01
Songzan Gampo is the first Tubo king since the written record of Tubo, during his reign, the establishment of Tubo script, law, agriculture and animal husbandry, government planning, etc., it can be said that all the "pure good customs, virtuous stories" in the Tubo area were established in the Songzan Gampo period, his real name is not called Songzan Gampo, but abandoned Zong Langzan, because the people in order to express gratitude to him, so gave him "Songzan Gampo" as an honorific title, meaning "solemn and resolute".
But one of the things that Songzan Gampo is best known for is not how well he ruled Tubo, but that he married a Tang Dynasty princess, that is, Princess Wencheng. Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet has also become a major event to promote Sino-Tibetan cultural exchanges and has been widely praised by posterity, but the process of Songzan Gampo asking to marry Princess Wencheng can be said to be a series of twists and turns, and even the tang and the tang and the two sides met each other and fought each other.
Why did Songzan Gampo have to marry a Tang Dynasty princess?
First of all, to state that Songtsam Gampo is not single. In 632, he had already married Princess Ruzun of Nebra. According to this point in time, it can be seen that the period of Songtsen Gampo's rule over Tubo was the reign of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty. The rule of Zhenguan is a rare prosperous dynasty in Chinese history, with unprecedented political, economic and cultural prosperity, and the surrounding ethnic minorities have paid tribute to each other, honoring Tang Taizong as "Heavenly Khan", and Tang Taizong has also changed the prejudice of his predecessors "Huayi Change" and can also treat ethnic minorities equally. In order to maintain the friendly relations between the Tang Dynasty and various ethnic groups, the clan daughters would be selected as princesses and princesses to marry to various tribes. In the final Tang Dynasty, ethnic minority tribes asked for marriage more than 40 times, and The Tang Dynasty sent a total of 16 princesses to 7 tribes to marry and kiss. Marrying a princess of the Tang Dynasty is the supreme glory and status symbol for the ethnic minority tribes. The ambitious Tubo king naturally did not want to lose this opportunity to promote his status, especially when he found that the Tuguhun and Turks around him had married the princesses of the Tang Dynasty, and Songzan Gampo did not want to fall behind, so he sent emissaries to Chang'an to propose his relatives.
02
In 638, Tubo emissaries came to Chang'an with a large amount of jewelry and expressed their intentions to Emperor Taizong of Tang. However, for the Tang Dynasty, Tubo was still a new country, and the distance was relatively far, and the exchange was too little, and the sincerity of Tubo still needed to be examined. Coupled with the fact that the Tang Dynasty had just supported Murong Shun, the new king of Tuguhun at that time, to establish a political power, if he had rushed to accede to Tubo's request, it would easily cause contradictions between the two countries. After thinking about it again, Datang refused Tubo's request.
When the Tubo emissaries, who had not completed their tasks, returned to their lives, they attributed the failure to Tuguhun: they said that they had been treated courteously in Chang'an, and that Tianzi had agreed to make peace. It was precisely because Tuguhun provoked it that the Tang Dynasty did not agree. The angry Songtsen Gampo joined forces with Yang Tong to attack Tuguhun, but Tuguhun was unable to fight back and fled to Qinghai, where Tubo then attacked The Dangxiang and Bailan Zhuqiang. Songzan Gampo also led an army of 200,000 and was stationed in the western part of Songzhou in the Tang Dynasty. He even uttered a wild saying: If a great country does not marry a princess and me, it will be a curse.
However, the Tang Dynasty did not take the threat of Tubo to heart at all, and still ignored it, Songzan Gampo saw the situation and began to attack Songzhou, and Han Wei, the governor of Songzhou, failed to meet the battle, causing many Qiang tribes around to defect to Tubo. Tang Taizong, seeing that the situation was not right, immediately dispatched the officials Shangshu Hou Junji, the Right Leading General Zhi Zhisili, the Left Wuwei General Niu Jinda, and the Right Leading General Liu Lan to lead an infantry attack of 50,000 points and 4 roads, and finally defeated the Tubo soldiers at Songzhou and beheaded thousands of people. Songtsen Gampo could only withdraw his troops, sent emissaries to Chang'an to plead guilty, and once again proposed peace. After such a toss, Tang Taizong agreed to Tubo's request for peace.
03
In the first month of the fifteenth year of Zhenguan, Tubo Dayan, that is, the prime minister Lu Dongzan, as a welcoming envoy, brought five thousand taels of gold and other gifts to Chang'an to welcome his relatives. In order to complete the task, Lu Dongzan voluntarily stayed in Chang'an as a hostage, and only let the deputy envoy return to Tubo to report. During Lu Dongzan's time in Chang'an, he used his outstanding diplomatic ability to promote the friendly development of Tang-Bo relations, and the Tang Dynasty also awarded him the title of Right Guard General. And "to the wife of princess Duan of the Lang evil princess", but he politely resigned. Lu Dongzan is deeply respected by the Tibetan people, and there are still beautiful legends about his mission to complete the Tang Dynasty and his pro-family mission in Chang'an:
According to legend, Tang Taizong gave Lu Dong praise four difficult problems, and only by answering them correctly could he marry the princess.
The first way: use a line through the jade. Lu Dongzan found an ant, tied the upper line to its leg, and smeared honey on the other end of the jade. The ants followed the sweetness through the jade hole, and Lu Dongzan quickly tied a knot at both ends of the line, and the first problem was solved.
The second way: the mother-child relationship of the horse. Facing the 500 mares and 500 ponies in front of him, Lu Dongzan first let the mares graze, and let the ponies starve all night. The next day, the hungry pony went to find his mother on his own.
The third way: The Tang Dynasty official took out a bundle of round sticks and said to the envoys of each ministry: "Whoever can distinguish the stick from the end of the stick is married to his king as a princess." Lu Dongzan threw the wooden stick into the water, and the tail of the stick quickly distinguished the head and tail because it was relatively heavy and natural.
The fourth way: to discern the princess. Tang Taizong lined up 300 people of Princess Wencheng and folk beauties in the garden in the back garden, and asked the envoys to find Princess Wencheng from 300 people of almost the same height and body type and almost identical costumes. Lu Dongzan had bribed the close attendants around the princess long ago, inquired about the princess's appearance, "beautiful appearance, super abnormal person, cinnabar mole on the forehead, lotus marks on the face, fragrant mouth, often green bees flying around", and successfully found the princess. Lu Dongzan completed the examination questions of the Tang Dynasty and successfully married Princess Wencheng for Songzan Gampo.
04
However, the process of the princess entering Tibet was not smooth, from Chang'an to Tubo, there was a distance of 8,000 miles, and she could only take the Tang Dynasty Ancient Road. Starting from Xi'an, passing through Tianshui and Lintao, crossing the Yellow River, crossing the Riyue Mountain, crossing the Cheji Grassland, passing through the Bayan Kara Mountain, Yushu QingshuiHe, Tanggula Pass, to Nie Rong in Tibet, and finally reaching Lhasa. Princess Wencheng and her party set out in the first month of 641 and arrived in Lhasa in July of 643.
In order to encourage the courage of the princess to enter Tibet, the Tibetan people created a folk song "Alas, Marin'er" that has been passed down to this day. The song says, "Don't be afraid to be too wide on the prairie, where a hundred good horses will welcome you." Don't be afraid to go over the tall snowy mountains, there are a hundred tamed yaks to welcome you. Don't be afraid to wade deep into the river, there are a hundred horse-headed boats to welcome you. ”
Songtsen Gampo led his troops to greet the princess in Baihai, and after seeing the princess, he excitedly said to the people around him: My father and grandfather did not have a marriage to the kingdom, and now I have to be a princess of the Tang Dynasty. Build a city for the princess to show offspring. This city was later the Potala Palace, and Songtsen Gampo also gave up the habit of living in tents and lived in the palace with the princess, because Princess Wencheng did not like the custom of Tibetans painting their faces red, Songzan Gampo ordered a ban.
According to the "MingJian of the Lineage of Wang Tong", Princess Wencheng (plus: when she entered Tibet) brought a large number of gold and silver silk veils, livestock, seeds and various skilled craftsmen, as well as 360 Buddhist scriptures, 600 kinds of rare treasures, and more than 400 books of various kinds, which greatly promoted the development of agriculture, medicine and education in Tibet.
Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, so that the two sides maintained a long-term friendship. After the death of Princess Wencheng, every year on the 15th day of the fourth month of the Tibetan calendar, the Tibetan people will gather together to commemorate Princess Wencheng to commemorate her contributions to the local people.
Planner: Fish and Sheep History Producer: Fish Boy
Author: Che Dong Che Production: Eat hard disk bar, developed mosquitoes
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