The Cui Hong family originally lived in Qinghe County, Hebei, and his great-grandfather Cui Kuang crossed the Yellow River with Murong De, the lord of Southern Yan, in his early years and moved to Qingzhou. Cui Hong's grandfather Cui Lingyan (崔靈延) served as the general of Longjun (龙駧) and the Taishou of Changguang (長廣太守) during the reign of Emperor Xiaowu of song, and was given the title of Marquis of Guannei. In the 20th year of Emperor Xiaowen's reign, The Northern Wei general Murong Baiyao (慕容白曜) pacified Sanqi, and Cui Lingyan was captured and moved to the vicinity of Northern Wei's Daijing, along with Cui Hong's uncle Cui Guang, who was also moved, after which Cui Guang left Northern Wei and became a major vassal of the dynasty. Cui Hong's father, Cui Jingyou, was the younger brother of Cui Guang, and he served as the Taishou of Liang County.
Cui Hong was born around the beginning of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei, and he served as a zhongshan doctor in the Northern Wei dynasty, editing the history of the country as his own official. The Book of Wei biography says:
Hong weak crown has the ambition to write, see the history of the Jin and Wei dynasties are all one family, unprepared. Liu Yuan, Shi Le, Murong Juan, Jian Jian, Murong Chui, Yao Cang, Murong De, Helian Quxiao, Zhang Rail, Li Xiong, Lü Guang, Qifu Guoren, Bald Bird Gu, Li Hui, Frustrated Canal Mengxun, Feng Bao, etc., and for the sake of the world, across the side of the country, each had a national book, and there was no unification, and Hong Nai wrote "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms". Le into hundreds of volumes, because of its old records, from time to time there are increases and losses.
There are still traces of water
Cui Hong had the ambition to write history books when he was just an adult, and he saw that wei and Jin had written history books before, and he felt that it was not necessary to work on that aspect. He found that although there were some relevant historical materials in some local divisions, they could not unify them into a complete book, so Cui Hong worked hard in this regard and wrote a hundred volumes of "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms". It was not easy for him to write this book at that time, and the Book of Wei is a legend:
Hong II Shi Jiangzuo, so do not record the books of Jin, Liu, and Xiao. He was also afraid that those who knew him would not dare to travel outside. When Emperor Sejong heard of his writings, he dismissed Chang Gong Zhao Yong and Zhao Yongzhao Hongyue: "Wen Qing has written all the histories, and even if they are consistent, they can be submitted with the adults, and they should be read in the time of chance." "Hong's book is related to the beginning of the country, and many words are out of shape, and they have not been heard or heard.
Enter the huge industrial area
Cui Hongben was a Han Chinese, and his family had been officials in the Southern Dynasty for two generations, so when he wrote the history books, he did not record the Jin Dynasty, Liu Song, Xiao Qi, etc. as monarchs of the puppet regime, and his writing method caused trouble, so he did not dare to let outsiders copy his book. However, When Emperor Sejong heard that he had written the book, he sent Zhao Yong to send a message to Cui Hong, saying that he had heard that the history written by Cui Hong was very well written, so he ordered Cui Hong to submit the written part at any time so that he could read it in addition to government affairs. Cui Hong knew that the book he had written involved some disgraceful things in the early Northern Wei Dynasty, so he did not present the book to the emperor on the grounds that it was not completed.
Later, Cui Hong took charge of the "Notes on Living", and he wrote the original text of the table for the emperor into the "Notes on Living". In this table, he talks about the compilation of the book "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms":
Stealing is also a few. Beginning from the beginning of the Jingming Dynasty, collecting the old history of the various countries, belonging to the relocation of Jingfuer, the rate is scattered, seeking public and private, driving for several years. And the subject's family is poor and thin, only the lonely force, as for the paper is exhausted, the writing is the capital, every time it is not weekly, and the first year of the beginning, the writing is to prepare. In the spare time of the officials, I drafted this book. Distinguish between current events, each of which is in this book; break the similarities and differences between the other, and make up for its deficiencies; and make up for its deficiencies. The three and five disciplines, one thing and the other year, are all based on a long calendar, consider the old history, delete the correct error, and set it as a record. A general outline of the business school, he wrote "Spring and Autumn" hundred articles. By the end of the third year, the grass was composed of ninety-five volumes. Li Xiong's father and son, written by Wei Changxuan, according to the Shu Shi Book, could not be found, so they did not reach the end of the book, and quit writing for private requests, which have been seven years now.
Xindian power plant house number
Cui Hong claimed that the book was written in the first year of the reign of Emperor Xuanwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, in 500 AD. At first, his main energy was spent on collecting the old histories of various countries, but just in time for the Northern Wei Dynasty to move the capital, the old histories were scattered, and it was not easy to collect. To this end, he worked for several years, and Cui Hong said that because his family was poor and there were not many officials, it was very difficult for him to collect historical materials, and even the paper he used to write and draft books was not enough, but he still searched hard. It was not until the first year of zhengshi (504) that the collection of materials was basically completed, but there was still a lack of historical materials when Li Xiong's father and son occupied Sichuan, so he continued to search. Cui Hong said that he did not dedicate the book to the emperor because of the lack of this part of the historical data. After years of hard searching, in the third year of Zhengguang (522), he finally found the missing part, so Cui Hong finally completed the writing of this book.
But even so, Cui still did not dare to take out this book easily. The biography of the Book of Wei says: "Hongyi is like this, but since before Zhengguang, he did not dare to show his book." Since then, when he was a noble dynasty, he knew that people had not been able to invent it, but it was quite popular. And for the sake of light, the deacons did not care. ”
Deserted breakfast stalls
Before the Zhengguang years, Cui Hong did not dare to publish his own works, and later because his uncle Cui Guang was highly respected in the middle of the dynasty and knew that some people did not dare to expose the problems in his book, the book was circulated. At the same time, because of Cui Guang's sake, the rulers did not pursue Cui Hong's problems in this book.
In fact, the so-called problems mainly involved the orthodox succession of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen and the fourteenth year, the Northern Wei court had a fierce debate on the issue of the "Five Virtues Calendar" of the change of dynasty. After calculations, Gao Lu and others, the superintendent of Zhongshu, believed that the Han Dynasty was Huode, and that Northern Wei should be inherited from Wei, Jin, Zhao, Yan, and Qin, and pushed it all the way down, believing that Northern Wei should belong to Tude, and at the same time he believed that whoever occupied the Central Plains was orthodox. However, Li Biao and Cui Guang disagreed with Gao Lu, believing that the Northern Wei should inherit the Western Jin Dynasty and should therefore be designated as Shuide. In the first month of the fifteenth year of Taihe, after discussion, Emperor Xiaowen determined that Northern Wei would inherit jinde of Jin and designate it as water virtue.
The shop next to it was demolished
The Jin here refers to the Western Jin Dynasty, and the Northern Wei regime does not recognize the legitimacy of the Eastern Jin regime, so Cui Hong's chronology in the Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms has a dilemma: if he wants to write according to the meaning of the Northern Wei court, then the regime of the Sixteen Kingdoms is arrogant, but if it is written in that way, there will be problems in the intention of the book, and this is the main reason why Cui Hong did not dare to show it after writing the book.
In the last year of the Western Jin Dynasty, the Sima clan was in the same room, and there was civil unrest, which led to the eastward crossing of the Jin Dynasty, which caused some Han people to move south, but there were also some northern scholars who had not moved south, they lived under the regime established by the ethnic minorities in the north, but they still had the traditional Yixia view, which was the reason why Cui Hong had a complicated mentality. When he wrote the Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms, he regarded the Sixteen Kingdoms established after the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty as a chaotic warring country, so he recorded the history of the Sixteen Kingdoms as a "record" and the sixteen kingdoms as a "biography".
It feels like an ancient river channel
The Northern Wei regime that Cui Hong produced was originally from the Sixteen Kingdoms, and if the Sixteen Kingdoms were to be usurped, then the Northern Wei regime could not be written as a successor to the Sixteen Kingdoms. However, Cui Hong regarded the Southern Dynasty as orthodox psychologically, so he often regarded the Sixteen Kingdoms as a curse when writing, and he often attached the Eastern Jin Dynasty name after the Sixteen Kingdoms era number. The Northern Wei and the Eastern Jin Dynasty were opposing regimes, and if he regarded the Eastern Jin Dynasty as orthodox, then the Northern Wei became unorthodox. Cui Hong himself was an official in northern Wei, and the history books he wrote were certainly not acceptable to the imperial court, which was why he did not dare to take out the books. Liu Zhiji made the following comparison in the "Stone Tan Zhao": "The Ji Gang of the Hongshu is mainly based on Jin, and the Wu and Xiang in the Juban "Book" must be han nian, and the Description of Sun and Liu in chen's "Zhi" are all Emperor Wei Shi. ”
Liu Zhiji believed that Cui Hongfeng jin was orthodox, just as Ban Gu must be han when recording the deeds of Wu Guang and Xiang Yu in the Book of Han, and just as Chen Shou always regarded Wei as orthodox when he recorded the deeds of Sun Quan and Liu Bei in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
The road is closed
In fact, Cui Hong's worries were not superfluous, before that, during the Northern Wei Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao period, Cui Hao and others were ordered to write the history of the Northern Wei state. In the history book written by Cui Hao, he talked about some things about Tuoba Xianbei's ancestors, which caused Emperor Taiwu to be angry, and he beheaded Cui Hao himself and his family, and also implicated multiple families, which is the famous Cui Haoguo history case.
Cui Haoshi Northern Wei Daowu, Ming Yuan, Taiwu three dynasties, the official to Situ, he was later called the Northern Wei first-class military strategist, at that time many of the major decisions of the Northern Wei were from his ideas, Northern Wei can unify the north, in fact, from Cui Hao's plot. Later, Tuoba Tao ordered Cui Hao to write the history of the country, and Cui Hao completed the revision of the history of the country in the seventh year of the Taiping Zhenjun (446), which took eight years before and after. After that, he followed the suggestion of the writers Ling Min Zhan and Xi Biao, and carved the history of the country into stone and stood on the east side of the Temple of Heaven on the outskirts. However, shortly after the standing stone, some people pointed out problems in the history of the country, and the Book of Wei stated: "Haoshu state affairs are prepared but not canonical. And Shi Mingxian is in Qulu, and the northern people are salty and poisonous, and they are in harmony with Emperor Yu. The emperor was furious and made Yousi Hao take the advice of secretary Lang and Chang Lisheng hundreds of people. ”
Return the same way
What is "prepared but not canonical", Wei Shuo, the author of the Book of Wei, did not explain in the text, but some people went to the imperial court to report it after reading it. The emperor was furious and immediately ordered the arrest of Cui Hao and the beheading of all 128 members of Cui Hao's family and related personnel. The Book of Wei reads: "Dozens of guards rushed to it, their cries and their voices heard on the road. The self-slaughtered, there is no such thing as a great one. ”
Before the execution, dozens of soldiers urinated on Cui Hao's head, and the courtiers of Zaifu were insulted by this, which was rare in ancient times, and the historian was exterminated for the history of the country, which was also extremely rare in ancient China. Why Cui Hao had such a result, there are many researchers in later generations, some people believe that the vigorous promotion of Sinicization caused dissatisfaction among the Xianbei nobles, and he also appointed Han scholars in an extraordinary way, which also aroused the vigilance of the Xianbei nobles.
O-zui hospitalization
Although the Northern Wei Dynasty was ruled by ethnic minorities, there were far more Han Chinese than Hu people in numbers. Chen Yinke said in the article "Cui Hao and Kou Qianzhi": "At that time, although the ruling power of northern China was in the hands of the Hu people, the Han people in its land were far more numerous than the Hu people, not only the Culture of the Han People was higher than that of the Hu People, and the economic strength was far better than that of the Hu People, so the Hu people who wanted to rule China had to rely on this kind of Han people's large clan, and the Han people also wanted to use the Hu people who ruled to realize the political ideals of their family traditions and consolidate their social status." ”
The scholars in the Northern Wei Dynasty actually looked down on the Hu people at that time psychologically, and the Hu people occupied a dominant position, so they used the matter of repairing the history of the country to attack the Han people. Therefore, the Cui Haoguo history case not only killed the Cui Hao clan, but also: "The Qinghe Cui clan has no distance, and the Fanyang Lu clan, the Taiyuan Guo clan, and the Hedong Liu clan are all Hao's in-laws, and they are all yiqi clans." His secretary Lang Shi died. (Book of Wei)
Follow this path to see
Cui Haoguo's history case was only a few decades after Cui Hong wrote "Spring and Autumn of the Sixteen Kingdoms", and of course he understood how much risk it was to write this book, so he did not dare to publish his own writings. It was not until after his death that his son Cui Ziyuanjin presented it to the imperial court.
Regarding Cui Hong's remains, the "Shandong Cultural Relics Series: Ruins" edited by Lu Wensheng and others includes an article signed by Lu Wen entitled "Cui's Tomb Group", which reads:
Cui's cemetery is located about 400 meters south of Woto Village, Dawu Township, Linzi District, Zibo City, north of the Huangshan Mountains, north of the Wuhe River, 1.5 kilometers away from the Jiaoji Railway, and 6 kilometers northeast of Xindian. In the winter of 1973, during the construction of the Xindian power plant, a tomb was discovered in the southeast of the plant. When the provincial cultural relics authorities learned of this, they immediately sent people to investigate, and with the cooperation of the engineering command, cleaned up fourteen tombs (site number M1-14). Fourteen tombs are all stone chamber tombs facing northwest, all have tomb passages, due to the tight construction tasks of the power plant project, except for M12, the grave passages of the remaining tombs have not been cleaned. The tombs were excavated and destroyed in the early stages, the roof collapsed, the burial tools and bones did not exist, and most of the burial utensils were messy and mixed with the indoor silt. Due to the excavation of several epitaphs, favorable conditions have been provided for us to understand this batch of tombs.
pond
Among the fourteen tombs, the epitaphs found including Cui Hong and his wife, which determined the location of Cui Hong's tomb, and the article reads:
Tomb No. 1 is the tomb of Cui Hong and his wife, the burial chamber is circular in plan, and the tomb door protrudes outward. The tomb wall is processed with irregular strips of stone, made of herringbone oblique masonry, and seamed with lime. From the remaining traces, it can be seen that the tomb roof is also made of strips of stone as a herringbone oblique masonry, the middle of the inner harvest dome tomb is made of gravel to form a coffin bed, the south end is close to the south wall of the burial chamber, the coffin bed is 4.6 meters long from north to south, 23 meters to 3 meters wide from east to west, and 0.05 meters high. The tomb door is 1.3 meters wide, flanked by columns 164 meters high and 0.4 meters wide, with lintels on the upper lintel. The lintel is 243 meters long and 0.55 meters thick. The door opening was sealed side by side with four square stones up and down, and a theft hole on the lower right door stone was inferred from the charcoal ash and debris in the room that the burial tools may have burned when they were stolen. Due to the theft of the tomb, except for the epitaph placed in front of the coffin bed and on the inner left side of the tomb door, the burial utensils in the interior were all messy and fragmented. A total of 40 relics have been sorted out and restored and identified, the vast majority of which are pottery.
No pavilion name
On December 14, 2020, under the leadership of Mr. Liu Yulin, we visited the Guan Zhong Memorial Hall at the foot of Niushan Mountain in the early morning, and then drove to the Xindian Thermal Power Plant to visit Cui Hong's tomb. Earlier, Mr. Liu had contacted Mr. Jiang Jian of the Linzi Qi Cultural Research Center, and Mr. Jiang informed him that the Cui cemetery, including Cui Hong's tomb, had disappeared. But I still wanted to take a look at the field, and Mr. Jiang Jian told me that the tomb site was located in the southeast corner of the Xindian Thermal Power Plant Information Center.
Crescent-shaped pond
Today, when Mr. Li Hongwu drove to the Linzi Industrial Zone, what he saw along the way was a large area of factories, which traveled through them for half an hour. The roads here are wide and straight, and the white gas from the chimneys on both sides shows the prosperity of production. According to the WeChat positioning sent by Mr. Jiang Jian, he followed the navigation to the front of the Huaneng Xindian power plant, and the pillar of the gate said that the house number here was "Ethylene Road 369".
Probably because of the epidemic, the gate is closed, and when there is a car entering and leaving, two security guards check the relevant information. Standing in the doorway and looking inside, I saw that there were rows of dormitories and office buildings, and there was no trace of the ancient tombs, so I decided to go to the vicinity of the power plant first.
Dormitory building behind the pool
Walking along the road in front of the door, there is an early breakfast stall not far from the door, but there is not a single customer there. Although the weather is clear today, there is a cold current crossing, not to mention that there are no other facilities in this area except for the power plant, walking on this cold street, more or less will make people feel inexplicably lonely.
There is a wasteland across the road from the power plant, and in the distance are mountains, from the perspective of the environment, the feng shui in this area is good, and the Cui clan was a Wang family, and the family cemetery they chose must be a feng shui treasure with excellent scenery. I felt that the wasteland in front of me should have been a river in ancient times, and most of the tombs of the ancients would carry mountains and water, so in this sense, Cui's cemetery must be in the power plant courtyard.
Walk into the neighborhood
So he and Liu Yulin returned to the door of the power plant, and he said that he was contacting a friend to greet the security guard, but somehow the other party had not answered the phone. I noticed that the security guard at the door was talking to two people in the courtyard for some reason, and at this time, one person just walked straight through the side door into the courtyard, so I waved to Brother Liu and followed the man into the courtyard.
Ginkgo biloba is not picked
The greenery in the courtyard is good, the left and right sides are large gardens, I first went to the right side to look, because I saw that there was an antique pavilion on the side of the road, and I guessed that it would not be the Cui Cemetery Monument. There was a pond several acres in front of the pavilion, first walked around the pond, did not see any introduction text, walked to the small pavilion, there is no monument or pavilion name. Continue on, there is a crescent-shaped pool, followed by a dormitory building. Walk along the side road towards the dormitory building, followed by rows of buildings, completely devoid of ancient tomb traces.
canteen
Large garden on the left
Returning to the original road, walking to the other side of the road, I feel that this green space covers an area of more than 100 acres, and there is a big tree in the middle of the green space. Judging by the orientation, this green space should be in the southeast, which is the tomb site of the Cui family mentioned by Jiang Jian. Although I already knew that the tomb had been leveled, I felt that there was always an introduction board.
Garden facilities
The footprint is huge
During the search, I saw two elderly people walking out of the courtyard, so I asked them if they knew about the Choi cemetery, and one of them immediately told me that he had just arrived here to work, had seen the cemetery, and said that the tomb site was located next to the rows of buildings on the north side of the green space, and he also explained to me the situation when it was excavated.
One of the people in the know
The second person in the know
Finally asked the understanding person, although I did not see the text introduction some regrets, but can find the tomb site, or feel that this trip did not run in vain.