Dunhuang Tibetan literature is the oldest known existing paper Tibetan literature, its types include Buddhist classics, historical works, contract documents, political documents, legal provisions, divination, legends and stories, Bon rituals, literary works, translations, letters, etc., involving the history, politics, economy, culture and many other aspects of Tubo, is a valuable material for the study of Tubo history and culture. At present, Dunhuang Tibetan literature is divided into Chinese, French, English, Russian and other countries, of which the French-Tibetan and English-Tibetan parts are the richest and most valuable for research.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="3" > the cataloguing of Tibetan literature has been remarkable</h1>
The French-Tibetan Dunhuang Tibetan literature includes ms. Lalu's "Catalogue of Notes on the Dunhuang Tibetan Manuscripts Held by the French National Library" and the "Catalogue of Solutions to the Problems of the French-Tibetan Dunhuang Tibetan Literature" edited by The Chinese scholar Mr. Wang Yao. Originally cataloged by the Belgian scholar Louis de La Vallée Poussin, the Anglo-Tibetan Dunhuang Tibetan literature began during World War I, but was completed and published in 1962, after Busan's death. The full name of the catalog is "The Hand Scroll Catalogue of Dunhuang Tibetan Manuscripts Collected by the Ministry of Indian Affairs Library, with a Supplementary Chinese Catalogue by Yu Yixiong", which is divided into 765 numbers, and its characteristics are the classification and arrangement of documents. In the 1970s, the Japan Oriental Bunko Tibetan Research Committee organized Mizukaze Yamaguchi and others to reorganize a problem-solving catalogue of the Tibetan literature collected by the Anglo-Tibetan-Stein, called "Stein Collection of Tibetan Literature Solutions", from 1977 to 1988, a total of 12 sub-volumes were published, and the problem-solving catalogue was added to the uncollected documents of the scattered catalogue and renumbered. The latest catalogue in the Anglo-Tibetan context is dunhuang Tibetan Tantric Texts: A Catalogue of Solutions to the Stein Collection in the British Library, which collated the esoteric texts in the British collection and introduced the numbers and names of Tibetan and Sanskrit texts, the status of preservation, and the provenance of the Great Tibetan Scriptures, thus providing clues for the study of early Tibetan esoteric texts.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="20" > publishing and dataization process accelerated</h1>
Compared with the achievements in cataloguing, the publication speed of Dunhuang Tibetan literature is extremely slow. Until the 1980s, the French Macdonald, Imae Yulang and others compiled the "Dunhuang Tubo Literature Selection", which was the first large-scale photocopy of Dunhuang Tibetan literature, which caused a sensation in the academic community. In the 21st century, large-scale publications of Tibetan literature in The Fa-Tibetan, Anglo-Tibetan-Dunhuang literature began. In 2005, the Northwest University for Nationalities, the Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, the National Library of France and the National Library of the United Kingdom cooperated to publish all the Documents in The French-Tibetan, English-Tibetan Dunhuang Tibetan, so that the treasures lost overseas will return to their hometown in the form of publication. By 2012, 13 volumes of dunhuang Tibetan documents in the Bibliothèque national de France had been published, and it is estimated that all of them will be available in more than two years. The National Library of The British National Library has published 4 volumes of Dunhuang Western Regions Tibetan Literature. In addition, in recent years, a large number of ancient documents, including Dunhuang manuscripts, have gradually been published on the Internet in the form of picture boards, and the Tibetan literature in Dunhuang and Western Regions such as Fazang (all) and Yingzang (partial) can also be queried and browsed on websites such as the "International Dunhuang Project". In 2012, the major bidding project of the National Social Science Fund "Dunhuang Testament Database Construction" has also been launched, which contains Tibetan literature. Therefore, with the acceleration of the process of data-based work, the use of Dunhuang Tibetan literature will become more and more convenient in the future.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="21" > change the single model of domestic Tibetan literature research</h1>
As far as "Dunhuang Studies" as a whole is concerned, the study of Dunhuang Tibetan literature is a relatively weak field, and even some scholars frankly admit that the lag in the study of Dunhuang Tibetan literature in China has dragged down the entire "Dunhuang Studies". However, judging from the establishment of national social science projects and the selection of doctoral dissertation topics in recent years, it seems that the study of Tibetan literature in Dunhuang is setting off a small climax. The Dunhuang Tibetan literature is diverse and complex, and it is not covered by a disciplinary research method. The disciplines involved in the study of Tibetan literature in Dunhuang include history, philosophy, linguistics, religious studies, literature, law, political science, medicine, astronomical almanac, etc. In the past, most of the research was mainly based on history and philology, and the theories and methods of research were relatively single, and it was difficult to have a comprehensive grasp, interpretation and evaluation of the connotation of literature. In the future, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary and interdisciplinary research should be continuously strengthened and a single research model should be changed.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="22" > the value of Tibetan Buddhist texts still needs to be deeply studied and excavated</h1>
More than 90 percent of the Tibetan literature in Dunhuang belongs to Buddhist literature, and in the past, the research interest of the academic community was secular documents, and the value of Buddhist literature has not been fully explored. The Dunhuang Buddhist classics are an indispensable link in the study of the history of the formation of Tibetan Buddhist texts and the flow of origins, and are conducive to deepening the study of the history of Tibetan Buddhism and the history of Cultural Exchanges between Han and Tibetan Buddhism. The existence of a large number of Dunhuang Buddhist Sanzang allows us to compare it with the translation of the Tibetan "Great Tibetan Sutra", to see its similarities and differences, and to observe its flow. In the 1970s and 1980s, Japanese scholars excelled in the study of Tibetan Zen texts. Of course, dunhuang Tibetan Zen literature still lacks systematic panoramic research results, and there is still room for expansion. At present, some foreign scholars have begun to pay attention to the study of Dunhuang tantric texts, such as Jacob, Robert Mayer and others have discussed the early Tibetan tantric texts found in Dunhuang, and thus explained the relationship between the tantric texts of the Tubo era and the Nyingma texts. Domestic scholars have also made many achievements in the study of Buddhist prayer texts, scribed inscriptions, and some Buddhist documents. However, there are still a large number of Tibetan Buddhist texts that have not been touched, and it can be said that the Dunhuang Tibetan Buddhist texts should be the focus of future research, among which the large and small multiplication sutras and the large stock of tantric ritual literature are the most worth exploring.
Source: China Social Science Daily, January 8, 2013, No. 546
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