Mr. Liushahe talked about the "Book of Poetry", interpreting "Guan Ju" as free love, "describing the process of a young man and woman, from the first sight and love to acquaintance and union." He believes that the reason why Confucius arranged this poem on the "front page headline" of the Book of Poetry is precisely because the Guan Ju expresses Confucius's ideals:
"In a society, young men and women should know each other and start a family through free love."
This explanation is very much in line with the tastes of modern people. People therefore look at Old Master Kong differently - being able to support "free love" shows that he is not a stubborn conservative after all.
However, this interpretation is very different from the views of the ancients, from Zheng Xuan in the Han Dynasty to Kong Yingda in the Tang Dynasty, from Zhu Zi in the Song Dynasty to Ma Ruichen in the Qing Dynasty, none of these interpreters of the Book of Poetry have a "commentary" that supports the idea of "free love".
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="5" > "Guan Ju" suspected of "arranged marriage"? </h1>
Contrary to "free love", "Guan Ju" is likely to be suspected of "arranged marriage". But it's not the parents who do it for their children, it's the queen who does it for her husband—she's going to take a concubine for the king. The Preface to Mao's Poems says: "Guan Ju is happy to be a lady to match a gentleman, and she is worried about entering the sage, and does not lust." ”
Kong Yingda explained that the queen was most happy to be able to find a virtuous daughter for her husband to help her serve the king together. If she found a woman of good character, but did not have the opportunity to come to the palace to work with her, she would be worried and sleep.
Adulterers, too. "A man who loves a woman is obscene to a woman, and a woman who seeks favor is a woman who masturbates herself." The so-called "no lustful color" means that although this virtuous concubine looks like a heavenly immortal, she does not value her beauty too much. She did not want her husband to just spoil herself, but to make the rain and dew even, so that the whole harem was harmonious and the sisters got along harmoniously.
The queen concubine here, of course, refers to the queen of the Son of Heaven, or the wife of the monarch, that is, the right wife. According to Kong's commentary, in ancient times, women who were proper wives seemed to have the responsibility of taking concubines for their husbands.
However, according to the "Biography of the Ram", Kong's statement does not conform to the etiquette system. "If a prince marries a country, the two kingdoms will go to the wife, and the nephew will follow." Nephew? Brother's son also. Who's that? Brother also. The princes employed nine daughters. "The princely prince marries a princess of another country, and this is the main lady. At the same time, the princesses of two countries also married, which is a partial lady. The three princesses also had to bring two dowry women, their respective nieces or sisters.
The princely monarch did not have to marry again this time, as if his wife did not have the duty of a concubine for The Husband. Of course, if one of these wives and concubines died, it would probably need to be arranged. Or in other words, in the era when "Guan Ju" was written into poetry, it is likely that a relatively complete Zhou rite was not yet formed, and the marriage of the king still followed the Shang Dynasty etiquette.
Although the interpretation of "concubine for Fu Na" is to a certain extent in line with the background of the pre-Qin era, as a classic article selected for modern middle school textbooks, this idea is really difficult to accept.
Combined with the specific verse experience, "Lady, sleep for it." I can't ask for it, I can't help it. Leisurely, tossing and turning. In any case, it didn't look like a queen's mind. She couldn't sleep because she couldn't get the ideal concubine for her husband.
Later, she finally got an ideal concubine for her husband, so she "Qinse Yuzhi". The queen and the concubines were like friends, united and cooperative, and jointly managed the affairs of the harem. In the process of communication, they discovered each other's virtues, so they happily "bells and drums and music".
Is this explanation reasonable? If placed in the context of the ancient "royal system", it may make sense in theory. The Book of Rites and The Book of Rites and The Righteousness of the Heavens: "The ancients set up six palaces, three wives, nine concubines, twenty-seventh wives, eighty-one imperial wives, to listen to the inner rule of the world, to mingzhang women shun." Therefore, the world is harmonious and family-oriented. ”
The king's harem arranged so many wives and concubines, not only to increase the number of heirs, but also to have a layer of political design. The queen's wife in charge of the harem, and the wife of the hundred officials, is the "inner ruler." The king's administration of the ministers and officials of the previous dynasty was "foreign rule". Internal rule is a family affair, and external rule is a political affair. If the family is not harmonious, the government is not prosperous.
The so-called "inner harmony and family reason" is the meaning of "Qi family" in "University". "The family is united and then the country is ruled, and the country is ruled and then the world is at peace." The Qi family is the basis for the king's rule over the world. In addition, the women of the harem, from the queen to the royal wife, their mothers are mostly princes, have intricate relationships, if not handled well, it will cause contradictions between the princes.
Once the harem feud expanded to the former dynasty, politics would be turbulent. Farces that were exploited by people because of harem conflicts and triggered coups or rebellions have occurred from time to time in history. Therefore, a responsible queen must have wisdom and management ability to lead the harem team well. Therefore, in the selection of concubines, it is necessary to pass the good pass and choose a virtuous woman.
Thus I realized what the "Poetry Preface" said, "Guan Ju, the virtue of the queen concubine, so the wind is under the heavens and the couple is also." The queen wants to set an example for the women of the world, and the so-called "motherly world" seems to make sense.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="20" > Is "Guan Ju" a poem satirizing King Kang of Zhou? </h1>
The Han Dynasty scholar Zheng Xuan believed that "Guan Ju" was a poem praising King Wen of Zhou, and after compiling the relevant documents of the "Three Poems", the Song Dynasty scholar believed that the purpose of "Guan Ju" was to satirize King Kang of Zhou and his queen.
Ouyang Xiu said, "Guan Ju, the three families of Qilu Han, all thought that it was a poem of king Kang's decline. In fact, regarding the satire of King Kang, the earliest source is Liu Xiang's "Biography of the Spirited Daughter", "Zhou Zhikang's wife Yan out of the dynasty, "Guan Ju" rose up, and Si De lady was matched with a gentleman."
Queen Kang liked to lie in bed and got up late. This also led to King Kang's covetousness of the gentle country, often not being able to go to court early, and being criticized by courtiers. So someone created the poem "Guan Ju", hoping to choose another virtuous woman and replace the queen. At the very least, let the king and queen know what to do.
What will the truly virtuous queen do? "The chicken sings and peiyu goes to the king's house", when the chicken first barked, the sky was not yet light, and the queen was about to get up and leave the king's bedchamber. And it is wearing a jade pendant, walking up to "jingle" to make a rhythmic and pleasant sound. The sound was probably like a doorbell, telling the king that it was time for you to go to court.
Book of Han Yun: "Pei Yu Yan Ming, Guan Ju sighed." Because queen Kang's voice sounded very late, she lamented the lack of progress of King Kang and queen Of Zhou through the poem "Guan Ju". The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Yun: "Late Dynasty of King Kang, Guan Ju satirizes." After xuan, Jiang Shi asked for sorrow. ”
Both the Book of Han and the Book of later Han contain records of the "Late Dynasty of King Kang" are quoted from the Biography of the Spirited Woman. Because of its great influence, the saying that "Guan Ju satirizes King Kang" became widely popular in the Han Dynasty.
However, did the minister at that time make "Guan Ju" satirize King Kang, or did he borrow "Guan Ju" to lament the government? It's also quite controversial. Xue Jun's "Han Poetry Chapters and Verses" says: "The poet Yan Ju Jiu Zhen Zhen The late monarch retired from the dynasty and entered the private palace, and the queen concubine saw the degree. At the door, the drummer went to the church, the retreat was reversed, and the body was safe. Nowadays, the adults are inwardly inclined, and the wise people see its cuteness, so the chant "Guan Ju" says that the lady, the righteous rongyi, to stab the time. ”
The king retreated to the harem, and the concubines should be restrained in getting along with the king, not indulging in seducing the king, and using their virtues to assist the king in cultivating his body and mind, so as to benefit the government. If the king began to covet the color of the harem, the former courtiers could see it, so they "chanted "Guan Ju" to remind the king that he should pay attention to the influence of the harem.
The phrase "Han Poetry Chapters and Verses" seems to be more reasonable. The so-called "King of Thorn Kang" did not create "Guan Ju" for satire, but borrowed "Guan Ju" to satirize King Kang.
The original meaning of "Guan Ju" is not irony, but praise. Otherwise, Zixia would not have given Guan Ju such a high evaluation: "Dazha Guan Ju is the foundation of heaven and earth." This is from the "Han Shi Wai Biography". Zixia asked Confucius why "Guan Ju" ranked first among the national styles?
Confucius said, "Guan Ju is the most important thing!" The people of the "Guan Ju" look up to the heavens, bow down to the earth, the shadows of the underworld, the hiding places of virtue, boiling one after another, the deeds of the Tao, although the divine dragonification, Fei Fei article. Oh, the way of "Guan Ju" also! Where all things are attached, the lives of the masses are also suspended. ”
Why is Guan Ju so important? Because men and women are straight and well determined. Kuang Heng said, "On the occasion of the concubine, the beginning of the people, the origin of all blessings." The marriage ceremony is corrected, and then the goods are fulfilled and the destiny is complete. "Marriage is a big deal. The marriage of ordinary people is related to the fate of a family. And the marriage of the king is related to the fate of the world.
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="33" > Mr. Liushahe. </h1>
Compared with the interpretation of the ancients, Mr. Liushahe said that "Guan Ju" is a celebration of free love, and it is suspected of wearing chisels.
Mr. Liushahe said that "窈窕" means distant, which means that young men can't get a happy young woman, and feel that she is so far away. And the ancients interpreted "窈窕" as the meaning of "leisure". Ghost, Shizuya. Idlers. Calmly also. This woman is very soft and quiet, indicating that her heart is peaceful and pure.
In Mr. Quicksand River's view, the poem describes a folk activity: every year in late spring and early summer, the lettuce is ripe. The young women went to the water to collect the vegetables, which were used to worship the ghosts and ancestors. They were probably picking it by boat, dressed up and waist, showing their jade arms and beautiful legs, and their posture was so beautiful that they attracted the young men in the city, that is, the "gentlemen", to the river to see. See whose woman is beautiful and which woman is in good shape. This is equivalent to an implicit beauty pageant.
It is good to say that the women of each family go to the river to collect the vegetables and let the boys in the city "choose the beauty", which is very suspicious. There is a key word here, which is "gentleman". In ancient times, "gentlemen" specifically referred to two types of people, one was the nobility and the other was the wise.
It is impossible for the aristocratic youth to seek marriage proposals from ordinary working women, nor can the virtuous sages run to the river to admire the "jade arms and beautiful legs" of the working young women.
"Jagged lettuce, left and right." Lady, Qin Ser yuzhi. "Mr. Quicksand River said that these were two young people in love, one playing the piano and the other drummering. But in ancient times, high-end musical instruments such as qinser were not available to ordinary people. Only noble houses had chinsels.
Moreover, playing the piano and drums requires teachers to teach and requires a long period of practice. Confucius's disciples followed their teachers to learn the piano, and they couldn't play it well for three or five years. Daxian Zilu was once criticized by Confucius for his low level of playing. Confucius said, "From the Ser, Xi is the gate of the hill." "Say Zilu, didn't I teach you this piano skill, it's too bad."
According to Mr. Liushahe, a young woman from a rural laborer's family could actually reconcile with a young man in the city. It's hard to imagine.
"Jagged lettuce, left and right." Ladies and gentlemen, bells and drums. Mr. Quicksand River said that it was a lively wedding ceremony, and a couple invited a whole drum team, banging and beating, lively. And "le" should be pronounced as the sound of "noisy", which is the meaning of hilarity.
However, although marriage is a ceremony, the ancients did not hold any lively celebrations when they got married. According to the "Book of Rites and Evenings", the wedding ceremony includes Natche, Qingming, Naji, Nacoin, Invitation and Kissing, a total of six ceremonies.
Nacai is to say the matchmaker, ask the name is to ask the woman's mother's surname, Najib is based on the male and female birthday eight-character divination marriage, Na coin is equivalent to sending a bride price, please discuss the date of greeting, kissing that is, the man drove to the woman's home to marry the bride. Because it is greeted at dusk in the evening, it is called "evening ceremony". The reason is that in the evening, "take the righteousness of the yang to the yin."
The most important ceremony for marrying a wife and entering the door is for the bride and groom to "eat together and eat together." To eat together is to eat a piece of sacrificial meat together. Prisons, which are sacrifices used for sacrifice, may be sheep or pigs. This shows that when the east family got married in ancient times, they needed to hold a sacrifice ceremony to inform the ancestors that the family door would welcome a new person.
Together, a melon is cut into two scoops, and the bride and groom each hold a scoop to drink. This is probably the reason for the toast. Co-imprisonment, union, "so unity with respect and inferiority to kiss also." It means that the husband and wife have since become one, life and death together.
Where is the blowing and beating of the drum team?
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" data-track="48" > written at the end</h1>
For the interpretation of Guan Ju, Zhu Zi is different from other scholars. He said in the Collected Biographies of the Book of Poetry that lady "Gai refers to King Wen's concubine Tai Ji as a virgin, and gentleman refers to King Wen also."
Zhu Zi believed that this poem was when King Wen had just married Tai Ji, and the people in the palace were impressed by Tai Ji's virtue, so he wrote "Guan Ju" to praise the great love between the two people.
Who are the people in the palace? unknown. It may be a female official in the palace, or it may be a close subordinate of King Wen, such as a historical official. At the very least, it can be inferred that this person is very talented and not idle. Because, this poem is so beautifully written.
The pairs of dove birds, above the river, are harmonious and singing. Isn't that quiet lady the ideal companion for a virtuous gentleman? The poet praises King Wen and Tai Ji for being both loving and respectful to each other, like a dove bird, sincere in feelings and keeping a distance.
A holy woman like Tai Ji is hard to find in the world. If you can't find such a virtuous woman, how can you be worthy of King Wen's virtue, and how can you achieve King Wen's "beauty of internal rule"? Doesn't that make people toss and turn? On the one hand, King Wen would be worried about this. On the other hand, his subordinates and assistants also worry.
Fortunately, I got a holy girl like Tai Ji, of course, we must cherish it, love each other, and at the same time respect her and trust her. Zhu Zi said, "It is not common in the world to cover this person's virtue. Fortunately, there is an internal rule with a gentleman. Therefore, his joyful reverence cannot help himself. ”
The foothold is still "becoming an internal rule", that is, the Qi family, and then the mother's world, educating sentient beings. Therefore, although "Guan Ju" celebrates love, it is not only love, but sublimated into the feelings of home and country. It is really the selflessness of the ancient king, and it seems that his personal love is actually related to the well-being of the people.