Editor's Note
The peach arc of the road has been tossed and turned, and the south has been far more than a thousand years. Dialects are sufficient to prove the rhyme of the Original Plains, and the etiquette remains three generations ago.
The Hakka people from the Central Plains have persistent adherence and inheritance of the Central Plains culture, and have formed a unique Hakka culture in the course of thousands of years. The idea of revering religion and filial piety has always influenced the Hakka people of all generations, allowing them to never stop pursuing knowledge and culture, thus cultivating a large number of popular figures who have made important contributions to the civilization and progress of the Chinese nation.
Huang Zunxian, Xie Jinyuan, Ye Jianying, Lin Fengmian, Li Guohao, Tian Jiabing, Zeng Xianzi... These world-famous Meizhou Hakka have enhanced the influence and appeal of Hakka and Hakka culture. The former home of their hometown carries their memories, stories and dreams. In order to excavate celebrity stories and carry forward the spirit of celebrities, the "Guest Study" column of this newspaper has opened a column of "Visiting the Former Residence of Meizhou Celebrities" from this issue.
In meizhou urban area, there is a saying "listed liang, lower city yellow", which refers to the two major scholarly families in the "heart" of Meizhou's cultural and educational history, Panguifang and Hongxingfang, of which "Xiashi Huang" is the Huang Zunxian family.
The graffiti on a wall of Renjinglu reflects Huang Zunxian's deeds.
In the eastern suburbs of Zhouxi, in the Hakka Park, a brick and wood garden-style building with a unique Western style is particularly eye-catching, and the lintel is engraved with the words "Renjinglu". In front of the building, a bronze statue is erected, and the stone tablet under the statue records the information of the owner of the human realm. "He was an outstanding diplomat, enlightenment thinker, outstanding patriotic poet, and famous educator in modern China, and a pioneer of change who walked ahead of the times and had a greater impact on the process of modernization in our country."
The owner of the Human Realm Is Huang Zunxian, who is known as "the first person in modern China to go to the world". He traveled all over the world all over the world, spending most of his time in other countries, full of legends. After resigning, he brought the advanced education model from abroad back to his hometown of Meizhou and established a new school, which is one of the advocates of the new education. He spent his last days in the Shusai RenjingLu, which he built with his own hands, completed the manuscript of the Chronicle of Japan, and left many famous poems.
"A Banner of the Poetic Revolution"
When he was young, he was familiar with poetry and poetry
Huang Zunxian's nickname is "Master of Renjinglu", which shows his love for Renjinglu. Renjinglu is taken from the famous sentence of The Great Poet Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "The knot is in the human realm, and there is no carriage and horse noise". In the spring of 1884, it was designed and built by Huang Zunxian himself, and has a history of more than 100 years. The three characters "Renjinglu" on the lintel were written by Huang Zunxian's friend and Japanese calligrapher Ōyu Naruse Wen.
Huang Zunxian's former residence is a place of residence.
Standing in front of the human realm, the quaint atmosphere came to the face. The exterior of the building is still well preserved, as if you can see the scene of Huang Zunxian welcoming friends into the house more than a hundred years ago.
Affected by the new crown pneumonia epidemic this year, the Renjinglu was closed to the public, and the reporter entered the interior under the leadership of Yang Li, the narrator of the Renjinglu. There are flower beds, rockeries and fish ponds in the house, which makes people feel relaxed. The pavilion in the courtyard, surrounded by flowers and trees, has a beautiful scenery, which is especially suitable for enjoying flowers and poetry, reading and exchanging.
The couplets written by Huang Zunxian himself are preserved in the library. The living room couplet: "Wanzhang Letter returns to the abbot's room, surrounded by his own mountain", and another couplet: "There are three points of water, four points of bamboo, and seven points of the moon; from the five-step building, ten steps pavilion, and looking at the hundred steps of the Yangtze River", all of which vividly depict the environment of the study.
Huang Zunxian's former residence in the inner courtyard of the people's home.
Rongludi, a traditional Hakka house next to the RenjingLulu, is where Huang Zunxian grew up and lived. Rong lu di covers an area of about 680 square meters and has 31 rooms. It maintains the characteristics of the combination of courtyards and halls and horizontal structures in the Central Plains, and is a traditional Hakka residential building with three halls and two horizontals.
Huang Zunxian was born in 1848 on the banks of Zhouxi In Jiaying Prefecture. His great-grandmother was literate and memorized many children's songs and ancient poems. Huang Zunxian just knew how to talk, and he followed her to learn to sing nursery rhymes. As he grew older, he began to consciously learn to sing folk songs.
Influenced by folk songs, at the age of 10, Huang Zunxian was able to write good poems. One day, the teacher gave a question to several of the students he taught: "All the way to the spring dove crying and falling flowers", the students stared wide-eyed, opened their mouths, and could not be correct. Only to see Huang Zunxian grunt in his two eyes, he immediately replied, "Where is the spring going, the dove also cries..."
After the teacher heard it, he was shocked that the child answered so well. The next day there was another title: "A Panoramic View of the Mountains", let Huang Zunxian compose a poem, he wrote with a stroke of his pen: "The world is still small, what is the mountain under the eyes..." The teacher was amazed by it.
Although he was full of talent since childhood, Huang Zunxian repeatedly failed in the imperial examination. It was not until 1873 (the twelfth year of Tongzhi), after experiencing many famous falls on the Sun Mountain, that the 26-year-old Huang Zunxian was admitted to the Bagongsheng Examination. In the spring of the following year, he set off for Beijing to participate in the Shuntian (the Qing Dynasty followed the old Ming Dynasty system, with Beijing as the shuntianfu) township examination. At that time, his father, Huang Hongzao, was working in the Beijing Household Department, but his salary was not much, so the life of the father and son was very simple. In Beijing, Huang Zunxian made some friends and also met some official figures, which had a certain impact on his later political life.
Three years later (the second year of Guangxu), Huang Zunxian accompanied his father to Yantai, Shandong Province, for a roaming tour, and met Zhang Yinhuan, Li Hongzhang and others sent by the Westerners. Huang Zunxian talked in front of them, which aroused their interest and attention to the young man. Li Hongzhang called Huang Zunxian a "hegemon." Therefore, Huang Zunxian began to contact with the Westerners. In the same year, Huang Zunxian took the Shuntian examination and was admitted as a lifter.
His poetry is well-known at home and abroad, and he proposes that "I write by hand, my mouth, how can the ancients be bound!" The cry of advocating the use of colloquial language to create poetry was recognized as "a banner of the poetry revolution" in the late Qing Dynasty. Kang Youwei commented in the preface to "Human Realm Lu Poetry Grass": "The poetry of gongdu is also like the lei tang thousand pines, lush greenery, shady rocks, chitose immortality." ”
"Modern China is the first person in the world"
Many years of diplomatic career have pushed for national change
At the end of the year of Huang Zunxian's ascension, he Ruzhang, an attendant of his compatriot and Hanlin Yuan, was appointed as China's first minister in Japan. At the invitation and recommendation of He Ruzhang, Huang Zunxian became the first counselor in Japan and accompanied him on his mission to Japan.
"Such a head and such a belly, this journey is also strange, the princes have not seen the tip of the boot, wait for me to help the mulberry feet." Before his mission to Japan, Huang Zunxian was very excited, and in his poems he humorously said that he would go to Fuso (ancient books call Japan Fuso) to wash his feet, expressing his desire to display his talents and realize his ambitions in diplomatic work with Japan.
Huang Zunxian served in Japan for four years, roamed all over the world, participated in various gatherings, made friends with people from all walks of life, forged deep friendships with many Japanese friends, and actively advocated good neighborliness and friendship between China and Japan. He once gave poems to Japanese friends to express the hope that the Chinese and Japanese peoples would be friendly, prosperous and strong from generation to generation. However, the Japanese Government's annexation of the Ryukyu Islands and its aggression against Korea were resisted and argued on the basis of reason. His poems were popular among Japanese people, who praised him as "a master of cutting clouds and sewing the moon". He also wrote more than 200 "Japanese Miscellaneous Poems" based on the themes of Japanese history, politics, scenery, and customs, opening up a new realm of classical Chinese poetry.
His deeds in Japan were highly regarded by the Japanese, and he was later called "the most personable and cultured diplomat" in China by the Japanese historians.
In 1882 (the eighth year of Guangxu), Huang Zunxian was transferred to the consul general in San Francisco. When he first set foot on this land, he encountered the Chinese exclusion incident launched by the US ruling clique. Previously, Huang Zunxian had proposed countermeasures to the Qing government in this regard, but the faint and decadent Qing government did not adopt it at all. He had no choice but to protect the Chinese expatriates within his own sphere of authority and with a heart that loved overseas Chinese.
Once, the local government of the United States once again challenged Chinese workers. They sent officials to inspect Chinese residential areas, and then detained and fined chinese for not paying attention to hygiene and violating government health regulations, and many Chinese were arrested. Upon hearing the news, Huang Zunxian personally visited the Chinese workers who were being held, and asked his entourage to measure the area of the prison and asked the Americans: "There are many people here, the land is narrow, and the air is dirty, is the sanitary conditions in the prison better than the residence of overseas Chinese?" U.S. officials were dumbfounded when asked. Through Huang Zunxian's efforts, all the overseas Chinese who were arrested were released.
At the same time, through the application of international law, Huang Zunxian obtained the right of the consul general to issue licenses to Chinese workers. Since then, there have been laws for Chinese workers to travel between China and the United States.
Wong also served as Second Counsellor in the United Kingdom and Consul General of Singapore. In 1894 (the 20th year of Guangxu), the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out. Huang Zunxian, who was in a foreign country, missed the motherland and was very concerned about the development of the war. At the end of the same year, Huang Zunxian ended his diplomatic career of more than ten years and returned to China to serve as the general office of the Jiangning Foreign Affairs Bureau.
While living abroad, he came into contact with many Western political ideas. When he read the works of Rousseau and Montesquieu, the pioneers of the French Enlightenment, he "changed his mind for a while", realized that "the teachers he was taught" and "China must change from Western Law", and his thinking had undergone a significant change. It was precisely the initial formation of this kind of thinking that made him an active advocate of the reform and reform movement in our country.
In the spring of 1895 (the twenty-first year of Guangxu), the Qing government signed the Treaty of Maguan with Japan, and when he heard that Taiwan had been ceded, Huang Zunxian was very saddened, and then he threw himself with great enthusiasm into the reform and reform movement set off by Kang Youwei.
"Advocate of New Education in the Late Qing Dynasty"
Hometown schools run schools to promote Hakka culture
After the failure of the Reformation, Huang Zunxian became one of the few survivors of the Reform faction's leaders because of the pressure he had sent to Japan and Britain to pressure the Qing government.
Since Zhongju left his hometown, Huang Zunxian has returned to Meizhou twice. The first was in 1884 (the tenth year of Guangxu), when Huang Zunxian's mother died of illness, and Huang Zunxian, who was serving as the consul general in San Francisco in the United States, took a leave of absence to return to China, and during the period of filial piety, he completed the "National History of Japan" that had been compiled since he was in Japan. This 40-volume, 500,000-word book provides a detailed account of Japan's history and current situation, with a particular focus on the reform measures and results taken after the Meiji Restoration. Huang Zunxian hopes to learn from Japan's experience and make China prosperous and strong through the restoration and reform of the law. The advent of this book greatly deepened Chinese's understanding of the Japanese state and became a must-read reference book for Chinese to understand and study Japan at that time.
The book "Chronicles of Japan" introduces the school education system in Japan with the contents of the modern natural and social sciences in the West: "There are small schools whose disciplines are reading, learning characters, arithmetic, geography, and history... There are middle schools, whose subjects are also like primary schools, and those who learn their highest grades are fine in their skills. If there is a teacher training school, it is necessary to cultivate teachers in order to benefit the people. If there is a special school, then study the academics in order to specialize..."
After the failure of the restoration and reform of the law, Huang Zunxian was dismissed from his post and returned to his hometown again, and began to explore new forms of education in his hometown. In 1903 (the twenty-ninth year of Guangxu), Huang Zunxian invited local people to set up the Jiaying Xingxue Conference, with himself as the director, using Renjinglu as the clubhouse and organizing the Dongshan Junior Normal School.
The following year, at the initiative of Huang Zunxian, he founded the Jiaxing Yuxing Association to teach new learning, cultivate the spirit of autonomy, and send young people to study in Japan. "At that time, Meizhou's education was still an old-fashioned private school, and in order to set up a new school, Huang Zunxian and Qiu Fengjia sent young people from the township to study in Japan to learn natural science knowledge, and when they returned from their studies, they would become teachers in the school." Xiao Wen, vice president of the Hakka Research Institute of Jiaying University, commented that since then, the new style of school has been promoted throughout the country.
However, Huang Zunxian did not wait for the Dongshan Junior Demonstration School he had organized to open.
Just when everything was ready and preparing to start school, on March 28, 1905 (the thirty-first year of Guangxu), Huang Zunxian died of illness in his hometown of Meizhou at the age of 58. At the last moment of his life, he pinned his hopes on Liang Qichao and others, asserting that "people speak in the twentieth century, and there is no restoration of the imperial system." The whole world is in harmony, and the time will come."
"Because he spent a lot of time in his life abroad, traveled to many parts of the world, and was influenced by the concepts of Western countries, he also promoted Hakka culture and enhanced the social status and influence of Hakka culture." Xiao Wen commented that after Huang Zunxian returned to his hometown, he not only established a school, but also collected and sorted out Hakka folk culture, laying a foundation for the inheritance and dissemination of Hakka culture.
"He is the link between China and foreign countries, an advocate of national change, and a disseminator of Hakka culture." Xiao Wen commented that his life practiced "inch inch river mountain inch inch gold, non-separation of separatist force who is responsible?" The cuckoo prayed to the tears of the heavens again, and the spirit guarded the endless reclamation of the sea. "The patriotism of the heart.
Nowadays, Renjinglu has become an important scenic spot in Meizhou City, the spiritual "fortress" of literati and inkers. Meizhou City also uses the areas of Renjinglu and Ronglu as huang zunxian memorial halls, which contains a display of Huang Zunxian's life deeds and his rich collection of books, which is a window for meizhou's foreign cultural exchanges and patriotic education base.
link
Patriotic poet Huang Zunxian
Huang Zunxian has multiple identities, but the most well-known is his identity as a poet. He left a historical shadow of the late Qing Dynasty with his poetry pen, and he was known as the "history of poetry" before his death. Later generations remembered him, first of all, because of his poetic status, which is called "a banner of the poetry revolution" in literary history.
Huang Zunxian's poetry is based on a realistic method of creation, but also has romantic overtones, laying an important foundation for the bourgeois reformist poetry revolution. He pursues the goal of "old style with new artistic conception", and strives to harmoniously unify the old tradition and old style of Classical Poetry in our country with the new era and new content requirements of the new era and new content.
He is good at using realist methods to reflect major events in modern history, especially the main contradictions in modern Chinese society. His poems express a strong spirit of patriotism and a critical spirit of feudal absolutism, feudal academic culture and old rites. Poetry was also used to directly serve the reformist movement, to propagate reformist ideas, and to propagate scientific civilization in foreign countries. His creations basically practiced his theories and achieved success, shining in the modern poetry world with his original art.
In 1884, the Qing army was defeated in the Sino-French War, and later thanks to the 70-year-old veteran Feng Zicai, who stepped forward, he defeated the French army that attacked three ways at Zhennanguan. Huang Zunxian heard about it in the United States, gladly ordered his pen to write, and wrote a long poem "General Feng Song": "The general's qi surges higher than the mountain, see me drive out of Yuguan; I will raise daredevils in my life, and I will not cut down LouLan (referring to the invaders) and will not return today!" ”
In 1894, the Sino-Japanese War broke out, and the Qing army was once again defeated. Huang Zunxian was recuperating in Singapore at the time and wrote a group of memorabilia with sadness. In "Sorrowful Pyongyang", he vigorously praises the patriotic general Zuo Precious who died in the bloody battle of Xuanwumen in Pyongyang: "The blood rain soars and flies blood red, and the green crane top (referring to the left hat) falls to the head of the city; a canghuang ma ge wraps, and the sky jumps and cries and cries!" And Ye Zhichao, the commander of the Qing army who fled in the face of the enemy, was fiercely whipped: "Thirty-six plans are like walking, and the people and horses are rushing to trample each other; ... After three hundred miles of galloping overnight, the enemy army crossed the Yalu Water! ”
The Sino-Japanese War ended with the signing of the "Maguan Treaty" and the news of the cession of Taiwan came out, and the people of Taiwan cried and protested in droves. He used poetry to cry out the great sorrow in his heart: "When the city head beats a big drum, the sky and the sky are full of tears like rain." The Uighurs actually cut off Taiwan! He tearfully recalled the past of his ancestors who cut through thorns and thorns to develop the treasure island: "I am high than my great-grandfather, and I killed basil to come to this soil. Sugar frosting and snow hundreds of billions of trees, the years of lessons gold and silver are not tens of thousands..." He encouraged the Taiwan compatriots to swear to die to unite and resist the enemy: "Success or failure is blunt and blunt, and everyone obeys the oath of death." Who dares to insult the unity of the people? ”
Resources:
"Huang Zunxian" by Xu Yongrui
"Huang Zunxian Biography" by Zheng Hailin
Collected Writings of Huang Zunxian by Zheng Hailin and Zhang Weixiong
Huang Zunxian Memorial Hall exhibition board information
[Source] Nanfang Daily
[Reporter] Zhang Liuqing
【Photography】 He Senyao
【Author】 Zhang Liuqing; He Senyao
【Source】 Southern Press Media Group South + client