Sima Qian once said that Shang Martin was a mean and unkind person, who often spoke big words in front of Qin Xiaogong, and treated his old friend Gongzi Qian, who was extremely cruel, and the tragic end of Shang Martin's final life was inseparable from his character.
Shang Martin was actually the son of the Wei state monarch, whose original surname was Wei, and in his early years he ate with the "great spy" uncle of the State of Wei, and later came to the Qin State when Qin Xiaogong was thirsty for talent, and was deeply trusted by Qin Xiaogong and began to preside over the change of law.
Shang martingale transformation method is mainly divided into two time periods, the first time began in 356 BC, is a tentative change, first look at the reaction of the old Qin people, and take corresponding countermeasures, the second change of law began in 350 BC, this time is playing really, and playing fiercely and big, offended many people.
Shang Martingale entered Qin to preside over the change of law
Like the changes in successive dynasties, the Shang martingale transformation method was first of all a change to agriculture, after all, it touched the direct interests of the nobility, this kind of thing except for Fan Zhongdian, who dared to do so, Fan Zhongyan's New Deal for celebrating the calendar in that year also collapsed after only a few months of playing. The "Reclamation Order" was the first reform decree issued by Shang Martin after he came to the Qin State, and the purpose was very simple, that is, to make all the people in the Qin State become old peasants.
Shang Martin stubbornly believed that only the old peasants were good people, the people's customs were simple, and all other merchants and fishermen were squatters, who would only exploit the wealth of the country, and they must all be allowed to cultivate the land, and if anyone was unwilling to cultivate the land or was lazy, then he would be classified as an evil peasant, and he would have to wear small shoes.
It is not enough to use the law to stipulate that the Qin people cannot go to the land, and too much state intervention is easy to provoke the people to change, so the Shang martingale adopted the method of land reform, abolished the well field system that was backward in the Western Zhou Dynasty and could not improve productivity, and began to encourage the people to reclaim wasteland and carry out land trading.
The Ida system limited social development
If Confucius and Lao Tzu had heard of this, they would not have been able to die of anger, but Confucians and Taoists were loyal supporters of the Ida system, and even advocated the restoration of the Ida system and the reshaping of the social atmosphere of Lile for many years. However, the land reform of Shangmartin is the most important change in China's history in the next two thousand years, private ownership of land has become the mainstream of society, almost every dynasty and each generation has enjoyed the great fruits brought by private land in the early days of the founding of the country, of course, with the passage of time, serious land annexation has also created a dynasty into the end, which is also one of the main reasons why there are few three hundred years of dynasties in Chinese history.
The land reform was implemented, everyone went to reclaim the wasteland, there was no mood to fight, the combat effectiveness of the Qin state plummeted, this is not the result that Qin Xiaogong wanted, the main reason why Qin Xiaogong supported the Shang Martingale Transformation Law was because it was too painful to be beaten by Wei Wugong, and the old father Qin Xiangong was also planted in the hands of the Wei people, and this vendetta was not repaid by filial piety.
So the knighthood system was born. From the beginning of the Shang Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period, knighthoods were hereditary, and there was no share of commoners, unless you had a good friend Like Guan Zhong, Bao Shuya, and a monarch who knew people, Qi Huangong, and the ability to reform and enrich the country and strengthen the army, in the end you will find that you still can't get a knighthood, because there is nothing for you to do.
When Wu Qi was framed by the Gong Uncle and ran to the Chu State, this warring states ruthless man came up with the abolition of the title system, and proposed that the titles of the descendants of the royal family could only be inherited for three generations, and when it came to the time of the grandson, they were commoners, no longer nobles, which could not provoke the hatred of the nobles, so they were killed after the death of the King of Chu.
When it came to Shangmartin, it was different, there was a patron Qin Xiaogong behind the people, young and strong, and the reform of the military lord began. Shang Martin first attacked the sons of the nobles, took back the titles of the sons of the nobles who had no military merit, did not let them eat and drink and waited for death, let them go to war, who fought a fierce battle, who was knighted, and if he did not win the war, he honestly went to the land as a commoner, and the commoners could not cultivate the land, because the Shang Martin lowered the lower limit of the title, anyone could be knighted because of merit, whether you are an old peasant, or a difficult household, or a prisoner, as long as you have the opportunity to kill the enemy, that is the marquis of the Qin State.
The military merit system of the Qin state
Shang Martin's set of knighthood system greatly improved the combat effectiveness of the Qin state in a short period of time, and cultivated a powerful northern army that swept through the six countries, but everyone fought for utilitarian gain, fought for impunity, and the final result was to create a bunch of slaves, when there was no room for ascension, or when there was no profit, the Qin soldiers would lose their combat effectiveness and even evolve into rebellion, because they were afraid of being punished. Especially when the imperial court was in a downturn or unable to control the overall situation, there were very few soldiers who could serve the Qin state, which was one of the important reasons why such a powerful army was defeated again and again in the late Qin period.
As early as the Shang Dynasty, there were eight hundred princely states around, in fact, some small villages, the conditions at that time could not reach a wide range of control, so they could only turn a blind eye, but after King Wu of Zhou overthrew the rule of the Shang, he was surprised to find that the eight hundred princely states had all become his own people, and in the face of such a situation, he adopted the political system that was most suitable for the social productive forces at that time, the sub-feudal system.
Sub-sealing system
The sub-feudal system continued to the Spring and Autumn Period, the princely states have merged with each other there are still more than a dozen, these big countries are not pleasing to each other, but there is no way to destroy each other, watching their sons grow up one by one, the big countries are about to be divided, and the good big countries have become a number of small countries, which is not waiting for the countries with few sons to destroy the country, so the county system began to appear.
The boss of the county is a county order, directly appointed and dismissed by the monarch, no longer a hereditary system, as long as the relationship with the monarch is good, anyone can go to be a pawn, and it can also be regarded as a feudal official. When it came time for the Shang martingale to change the law, he further improved the county system, setting up county orders, county clerks, and county lieutenants, and dividing powers among themselves, but they all fell directly under the jurisdiction of the imperial court, and the monarch of the Qin state was their direct superior, and the rest of the people were not good at speaking.
The Shang Martingale Transformation Law abolished the division and set up counties
The county system is another major political change in Chinese history, its biggest role is to strengthen the centralization of power, avoid the Eastern Zhou style of princely disputes, county shou and county orders are directly appointed and dismissed by the monarch, and can not be hereditary, and have to be evaluated every year, which played a vital role in improving the local system of feudal society and was indispensable.
In addition to the above three changes in the law, the Shang martingale change law also has a unified weights and measures and a household registration system that eventually killed him, etc. All of these law change regulations were implemented in other countries before the Shang Martingale, but they were not thorough and did not achieve final success, and the reason why the Shang Martingale Change Law was able to succeed in the Qin State was inseparable from the support of Qin Xiaogong to remove obstacles and the desperate continuation of King Huiwen of Qin.
Shang Martin's death is very tragic, second only to Ling Chi in the ancient criminal law, he was killed by the car split, that is, the legendary five horses split the corpse, after Shang Martingale's death, the common people were happy, scrambling to eat his flesh, the nobles of the Qin Kingdom were happy, finally they could eat and wait for death to inherit the title, the Six Kingdoms were happy, and finally did not have to look at the face of the old Qin people to act.
Qin Huiwen Wang Car Split Shang Martingale Front
But King Qin Huiwen said no, Shang Martin's death is deserved, because he has offended too many people, he is a threat to me alive, my throne cannot be resisted because of a Shang Martin, so I must "declare a personal vendetta", let you see how much I hate Shang Martingale, but I don't hate his change of law, I kill Shang Martingale to relieve your anger, you must support the continued change of law, who dares to say oppose, I will let whoever ends worse than Shang Martingale.
Tan Sitong said: "All countries that change the law are caused by bloodshed, and there are no people in China today who bleed because of the change of law, and the reason why this country is not prosperous." If so, please start with the same heir. ”
The reformers in Chinese history were all facing strong pressure and danger to their lives, and meeting a good monarch was the most fortunate thing for reformers, li wu of the State of Wei succeeded in changing the law because he met Wei Wenhou; Wu Qi of the Chu state failed to change the law, because the king of Chu mourned early; the Qin state Shang martingale changed the law successfully because of the support of Qin Xiaogong's father and son; Fan Zhongyan presided over the new policy and was defeated by Song Renzong's weakness; the Northern Song king An Shi changed the law, and Song Shenzong unloaded and killed donkeys; Zhang Juzheng of the Ming Dynasty reformed and was destroyed by the Wanli Emperor; the hundred-day restoration at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and died in Cixi to listen to the government.