tight. The first half of the vertical "Zhang" word, positive decision-making, the fabric enemy, are all thinking about the "Zhang" word, no sentence is not the role of the "Zhang" word. In the second half, a word "fear" is erected, and the word "Zhang" is opposed, and if Zhang is seen, he will be defeated, and if he is afraid, he will be complete.
The husband invaded the country of others, but instead sought success first, although there was no word of Dou Bobi, he had already written the intention of Zhang, the king of Chu. When the young master came, he was also carrying a piece of his mind. Therefore, the request of the Dou Bo Bi Master has clearly seen the arrogance of the young master. Because of the shortcomings of Chen Chu and Zhang's three armies, this was the first time that the meaning of the word "Zhang" was cleared. However, Chu Sheng zhang qi army, then the small country was afraid of annihilation and followed, and it did not turn with it. If it does not follow Zhang, then although Chu is prosperous and his army, it will become a small country with benefits. Therefore, if you want to abandon the small country with it, you must first follow Zhang Sui, and this second time clears out the meaning of the word "Zhang". At this time, the king of Chu was extremely strategic and was bound to win. At this time, it is easy to perish, so that it is undefeated and destroyed, so that it can be feared. Gu Ji wrote Zhang Sui, while The Chu Master showed it as a snub, the Young Master repeated his extravagance, and the literary momentum wanted to twist to the meaning of the word "fear", which was extremely laborious. Nai suddenly inserted the bear rate and compared it to a word, reminding the word "Ji Liang", then the Chu monarchs gathered together, and for a while they all disintegrated. In the word of fear, it will come from the mouth of Ji Liang. Most of the southerners believe in ghosts, and the fear of ghosts is heavier than the fear of man-made disasters. Zuo's article, that is, borrowing the ghost god to write the meaning of Fear of Suihou, leisurely skimmed off the word "Zhang", but added countless Zhuang theories in it, as if it did not involve yan bing in the situation and prepared to meet the enemy. I don't know the words against the ghosts and gods, that is, the meaning of step by step to hide the meaning of fear. The more thoroughly the word "fear" is written, the farther away the word "Zhang" is. The magic is to write the front of the word "fear", not to point out the literal, and to the sentence "Cultivate the government with fear, Chu does not dare to cut down", the finishing touch, the whole situation will be tightened, and a "fear" word will emerge to offset the innumerable "Zhang" characters.
The thesis is not only open, the magic is in the middle of the sacrifice section, if the leniency and the topic do not belong, in fact, they refuse to leave step by step, the so-called ease of play.
Even called the rebellion of the father zhuang gong for eight years
Qi Hou made lian name and manage to his father Shu Kui Qiu, and the melon went from time to time, saying: "And the melon is replaced." "Expect it, don't ask questions." Please, Froth. Conspiracy. The mother and brother of gong yi zhongnian, the grandson of the grandson is ignorant, has a favor for the duke, the clothes are as suitable as appropriate, and the xianggong is obedient. The two men rebelled because of this. Lian said that there was a sister in the gonggong, no favor, and the envoy, "Jie, I take the daughter as my wife." ”
In the winter of December, Qi Hou traveled to Gu Tang and Sui Tian yu Beiqiu. See Da Feng, the follower said: "Gongzi Peng Shengye." Gong Fu said, "Peng Sheng dares to see!" "Shoot it, and the people will stand and cry." Fear, team in the car, injured foot, mourning. On the contrary, the curse is on the disciple fee, the Ferde, and the whip is bloody. Go out, meet the thief at the door, and rob it. Fei Yue: "I Xi Yuya?" "Show your back, believe it." Fei please enter first, fu gong out, fight, die in the door. The stone was like dying at the bottom of the stairs. So he entered, killed Meng Yang in bed, and said, "Non-Junye, not class." "Seeing that the public is sufficient for the household, it is killed, and ignorance is established."
In the beginning, Xiang gong was impermanent. Uncle Bao said, "The king makes the people slow, and chaos will be done." "Feng Gongzi Xiaobai came out of The Run. Chaos, Guan Yiwu, summoning the Prince of Ku feng to run.
In the beginning, Gongsun was ignorant and abused by Yongxiao. In the spring of the ninth year, Yong Li killed ignorance.
Relief, the great chaos of the Qi state, does not begin with lian and guan. The way xianggong takes death is not out of connection or management. He who takes the connection and the pipe as the xianggong to close the situation, that is, changli's so-called lead rope is broken, and the one who breaks it will also have a place.
If this article does not take place, it will cause chaos; if you are ignorant and arrogant, you will be pregnant with chaos; if you are from your sister, you will help the cause of chaos; if you see a ghost in the daytime, you will also be troubled. Before the killing, there are already all kinds of dangers. As for its martyrs, there are only two or three minor ministers. When the Axis Minister, the bandit has no one to please, and there is no righteousness to die. It is better to be lonely and desolate, nor to see the truth of Xiang Gong. This is also easy to understand.
But this passage uses a shrunken pen, uses a provincial pen, but there are countless idle words, and people are unaware of their ears. If a husband causes trouble, there will be those who support him, and ignorance will also be. If you do not know the history of ignorance, the narrative is close to the abrupt, so it enters the mother brother Yi Zhongnian to say a few words, recounting his birth, describing his favor, describing his seeing, shrinking into a small biography of ignorance, and sandwiched into the line. This disorder must be devoted to the Lord. More clipped into the even called female brother, set up a palace. This is also a distraction that must be supplemented by capital. Therefore, the plan of chaos has been completed, and chaos cannot be caused without cause, so it suddenly enters the section of Gongzi Pengsheng. At the beginning, there was no word for ghost, but the follower knew "Gongzi Peng Shengye", making a strange language, and the ghost form has been seen in the daytime. At this time, if it is said that chenggong is also strange, the literary situation will turn flat and tasteless. It is to see the wrath and be angry, to see the cry and to be afraid, as for the crash. Write fearfully, more than the subordinate. With the public forethought to be worried, the follower is calm, and there is no fear of injustice. It is known as "屦屦", "Fu Gong", which are all provincial pens. And the Narrator took the cost of death and righteousness, and idly brought out Shi Zhiru and Meng Yang. Do not ask the source, that is, know that the party members who are disciples pay money. When the first entry into the public, it has been deployed one by one. Probably the chaos of the fate stone is like a thief at the top of the ladder, and Meng Yang is bedridden and pseudo-male. Save the endless Zhang Huang, so that the reader can see at a glance. The deployment of the first warehouse was not complete, so the foot under the household was already a thief's consciousness. There are endless twists and turns in the middle, and it should have been used with countless pens and inks, but Zuo Shi but made a brief conclusion. Shallow people think that the preface should be detailed, and if it can be structured, it is simple and detailed, although it is slightly exhausted. Where he is self-explanatory, can not use a miniature pen and save the author also.
Zheng Ligong invaded Zheng Zhuang for fourteen years
Zheng Ligong invaded Zheng and Daling and gained Fu Feng. Fu Feng said, "Give me up, I invite Na Jun." "Ally with him and forgive him." In June, Fu Killed Zheng Zi and his second son, while Na Li Gong.
In the beginning, the inner snake and the outer snake fought in the Zhengnan Gate, and the inner snake died, and after six years, Li Gong entered. Hearing this, he asked Yu Shen, "Is there a demon?" "What a man fears, his arrogance takes from him." Demon by man Yukiya. Man has no provocations, and demons do not do it themselves. When people abandon the usual, they are demonized, so there are demons. ”
Li Gong entered and killed Fu Feng. The envoy said: "Fu Flaw, Zhou has a regular punishment, and he has committed a crime." Those who accept me and have no two hearts, I promise to do the things of the doctor. I would like to do so with my uncle. And the widow goes out, and the uncle has nothing to say; and when he enters, he does not read the widow. Shame on you. "Emperor Huan of the First Emperor ordered my ancestors to be the Emperor of the Canon." The community has a Master, but the outer heart, why should it be like this? Who is not a subject of the lord of the society, the people of the country? The subject has no two hearts, and the system of heaven is also. Ziyi reigned for fourteen years, and those who plotted to summon the king were not inferior? If the sons of Duke Zhuang, there are eight people, if they can all help by means of bribes and persuasion by officials, what if they are king? The courtiers are satisfied. "Death by hanging."
According to the press, this article is written about the punishment of fornication by Li Gong, not to rebuke the original and the middle. Write that Li Gong killed Fu Flaw, and Emperor Wen of the Song Dynasty killed Fu Liang and Xu Xianzhi, and if he could kill Ziyi, he would be able to kill himself. Emperor Wen of Song was to Fu and Xu. If the original one, the one who is the emperor of the canon, the ancestral hall of the Zhao and song dynasties, has no fist and no courage, neither conspires with the king, nor does he act for the sake of justice, it is already a mediocrity, and it is already a matter of doing nothing. That is, it is too much to say, and it does not matter. Why is Zuo Shi remembered? Remember, that is, so the testimony of the public abuse also. Zuo Shi did not directly mean Li Gong, and at first he did not say it explicitly, first write Li Gong, Fu Feng and Meng, and the thief of alliance rebellion. Later written into the country, that is, to kill Fu Flaw, and to torture the rebellious thief also. Write again to force the original to kill, and ask for the neutral thief also. If neutrality is not, then the one who accepts himself is the one who kills himself first; if he is not, then the neutral and possessive is the one who kills the neutral. There is neither punishment nor persuasion. If one accepts oneself and has no two hearts, who is his person, he does not say it explicitly to show the original complexity, but he makes a hypothesis, that is, "accept me and have no two hearts." The words refuted by the original Fan mouth of the original Are rendered by the Zuo Clan to refute the Li Gong also. "The society has the Lord, but the outside of the heart", that is, to rebuke the words "accept me but have no two hearts". It is difficult to be a servant of the Son for fourteen years, and to seek his unparalleled heart in the residence of the Oak. Therefore, he who accepts himself and has no two hearts is not special without others, nor does he have anything to do. The phrase "bribes and persuasions" means that it is clear that he scolds li gong. There is no need for historical commentary, but replacing it with the original complicated and pro-mu words has been the definite sentence of Li Gong's life, and the words have been extremely refined.
Yu Qi, sandwiched in the middle of the inner snake and the outer snake section, and then clipped into a paragraph of Shen Discussion, suddenly pushed the situation of the bureau away, as if it was difficult to clean up. However, there is the phrase "six years and Li Gong into" in the middle, and the next three words of "Li Gong into" will bring up this article and return to the following. The closing text, this method must not be known. Whoever Chinese the whole article should be sandwiched between other things as the reason for the exploration of ability, and it is not easy to return to this article. If there is none, it will be divided into another pen in the year of the first, and it can also be truncated with the above, so as not to glue it out. However, in the end, it is not so "strong public" the three words are mixed. When talking about "Zuo Chuan" with students on weekdays, I once held up the four words of "Bozong to break the weight", and then suddenly joined the words of the heavy person, and asked what is the origin of the word "heavy person"? For example, if it is moved elsewhere, all the subordinates of the bearers and the public servants can be called heavy people? Although he knew that he was out of the "Left Transmission", he did not dare to use it. Here alone, "Bozong breaks the weight", that is, the person who carries the weight is the heavy person, and the idle belt is taken down. It is not invented, and it is naturally ancient. I read the three words of "Li Gongjin" in this article, and Fang knows that Zuo Shi often uses the method of incidentality.